Deck 7: Section 4: Learning

Question 1

Acquisition is the phase of classical conditioning in which the US elicits the UR.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The effects of learning are usually short-lived.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Cognitive psychologists conducted most of the experiments on learning from the 1930s to the 1950s.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Once a conditioned response has been extinguished, it will not occur again unless the CS-US pairings are reintroduced.

Question 5

In second-order conditioning, a neutral stimulus becomes a CS when it is repeatedly paired with a previously established CS.

Question 6

An experienced heroin user will have a higher risk of overdose if he injects the drug in an unfamiliar environment.

Question 7

The presence of a strong compensatory response as a heroin user injects makes overdose from that injection more likely.

Question 8

Learning occurs independently of an individual's experience.

Question 9

Stimuli paired with drugs often elicit effects opposite that of the drugs.

Question 10

Habituation and sensitization are forms of learning that can be demonstrated in the simplest of organisms.

Question 11

The development of a conditioned compensatory response contributes to drug tolerance.

Question 12

In Pavlov's work with dogs, animals were not presented food unless they salivated when they heard the tone.

Question 13

Extinction of a conditioned response involves the repeated presentation of the US in the absence of the CS.

Question 14

In Pavlov's work with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was the sound of a bell.

Question 15

Acquisition is the phase of classical conditioning in which the initially neutral CS and US are presented together.

Question 16

In second-order conditioning, a neutral stimulus becomes a US when it is repeatedly paired with a previously established CS.

Question 17

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is initially neutral and does not evoke a conditioned response.

Question 18

In Pavlov's work with dogs, the unconditioned stimulus was salivation.

Question 19

Acquisition of a conditioned response starts low, increases slowly, and then rises rapidly for as long as the CS is paired with the US.

Question 20

Pavlov extinguished the conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the bell and not following it with food.

Question 21

William James conducted the Little Albert study.

Question 22

Rescorla and Wagner argued that when the CS predicts the US, the occurrence of the CS will lead the organism to expect that the US is forthcoming.

Question 23

After being conditioned to fear white rats, Albert also was afraid of white rabbits, illustrating the effects of stimulus discrimination.

Question 24

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, the US sets up an expectation for the CS.

Question 25

The conditioned stimulus in the Little Albert study initially was a white rat.

Question 26

Learning an association between a CS and a US when a delay separates the two usually requires conscious cognitive processes.

Question 27

Therapies that systematically expose clients to stimuli associated with their trauma are effective because of the process of extinction.

Question 28

Discrimination occurs when an organism displays a conditioned response to the CS but does not display a conditioned response to a similar stimulus.

Question 29

The unconditioned stimulus in the Little Albert study initially was a white rat.

Question 30

Rescorla and Wagner postulated that the cognitive processes underlying classical conditioning usually are conscious.

Question 31

Pavlov's dogs, which were conditioned to salivate at the sound of a metronome, also may salivate at the sound of a ticking clock, illustrating spontaneous recovery.

Question 32

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that conditioning will be easier when the CS is an unfamiliar event than when it is familiar.

Question 33

Through a process called stimulus generalization, Little Albert learned to fear anything that was white and furry.

Question 34

The Little Albert study showed that fear conditioning in humans is quite different from fear conditioning in animals.

Question 35

The functions of the hippocampus are critical for eyeblink conditioning.

Question 36

Little Albert was conditioned to fear a loud noise.

Question 37

Increased discrimination results in increased generalization.

Question 38

The functions of the cerebellum are critical for eyeblink conditioning.

Question 39

Extinction is the equivalent of erasing the effects of learning.

Question 40

Pavlov's dogs, which were conditioned to salivate at the sound of a tone, also may salivate at the sound of a doorbell, illustrating the process of generalization.

Question 41

If connections between the amygdala and hypothalamus are severed, the physiological changes associated with fear conditioning will not occur.

Question 42

In rats, birds, and humans, it is easier to condition an association between a taste and stomach sickness than a visual stimulus and stomach sickness.

Question 43

Thorndike used the change in the time it took to escape from the puzzle box across trials as an index of learning.

Question 44

Operant behavior is to a passive response as classically conditioned behavior is to an active response.

Question 45

The law of effect states that consequences that produce dopamine release will strengthen the behavior that produced it.

Question 46

If connections between the amygdala and hypothalamus are severed, the behavioral changes associated with fear conditioning will not occur.

Question 47

Edward Thorndike developed the law of effect.

Question 48

Operant behaviors are controlled more so by stimuli preceding the behavior than classically conditioned behaviors.

Question 49

A taste aversion will not form unless the sickness follows food intake within a few minutes of ingestion.

Question 50

If connections between the amygdala and midbrain are severed, the physiological changes associated with fear conditioning will not occur.

Question 51

The part of the brain that is essential to emotional conditioning is the thalamus.

Question 52

Operant behavior is voluntary in nature.

Question 53

The amygdala is responsible for producing both the physiological and behavioral changes associated with fear conditioning.

Question 54

The central nucleus of the amygdala is critical for emotional conditioning.

Question 55

Operant behavior is behavior under the control of its consequences.

Question 56

The law of effect was developed by studying the behavior of dogs in puzzle boxes.

Question 57

The anterior nucleus of the amygdala is critical for emotional conditioning.

Question 58

Taste aversions can develop with just one taste-sickness pairing.

Question 59

The more often a person eats a particular food, the more likely it is that she ultimately will form a taste aversion to it.

Question 60

B. F. Skinner developed the law of effect.

Question 61

Flashing lights paired with a speeding ticket may become primary punishers.

Question 62

Delay between the behavior and the consequence affects the processes of reinforcement and punishment differently.

Question 63

Edward Thorndike first used the term operant behavior.

Question 64

For most people, money is a powerful primary reinforcer.

Question 65

Delayed reinforcers are usually less effective than immediate reinforcers.

Question 66

Skinner defined reinforcers and punishers based on whether or not most people would find them enjoyable.

Question 67

Stimuli that help us satisfy biological needs are termed secondary reinforcers.

Question 68

Positive reinforcement is usually considered desirable and negative reinforcement usually is considered undesirable.

Question 69

In negative reinforcement, an unpleasant stimulus is removed upon the occurrence of the target behavior.

Question 70

Both positive reinforcement and positive punishment involve the presentation of a stimulus when a behavior occurs.

Question 71

Both positive and negative reinforcement increase the likelihood of future behavior.

Question 72

Both reinforcers and punishers increase the future likelihood of behavior.

Question 73

Reinforcement is generally more effective at promoting learning than punishment.

Question 74

B. F. Skinner was diametrically opposed to the consequence-based conceptualization of learning studied by Thorndike.

Question 75

In negative punishment, an unpleasant stimulus is removed upon the occurrence of the target behavior.

Question 76

Examples of primary reinforcement include food, comfort, and warmth.

Question 77

B. F. Skinner invented the operant conditioning chamber.

Question 78

The majority of human behavior is maintained by secondary reinforcement.

Question 79

Secondary reinforcers acquire their value through classical conditioning.

Question 80

John Watson's approach to the study of learning focused on reinforcement and punishment.