Deck 5: Section 4: Consciousness

Question 1

People remain minimally conscious even while asleep.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Phenomenology is the study of the unconscious mind.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Consciousness can be compared to a movie streaming live on computer screens for the entire world to see.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

When asked, people usually report that babies have the capacity for agency but little capacity for experience.

Question 5

Descartes believed that the mind was part of the physical world.

Question 6

Performance on the dichotic listening task illustrates the selectivity of consciousness.

Question 7

Two dimensions of mind perception are the capacity for experience and the capacity for agency.

Question 8

Psychologists distinguish among different levels of consciousness based solely on differences in brain activity.

Question 9

People usually do not report mind wandering during sex.

Question 10

A dog that has learned to manipulate a latch to gain access to the backyard is necessarily fully conscious.

Question 11

It is impossible to prove or disprove that your neighbor is conscious.

Question 12

Research has shown that staring at oneself in a mirror subsequently makes one less likely to offer help to another for a brief period of time.

Question 13

Experiments by Libet revealed that our brains lead our minds and bodies, instead of our mind directing brain activity and behavior.

Question 14

People usually report that mind wandering is associated with a temporary increase in happiness.

Question 15

Mind wandering is the experience of having stimulus-dependent thoughts.

Question 16

Adult chimpanzees can usually recognize themselves in a mirror.

Question 17

People typically engage in mind wandering during nearly half of their daily activities.

Question 18

Mind wandering is especially likely when we are engaging in tasks demanding of our attention.

Question 19

The unity of consciousness refers to the fact that consciousness flows like a river from one "right now" to the next.

Question 20

The cocktail-party phenomenon describes the increased likelihood that people will hear their name mentioned from across the room, even when engaged in another conversation at a large and noisy event.

Question 21

Beta-wave brain activity is associated both with REM sleep and with being awake and alert.

Question 22

Research has shown that the content of consciousness is dominated by the immediate environment.

Question 23

Infants under a year old usually cannot recognize themselves in a mirror.

Question 24

The deepest stage of sleep is stage 4 and is associated with delta-wave activity.

Question 25

Sigmund Freud was extremely talented at being able to make accurate predictions about what types of verbal slips his patients would make.

Question 26

Subliminal perception has been successfully used to encourage moviegoers to visit lobby concession stands.

Question 27

The default network is the pattern of brain activity that results when participants are given a new problem to solve.

Question 28

Ironic processes of mental control usually interfere with effective mental processing.

Question 29

There is scientific evidence to suggest that factors presented outside of conscious awareness can influence subsequent behavior.

Question 30

Sleepers awakened during REM sleep report having dreams much more often than those awakened during non-REM periods.

Question 31

Without cues to the time of day, the body will automatically adopt a rest-activity cycle of 8 hours.

Question 32

Beyond aspects of the immediate environment, research has shown that sexual thoughts dominate the consciousness of college students.

Question 33

Hypnic jerks usually occur during the deepest stages of sleep.

Question 34

While in the short term it is difficult to suppress a specific thought, in the long term that thought will occur less often, even after one stops trying to suppress it.

Question 35

Sigmund Freud believed that unwanted thoughts and impulses were banished to the unconscious via the process of repression.

Question 36

When participants were asked not to think about a white bear for 5 minutes, thought suppression was virtually impossible.

Question 37

The modern view of the cognitive unconscious is that it is a place teeming with animalistic urges and repressed thoughts.

Question 38

Recent research has suggested that the unconscious possesses more intelligence than what Freud originally theorized.

Question 39

According to Freud, the dynamic unconsciousness controls well-learned behaviors, freeing your conscious mind to focus on more difficult tasks.

Question 40

There is no scientific evidence to suggest that pressing concerns manifest themselves in Freudian slips.

Question 41

At any given time, about 40 percent of the U.S. adult population meets the criteria for a clinical diagnosis of insomnia.

Question 42

The proportion of time spent in stage 4 sleep decreases over the course of a night.

Question 43

Emotions felt during dreams usually are less intense than the same emotions experienced when awake.

Question 44

Ninety-eight percent of people who are awakened during REM sleep will report that they had been dreaming.

Question 45

Researchers have observed aggression in both humans and rats deprived of REM sleep.

Question 46

Experiencing the sensation of pain is common during nightmares.

Question 47

REM sleep always begins immediately after stage 4 sleep.

Question 48

A 55-year-old overweight man would be considered at risk for developing narcolepsy.

Question 49

While dreaming, we usually accept the contents of our dream consciousness uncritically, even if our dreams are bizarre, illogical, and disjointed.

Question 50

The prevalence of nightmares is not related to age.

Question 51

One should only wake a sleepwalker in life-threatening situations.

Question 52

If you wake sleepwalkers, they probably will report that they were dreaming.

Question 53

Over the course of a lifetime, humans require about 2 hours of sleep for every 1 hour awake.

Question 54

Somnambulism, or sleepwalking, is most common among children, peaking between the ages of 4 and 8.

Question 55

The long-term use of sleeping pills to manage chronic insomnia usually is safe and effective.

Question 56

The most commonly experienced sleep disorder is insomnia.

Question 57

To prove to a roommate that she does dream, wake her up during stage 4 deep sleep and ask her what she's dreaming.

Question 58

Staying awake for more than 120 consecutive hours produces long-term deficits in brain functioning that cannot be overcome by subsequently catching up on one's sleep.

Question 59

In a narcoleptic attack, a person engaged in waking activities will collapse into a deep, slow-wave sleep.

Question 60

We have difficulty remembering most of our dreams several hours after they occur.

Question 61

According to the activation-synthesis model of dreaming, the mind attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs in the brain during sleep.

Question 62

Most cocaine abusers became addicted the very first time they tried the drug.

Question 63

There is no existing scientific evidence that supports Freud's contention that we sometimes dream about suppressed thoughts.

Question 64

Brain scans (fMRIs) have shown that the amygdala is quite active during REM sleep.

Question 65

When given the choice, most rats prefer sweet treats to cocaine injections.

Question 66

The primary visual cortex responsible for visual perception is active during REM sleep.

Question 67

Sigmund Freud proposed the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming.

Question 68

People who thrash around in sleep are probably dreaming.

Question 69

According to Freud, the latent content of our dreams refers to their hidden meanings.

Question 70

According to the activation-synthesis model, a dream begins with an underlying meaning but this meaning is lost due to the random neural activity of the sleeping brain.

Question 71

If less and less of a pain medication to produce the same amount of relief is required, a tolerance for the drug has been acquired.

Question 72

Drug addiction is synonymous with physical dependence on a drug.

Question 73

Rats will self-administer THC, the active compound in marijuana.

Question 74

If allowed, rats will self-administer cocaine to the point of severely damaging their health, including overdose and death.

Question 75

Heroin is termed the "King of the Depressants."

Question 76

Alcohol is classified as both a stimulant and a depressant.

Question 77

Psychologists have yet to discover a psychoactive drug used by people that rats will refuse to self-administer.

Question 78

Episodic memories from the previous day often are replayed in considerable detail during dreams.

Question 79

The prefrontal cortex is activated during REM sleep.

Question 80

Psychological addiction to nicotine is evidenced by a continued craving for tobacco long after a smoker quits.