Deck 12: Social Psychology

Question 1

Research has found support for Asch's findings in countries including Hong Kong,Japan,and Zimbabwe.In fact,in these locations the conformity effect was even higher than Asch reported.What might explain this increase in conformity?

A)These three countries are all located in warmer climates,which Asch found leads to more conformity.
B)These three countries have generally collectivist cultures.
C)These three countries have generally individualistic cultures.
D)These three countries did not have access to Asch's work so their findings were not influenced by the original study.

Answer 1

These three countries have generally collectivist cultures.

Question 2

Recent research using the Asch paradigm has found less conformity in the United States than the original study found in the 1950s.The reason for this decrease in conformity may be that _____.

A)the nature of the people in the 1950s seemed to be more conforming
B)people today are more obedient
C)people in the 1950s had less money
D)people today watch more television

Answer 2

the nature of the people in the 1950s seemed to be more conforming

Question 3

Voluntarily yielding to social norms,even at the expense of one's own preference,is called ______.

A)obedience
B)submission
C)conformity
D)compliance

Answer 3

conformity

Question 4

Experiments showing the effects of group pressure on conformity were conducted by ______.

A)Asch
B)Milgram
C)Luchens
D)Singer

Question 5

Which factor significantly decreased the likelihood of conformity in Solomon Asch's studies?

A)the task difficulty was increased
B)the confederates were all adults
C)one confederate gave a correct response
D)the participants were given two chances at responding

Question 6

Social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on ______.

A)people's susceptibility to clever advertising
B)the influences of the social world in which we exist
C)abnormal behavior
D)conformity

Question 7

Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available.During a class discussion,he hears the first of several speakers express very negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor.When it is his turn to speak,he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers.Vince's behavior is an example of _______________________.

A)compliance
B)persuasion
C)conformity
D)obedience

Question 8

Asch found that the likelihood of conformity increased with group size until ______ confederates were present.

A)three
B)four
C)five
D)six

Question 9

When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation,they are engaging in what social psychologists call _____.

A)groupthink
B)mass thought
C)consumerism
D)solidarity think

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a form of social influence?

A)conformity
B)compliance
C)obedience
D)altruism

Question 11

Which aspect of culture tends to decrease rates of conformity?

A)sex-role stereotypes
B)low socioeconomic status
C)high level of individualism
D)high levels of societal dependence

Question 12

In Solomon Asch's study on conformity,the number of confederates was found to have a significant impact on the participants' likelihood of giving an incorrect answer.How many confederates did Asch find maximized the likelihood of conformity occurring?

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)12

Question 13

Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person's behavior,thoughts,and feelings are influenced by _______.

A)cognition
B)mental processes
C)the real,imagined,or implied presence of others
D)psychology

Question 14

Asch's studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about ______ of the time.

A)one-fifth
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)three-fourths

Question 15

In what way is compliance different from conformity?

A)Compliance is a response to a direct request,whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure.
B)Conformity and compliance are very similar;the distinction depends on whether one is a male or female.
C)Conformity involves direct group pressure for change,whereas compliance involves orders or commands.
D)Compliance involves eliciting reaction on the part of group members,whereas conformity involves subliminal persuasion.

Question 16

It is 1951,and you are required to participate in a perception experiment.You join seven others seated in a room.You are shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice of three lines.The experimenter,Solomon Asch,is studying _____________________.

A)bystander apathy
B)social loafing
C)groupthink
D)conformity

Question 17

"Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird.It's a plane.It's Superman!" If you looked up,would you be conforming?

A)Yes.You would be looking up because you were told to do so.
B)No.Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing,not being told to do so.
C)Yes.Conformity means doing what you are told or else.
D)No.Looking up only means you are curious.

Question 18

A group of four friends,two men and two women,are out for an evening on the town."I'd like to go to the bookstore and get coffee," one of the women says."Nah,lets go over to that club and have drinks while we listen to the band," one of the men replies.What does Solomon Asch's research suggest will be the likely outcome?

A)The group will probably go to the club,as Asch found that women tend to conform more then men when a public response is required.
B)The group will end up going in two separate ways - the women to the bookstore and the men to the club - as Asch found that women prefer quieter environments and men prefer louder environments.
C)The group will probably go to the bookstore,as Asch found that men are more willing to comply to the demands of women then the demands of other men.
D)The group will probably do both tasks,as Asch found that in a group with both men and women compromise tends to be the likely outcome.

Question 19

In Solomon Asch's study,which factor increased the rate of conformity?

A)The task difficulty was increased
B)The confederates were all adults
C)The number of confederates increased
D)The participants were given two chances at responding

Question 20

The main task of the Solomon Asch studies was ____________________.

A)selecting paint colors
B)judging line sizes
C)rating new fashions
D)taste-testing new candies

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT an example of "groupthink"?

A)the Challenger disaster
B)the Titanic
C)the Boston Red Sox
D)Bay of Pigs

Question 22

"Mommy,mommy,mommy," your young son asks frantically."Can we please buy a new PlayStation®3 console with all of the games and the wireless controllers so that we don't have to sit near the television?" "No," you reply,"we can't afford to buy all of that!" Seemingly unperturbed by your rejection,your son comes back with "Then can we just buy one new game for our PlayStation®2?" "Okay,I guess so," you answer,not realizing that your precocious son has taken a social psychology class and has just used the _____________ technique to get what he wanted.

A)door-in-the-face
B)foot-in-the-door
C)that's-not-all
D)lowball

Question 23

Of the following,a ________ would probably not be viewed as a 'compliance professional.'

A)advertiser
B)door-to-door salesperson
C)teacher
D)fundraiser

Question 24

A person asks you if you would volunteer to counsel delinquent youths at a detention center for two years.When you refuse,she asks you if you could supervise the youths during a trip to the zoo.She is using the ______ technique.

A)lowball
B)door-in-the-face
C)foot-in-the-door
D)bait-and-switch

Question 25

After agreeing to Nat's request to share her lecture notes from one class,Maria now agrees to Nat's request to share her notes from three classes.This example illustrates the ________technique.

A)lowball
B)foot-in-the-mouth
C)door-in-the-face
D)foot-in-the-door

Question 26

Carlos and his work associates form a close,friendly group,and they usually work well together.However,they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called ______________.

A)fundamental attribution error
B)generational identity
C)groupthink
D)self-serving bias

Question 27

"Jeremy,can you possibly give me a ride to the airport this Sunday," your friend Ben asks.Not thinking that this is a big deal,you agree to do this favor for Ben."Oh,that's great! Thanks so much.And by the way,I forgot that the plane leaves at 8:30 am so I'll have to be be at the airport by 6:30 am.Pick me up at 6:00.See you then," Ben adds.You are still likely to do the favor for Ben because you have just been a victim of the _____________ technique.

A)lowball
B)norm of reciprocity
C)door-in-the-face
D)obedience

Question 28

An example of ________ is the decision by NASA to launch the space shuttle Challenger despite widespread concerns about its booster rockets.

A)group polarization
B)groupthink
C)social loafing
D)social facilitation

Question 29

Close,friendly groups usually work well together,but they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called ______________.

A)fundamental attribution error
B)groupthink
C)generational identity
D)self-serving bias

Question 30

The prime minister notices that her closest advisors never seem to disagree with her or with each other on a lot of important issues,such as arms control.She worries that she is not getting the pros and cons of different issues because her advisors are engaging in ______.

A)latent obedience
B)intrinsic reinforcement
C)latent learning
D)groupthink

Question 31

Many people hang up on telemarketers,but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product.Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product,thanks to the ________ phenomenon.

A)risky shift
B)polarization
C)foot-in-the-door
D)door-in-the-face

Question 32

The tendency of people to comply with a second,lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the ______ technique.

A)lowball
B)door-in-the-face
C)foot-in-the-door
D)bait-and-switch

Question 33

In order to reduce groupthink,which of the following strategies would NOT be employed?

A)making sure that group leaders remain impartial
B)finding holes in all arguments that go against the group's desires
C)seeking opinions of people outside of the group
D)voting for a choice by secret ballot rather than with a show of hands

Question 34

You are in the market for a new car.You go from dealer to dealer and find they all follow the same procedure: every salesperson offers you a soda and asks you to take a test drive.Which two psychological techniques are behind the offer of the soda and the test drive?

A)that's-not-all and foot-in-the-door
B)norm of reciprocity and foot-in-the-door
C)social facilitation and norm of reciprocity
D)groupthink and social facilitation

Question 35

The tendency of people to comply with a second,larger request after complying with a small request is called the ______ technique.

A)lowball
B)door-in-the-face
C)foot-in-the-door
D)response cue

Question 36

All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT ____________.

A)the belief that the group can do no wrong
B)the belief that the group is invulnerable
C)the belief that those who oppose the group have no worthwhile opinions
D)openness to differing opinions

Question 37

After a group of gang members learned that their friend had died in a seemingly random accident,several of the friends started blaming a rival gang for the death.Even though there was no evidence whatsoever that the death had been intentional,the more the friends talked the more passionate they became in their belief that an act of revenge was necessary.What concept from social psychology may contribute to an act of violent revenge in this case?

A)social influence
B)prosocial behavior
C)altruism
D)groupthink

Question 38

______ is a change of behavior in response to a direct request.

A)Conformity
B)Obedience
C)Compliance
D)Deindividuation

Question 39

Behavior that is initiated or changed in response to a request as opposed to a command or direct order is an example of _______.

A)obedience
B)compliance
C)conformity
D)persuasion

Question 40

What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request?

A)risky shift
B)foot-in-the-door effect
C)door-in-the-face effect
D)polarization phenomenon

Question 41

Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience.How are these 100 people likely to respond?

A)The majority would administer 450 volts as instructed.
B)The majority would immediately realize the use of deception and leave.
C)Most of the women would refuse to obey,whereas almost all of the men would obey.
D)Most of the participants would work together to force the experimenter to end the experiment.

Question 42

A social psychologist has been invited to give a community lecture on the importance of Milgram's research.He asks a social psychology class for suggested titles.Which of the following titles might they suggest as the most appropriate?

A)"Obedience and Aggression Are Inborn"
B)"Do Not Underestimate the Power of Perceived Authority"
C)"Training in Ethics Can Overcome the Pull of Obedience"
D)"Make a Small Request First and the World Can Be Yours"

Question 43

Which statement correctly characterizes one aspect of Stanley Milgram's study of obedience?

A)Subjects were shown an ominous-looking shock machine that was marked 0 to 450 volts.
B)Participants in the study were randomly assigned to be teachers or learners.
C)Participants were shocked when they made errors in reciting word pairs.
D)A learner and the teacher sat side by side across from the shock machine.

Question 44

While walking through an airport,a well-dressed lady walks up to you and pins a flower on your shirt,saying "I'd like you to have this flower on behalf of the Brotherhood of Friends.Would you like to make a donation to our cause?" This lady is attempting to use the _____________ to get your money.

A)foot-in-the-door technique
B)that's-not-all technique
C)norm of reciprocity
D)lowball technique

Question 45

Which statement best describes an important finding of Milgram's classic research?

A)Individuals easily conform to group norms.
B)The presence of other people makes aggression more likely.
C)People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to others.
D)Agreeing to a small request makes it more likely you will agree to a big request.

Question 46

At the supermarket,a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza.He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill.This manufacturer is depending on the social process of ________ to increase sales.

A)the norm of reciprocity
B)deindividuation
C)group polarization
D)social facilitation

Question 47

What is the term for an improvement in performance caused by the perception that others are watching?

A)social loafing
B)social idleness
C)social facilitation
D)social productivity

Question 48

A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors.Once the customer has agreed to buy the car,the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment.Now the car costs well above the current market rate.This is an example of the ______ technique.

A)lowball
B)foot-in-the-door
C)primacy
D)bait-and-switch

Question 49

One form of the norm of reciprocity is when the merchant offers more than the consumer asks for.This is called the ___________ technique.

A)that's-all-folks
B)one-mo'-time
C)that's-not-all
D)there's-still-more

Question 50

Analysis of the participants in Milgram's obedience study has indicated that which personality trait was highly related to the willingness to be obedient?

A)Hostility
B)Submissiveness
C)Aggressiveness
D)No one single personality trait has been found to be associated with high levels of obedience.

Question 51

The study of obedience took on a renewed importance in the wake of ________.

A)the September 11,2001 attacks
B)President Clinton's impeachment
C)President Kennedy's assassination
D)the Holocaust during World War II

Question 52

A consultant was telling newly hired salespeople about techniques they can use to increase sales.At one point he was talking about increasing compliance by creating a sense of obligation.Because one of the last classes you took before you graduated was Social Psychology,you recognize the concept as ________________.

A)the norm of reciprocity
B)indebtedness
C)foot-in-the-door effect
D)returning a favor

Question 53

When watching an infomercial offering the latest and greatest in laundry soap products the pitchman continually asks how much you'd be willing to pay,but immediately after telling you the price he yells,"plus,if you act now,we'll double your order absolutely free!" This is a classic example of the _____________ technique.

A)lowballing
B)that's-not-all
C)order-now
D)door-in-the-face

Question 54

Some have suggested that the results of Milgram's obedience study may have been due to the __________ effect.

A)reciprocity
B)indebtedness
C)foot-in-the-door
D)returning-a-favor

Question 55

Hannah asks Jin to babysit her daughter for five hours each on both Saturday and then Sunday.Once Jin declines,Hannah asks Jin to babysit for four hours on Saturday only and Jin agrees to do it.This example demonstrates the ________ technique.

A)foot-in-the-door
B)foot-in-the-mouth
C)door-in-the-face
D)lowball

Question 56

In the Stanley Milgram obedience experiment,the teachers were given a "sample shock" of _______ volts.

A)10
B)25
C)30
D)45

Question 57

Car salespersons are notorious for using the ________ technique,which involves changing terms after an agreement has been made.

A)foot-in-the-door
B)foot-in-the-mouth
C)door-in-the-face
D)lowball

Question 58

Which of the strategies for gaining compliance discussed by your textbook is least likely to influence an individual from a collectivist culture,such as Japan?

A)That's-not-all technique
B)Lowballing technique
C)Norm of reciprocity
D)Foot-in-the-door technique

Question 59

What is a difference between obedience and conformity?

A)In obedience there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request.
B)Conformity requires strict adherence to the rules whereas obedience does not.
C)Obedience is an indirect request whereas conformity is a direct request.
D)In conformity there is a perceived difference in status between the one who conforms and the group.

Question 60

You get a free sample of a new cereal in the mail.The company hopes you will try the cereal and then feel obligated to buy it.What term do psychologists use to describe this phenomenon?

A)norm of reciprocity
B)indebtedness
C)augmented return
D)social facilitation

Question 61

Which of the following terms is associated with social cognition?

A)thinking about others
B)action
C)obedience
D)objective

Question 62

A response,either positive or negative,toward a certain person,idea,object,or situation is called _____________.

A)bystander apathy
B)an attitude
C)groupthink
D)conformity

Question 63

Kwan really doesn't feel like riding the stationary bicycle today,but he doesn't want the people around him to think he is a slacker.If he decides to continue exercising,what concept might explain his actions?

A)social loafing
B)social idleness
C)social facilitation
D)social productivity

Question 64

Marco accepts a request to play the piano at his church's Sunday services even though he is still learning how to play the piano.He plays a well-learned,simple piece.Happily,he performs very well in front of his congregation.Marco's behavior illustrates ________.

A)social facilitation
B)social compensation
C)social loafing
D)the bystander effect

Question 65

Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude?

A)Bea feels recycling is a great concept.
B)Bob is upset when he hears a corporation plans to build a polluting plant near his home.
C)Bill struggles to understand the arguments both sides present in a debate over a new manufacturing plant.
D)Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause.

Question 66

Attitudes are __________________.

A)innate
B)generally positive
C)learned
D)unchangeable

Question 67

An individual who exerts less effort when working on a group task if individual contributions will not be evaluated is engaging in what is called _____.

A)social loafing
B)social idleness
C)social facilitation
D)the goof-off phenomenon

Question 68

How can a coach get his football team to perform better if he suspects they are exhibiting social loafing?

A)introduce new challenges
B)get the captain to apply pressure
C)grade their individual performances
D)ignore the behavior

Question 69

A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all group members get the same grade.What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about?

A)conformity
B)social loafing
C)social influence
D)social facilitation

Question 70

On the 72^nd hole of the U.S.Open golf tournament,Phil Mickelson misses a one-foot putt that would have won the championshi

A)social impairment
B)social loafing
C)social facilitation
D)diffusion of ability

Question 71

People who exert less effort on a task when working in a group than they do when working individually are engaging in ___________.

A)groupthink
B)social loafing
C)social conformity
D)malingering

Question 72

An attitude has ______ major components.

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of attitudes?

A)thoughts
B)feelings
C)goals
D)behaviors

Question 74

Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate.Based on what she has read about him,she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position,but she agrees with his political positions.Also,she trusts him and likes his decisive personality.In fact,she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign.Her trust of the candidate represents the ______ component of her attitude toward him.

A)affective
B)cognitive
C)behavioral
D)situational

Question 75

What do we call judgments about people,situations,objects,or thoughts?

A)cognitions
B)stereotypes
C)attitudes
D)attributions

Question 76

Roberta is trying to decide whether or not to vote for a political candidate.Based on what she has read about him,she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position,but she agrees with his political positions.Also,she trusts him and likes his decisive personality.In fact,she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign.Her sending a donation to the campaign represents the ______ component of her attitude toward him.

A)affective
B)cognitive
C)behavioral
D)situational

Question 77

Attitude formation is the result of a number of influences.What they have in common is that they are all forms of ________________.

A)learning
B)intuition
C)reinforcement
D)conformity

Question 78

In both social facilitation and social impairment,the key factor is ___________.

A)time
B)the number of people
C)arousal
D)task difficulty

Question 79

John has practiced his difficult trumpet solo over and over before his performance.He has played it perfectly in his practice room.However,when he performs in public he makes mistakes due to his anxiety.John is a victim of ______.

A)performance-in-public syndrome
B)social impairment
C)social facilitation
D)social loafing

Question 80

During the finals of the National Basketball Association (NBA)LeBron James misses a foul shot to give his team the lead with 10 seconds left in the game.Even though LeBron usually makes those shots during practice,he missed it at a crucial time.Why do you think this might have happened?

A)social loafing
B)diffusion of responsibility
C)social facilitation
D)social impairment