Deck 4: Consciousness: Sleep, Dreams, Hypnosis, and Drugs

Question 1

________________,a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms,is secreted by the pineal gland.

A)Serotonin
B)Testosterone
C)Estrogen
D)Melatonin

Answer 1

Melatonin

Question 2

Our awareness of various mental processes,such as making decisions,daydreaming,reflecting,and concentrating,is called ______.

A)consciousness
B)creativity
C)intelligence
D)self-awareness

Answer 2

consciousness

Question 3

Our sleep-wake cycle follows a(n)______ rhythm.

A)infradian
B)diurnal
C)circadian
D)ultradian

Answer 3

circadian

Question 4

The hormone melatonin reaches peak levels in the body during the ____________.

A)morning
B)early evening
C)afternoon
D)night

Question 5

The state we are in when we are awake and reasonably alert is called ______.

A)altered state of consciousness
B)waking consciousness
C)self-awareness
D)intelligence

Question 6

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)located?

A)thalamus
B)cerebellum
C)basal ganglia
D)hypothalamus

Question 7

What do we call a state of consciousness that can result from the use of alcohol,drugs,or hypnosis?

A)daydreaming
B)meditative absorption
C)stream of consciousness
D)altered state of consciousness

Question 8

What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings,sensations, and thoughts?

A)thinking
B)cognition
C)conscience
D)consciousness

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT an altered state of consciousness?

A)concentration
B)meditation
C)daydreaming
D)intoxication

Question 10

Circadian rhythms are controlled by the __________________.

A)pineal gland
B)suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
C)thalamus
D)hippocampus

Question 11

Consciousness is the ________________.

A)state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes
B)awareness of ourselves and the environment
C)memory of personally experienced events
D)intentional recollection of an item of information

Question 12

Daydreaming,meditation,intoxication,sleep,and hypnosis are all types of ________.

A)self-awareness
B)self-absorption
C)waking consciousness
D)altered states of consciousness

Question 13

The sleep-wake cycle is ultimately controlled by the part of the brain called the __________.

A)optical nerve
B)frontal lobe
C)hypothalamus
D)median forebrain bundle

Question 14

A circadian cycle is about ______ hours long.

A)1)5
B)12
C)6
D)24

Question 15

What used to be called "the gentle tyrant"?

A)drugs
B)dreams
C)sleep
D)meditation

Question 16

A biological cycle,or rhythm,that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n)______ cycle.

A)infradian
B)circadian
C)diurnal
D)ultradian

Question 17

The hypothalamus controls the ___________.

A)hypnotic suggestibility ratio
B)sleep-wake cycle
C)frequency of nightmares
D)growth hormones that occur during sleep

Question 18

SCN stands for _________________.

A)stop control now
B)suprachiasmatic nucleus
C)serotonin controlled nucleus
D)sleep control nucleus

Question 19

Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as ________.

A)hyperconsciousness
B)unconscious states
C)relaxed wakefulness
D)altered states of consciousness

Question 20

What aspect of circadian rhythms might explain why we tend to feel so tired at night?

A)Body temperature bottoms out on Monday mornings.
B)The three biorhythm patterns converge at low points on Mondays.
C)Heart rates typically increase at night.
D)There is an organ in the brain sensitive to light changes,which then affects our sleepiness.

Question 21

If you are awakened from sleep and you feel as though you had not even been asleep,then you were most likely in which stage of sleep?

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 3
D)Slow wave sleep

Question 22

Which of the following can be an emotional symptom of sleep deprivation?

A)hyperactivity
B)cheerfulness
C)depression
D)nausea

Question 23

If the EEG record reveals evidence of very small and very fast waves,you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is ___________________.

A)really not sleeping and is awake
B)in stage 2
C)in stage 3
D)in stage 4

Question 24

Sid is taking part in research on the effects of sleep deprivation;he has been without sleep for 75 hours.Right now researchers have asked him to sit in front of a computer screen and hit a button each time he sees the letter S on the screen.A few days ago,Sid was a whiz at this task;however,he is doing very poorly today.How are sleep researchers likely to explain Sid's poor performance?

A)Due to the sleep deprivation,Sid does not understand the task.
B)Microsleeps are occurring due to the sleep deprivation and he is asleep for brief periods of time.
C)He is determined to ruin the research because of the suffering he is enduring at the hands of the researchers.
D)He is probably dreaming that he is somewhere else and has no interest in responding to the "here and now."

Question 25

Which statement is correct concerning how much sleep people need?

A)Most older people need at least 10 hours.
B)Men need more sleep than women.
C)Most young adults need between 7 and 9 hours of sleep.
D)Women need more sleep than men.

Question 26

REM sleep refers to __________________.

A)dreamless sleep
B)sleep induced by sleeping pills
C)sleep periods in which sleepwalking is likely
D)sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly

Question 27

According to this theory,sleep is necessary for growth and repair of the body.

A)restorative theory
B)adaptive theory
C)psychoanalytic theory
D)dream theory

Question 28

Melatonin is to ___________ as an aspirin is to ____________.

A)nausea;nightmare
B)nightmare;blood clots
C)insomnia;headache
D)sleep apnea;blood thinner

Question 29

Upon just waking up,you report a vivid visual event.What term do psychologists use for such phenomena?

A)hypnotic illusion
B)positive hallucination
C)hypnagogic hallucination
D)hypnopompic image

Question 30

Periods of REM sleep alternate with periods of non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every ______________ minutes or so.

A)30
B)90
C)150
D)210

Question 31

Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves?

A)electromyograph (EMG)
B)electrocardiograph (EKG)
C)electro-oculograph (EOG)
D)electroencephalograph (EEG)

Question 32

According to this theory,sleep is a product of evolution.

A)restorative theory
B)adaptive theory
C)psychoanalytic theory
D)dream theory

Question 33

Melatonin is a _______________.

A)hormone
B)sleeping pill
C)depressant
D)stimulant

Question 34

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship of the total amount of sleep that an individual receives as a function of age?

A)We require more sleep as we age.
B)As we age,we tend to get less sleep.
C)We require much sleep during infancy and early childhood,less sleep in adolescence and early adulthood,and then more sleep in middle and older age.
D)The amount of sleep we require solely depends on individual difference variables.

Question 35

What term do sleep researchers use to designate stages 1-4 of sleep?

A)REM sleep
B)Non-REM sleep
C)REMN sleep
D)paradoxical sleep

Question 36

You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult.The participant is hooked up to an EEG.What brain waves would you observe as the person becomes drowsy and then
Enters the first stage of sleep?

A)alpha eventually replaced by delta
B)delta eventually replaced by theta
C)beta eventually replaced by alpha
D)delta eventually replaced by beta

Question 37

The restorative theory views sleep as ________.

A)having evolutionary advantages
B)helping the body repair the wear and tear of the day's events
C)a means to cope with stress
D)important only to the extent that we don't enter a state of sleep deprivation

Question 38

According to research on sleep deprivation,a moderate amount of sleep loss _______.

A)is still a serious problem
B)is not a problem at all
C)only is a problem for women,not men
D)does not affect people older than age 50

Question 39

You see an advertisement for a method of learning a foreign language that seems simple-just put on a tape and fall aslee

A)Did the individuals actually dream about the foreign language?
B)What did the EEG indicate about the participants' level of sleep?
C)Did the researchers use only long sleepers who would spend more time with the tapes?
D)Were study breaks included in the tape to provide greater comprehension of the material?

Question 40

All of the following result from sleep deprivation EXCEPT ________________.

A)droopy eyelids
B)irritability
C)hyperalertness
D)cognitive impairment

Question 41

REM behavior disorder results from _________________.

A)too much sleep
B)not enough sleep
C)failure of the brain mechanisms to block brain signals to the muscles
D)deterioration of the medial hypothalamus

Question 42

If the EEG record reveals evidence of sleep spindles,you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is in which stage of sleep?

A)REM
B)stage 1
C)stage 2
D)stage 4

Question 43

REM behavior disorder most commonly occurs _________________.

A)in men over 60
B)in women under 60
C)in children
D)among the poor

Question 44

What would you expect to see on the EEG record of a person who is engaged in an episode of sleepwalking?

A)paradoxical sleep waves
B)very large sleep spindles
C)evidence of deep sleep (stage 4)
D)a record that is virtually the same as a daydreaming person

Question 45

Which of the following is CORRECT concerning REM deprivation?

A)REM deprivation results in long-term mental illness.
B)REM deprivation only occurs among the elderly.
C)REM deprivation leads to increased amounts of REM sleep on subsequent nights of sleep.
D)REM deprivation can lead to visual impairments.

Question 46

The deepest stage of sleep is ________ slee

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 3
D)stage 4

Question 47

The stage of sleep marked by the production of very slow delta waves is ________ slee

A)REM
B)stage 1
C)stage 2
D)stage 4

Question 48

Your brain waves are being monitored in a sleep laboratory.If you are in deep sleep less than an hour after falling asleep,what brain waves will be detected?

A)beta
B)alpha
C)theta
D)delta

Question 49

Sleep spindles appear during ______ slee

A)stage 1
B)REM
C)stage 2
D)stage 4

Question 50

Each of the following is a sleep disorder EXCEPT _________.

A)narcolepsy
B)REM rebound
C)insomnia
D)night terrors

Question 51

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)Sleepwalking has never been used successfully as a murder defense.
B)There have been cases in which sleepwalking was a successful murder defense.
C)Sleepwalking in prisons is a common occurrence.
D)A famous attorney reported that he tried a murder case while he was sleepwalking.

Question 52

Short,rhythmic bursts of brainwave activity that appear during stage 2 sleep are called __________.

A)delta waves
B)sleep spindles
C)paradoxical sleep waves
D)beta waves

Question 53

Which of the following individuals is most likely to sleepwalk?

A)a 10-year-old child
B)a 24-year-old adult
C)a 44-year-old adult
D)a 74-year-old adult

Question 54

Stage 4 sleep is marked by _________ waves.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)theta
D)delta

Question 55

People in stage 4 sleep _____________.

A)dream all the time
B)are hard to wake up
C)are easy to wake up
D)hallucinate

Question 56

This early researcher did a study that seemed to suggest that people deprived of REM sleep would become paranoid,seemingly mentally ill,from lack of this one stage of slee

A)Freud
B)Dement
C)Jung
D)James

Question 57

The stage of sleep in which delta waves begin to appear is ________ slee

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 3
D)stage 4

Question 58

John will likely experience REM rebound tonight if he:

A)takes a sleeping pill before bed tonight.
B)drinks too much caffeine prior to sleeping.
C)did not sleep much last night.
D)slept more than 8 hours last night.

Question 59

Sleepwalking occurs _________.

A)primarily during REM sleep
B)primarily during NREM Stage 4 sleep
C)equally as often in REM and NREM sleep
D)only in REM sleep

Question 60

Judith is startled when her 6-year-old daughter,Laura,sleepwalks into the family room.It is most likely that Laura is experiencing the _______________ stage of the sleep cycle.

A)REM
B)first
C)third
D)fourth

Question 61

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Night terrors are a rare disorder.
B)Nightmares,but not night terrors,suggest some psychological problems.
C)Night terrors,but not nightmares,suggest some psychological problems.
D)Both nightmares and night terrors suggest psychological problems.

Question 62

Which of these individuals has the highest risk for having sleep apnea?

A)John,62 years old,who is overweight
B)Angela,21 years old,who is depressed
C)Alicia,42 years old,who is suffering from anorexia
D)Juan,8 years old,who is experiencing episodes of enuresis

Question 63

Jim is 56 years old and slightly overweight.His wife reports that he snores loudly.What sleep disorder seems to fit Jim's symptoms?

A)narcolepsy
B)sleep apnea
C)sleep terror
D)REM sleep behavior

Question 64

Mary is having insomnia.Which piece of advice would you give to help her deal with it?

A)Take sleeping pills.
B)Go to bed every night at different times to "shock your sleep system."
C)Study in bed and then go immediately to sleep.
D)Don't do anything but sleep in your bed.

Question 65

A sleep disorder that may require the use of a machine to force air gently into the nasal passages is called ______________.

A)sleep apnea
B)insomnia
C)narcolepsy
D)cataplexy

Question 66

___________________ is a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep,causing the person to choke, gasp,and momentarily awaken.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Insomnia
C)Narcolepsy
D)Non-REM sleep

Question 67

Sleep research supports three helpful hints to avoid insomnia.Which of the following statements is one of them?

A)Stay in bed if you cannot fall asleep so that you don't "wake up" your brain.
B)Avoid meditation or relaxation techniques,as they interfere with your circadian rhythm
C)Try to nap as much as possible.
D)It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night.

Question 68

CPAP stands for _____________.

A)continuous positive airway pressure
B)cancer prevention application procedure
C)controlled pulmonary air pump
D)correctable pointed airflow problem

Question 69

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is ______.

A)zombulism
B)cataplexy
C)narcolepsy
D)insomnia

Question 70

You find it hard to sleep due to your roommate's sleeping behavior.She snores quite a bit and at times it sounds as though she has great difficulty breathing.Your roommate may have ________.

A)sleep apnea
B)night terrors
C)nightmares
D)narcolepsy

Question 71

A student nurse looks at a patient's chart and does not understand the meaning of serious sleep apnea,so she asks the head nurse for assistance.How might the head nurse describe this condition?

A)The patient is mentally ill and tends to try to suffocate himself at times.
B)The patient cannot sleep unless he has several pillows he uses to deaden sounds that might awaken him.
C)The patient appears to awaken throughout the night and start walking,but he will not respond to commands.
D)The patient has a potentially life-threatening condition in which air does not flow into or out of his nose or mouth for periods of time while he is asleep.

Question 72

Sleep research supports three of the following helpful hints.Which statement is NOT accurate?

A)Don't try too hard to get to sleep.
B)Don't do anything in your bed but sleep.
C)Sleeping pills help cure insomnia.
D)It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night.

Question 73

The difference between insomnia and apnea is that _________.

A)apnea affects primarily the elderly,whereas insomnia is characteristic of children
B)insomnia is treatable but apnea is not
C)insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness,whereas apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties
D)apnea is a precursor to narcolepsy,whereas insomnia is not

Question 74

Approximately ______ percent of the population experiences at least some incidents of sleepwalking.

A)20
B)40
C)60
D)80

Question 75

If your physician says you need a treatment called a CPAP device,you are suffering from ________.

A)insomnia
B)narcolepsy
C)sleep apnea
D)sleep terrors

Question 76

If you have been waking up too early for several weeks,you are probably suffering from ____________.

A)insomnia
B)parasomnia
C)hypersomnia
D)reverse insomnia

Question 77

Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by _________.

A)difficulty falling or remaining asleep
B)nodding off without warning in the middle of the day
C)difficulty breathing while asleep
D)experiencing temporary paralysis immediately after waking up from sleep

Question 78

Each of the following is true of sleepwalking EXCEPT ______.

A)more boys than girls sleepwalk
B)sleepwalking is more common among children than adults
C)waking a sleepwalker is difficult
D)waking a sleepwalker is dangerous

Question 79

To treat your sleep problem you are told that you should not nap,you should set your alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day,and you should get out of bed if you cannot slee

A)enuresis
B)narcolepsy
C)insomnia
D)REM sleep behavior disorder

Question 80

Sleep research supports three "helpful hints" to avoid insomnia.Which of the following statements is NOT a helpful hint?

A)Don't try too hard to get to sleep.
B)Don't take sleeping pills or drink alcohol to help you fall asleep.
C)Try to nap as much as possible.
D)It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night.