Deck 1: The Science of Psychology

Question 1

Objective introspection requires:

A)metaphysical experiences.
B)self-skepticism about experiences.
C)empiricism.
D)reflection on the self.

Answer 1

reflection on the self.

Question 2

The question "Why is it happening?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

A)description
B)explanation
C)prediction
D)control

Answer 2

explanation

Question 3

Steve is a fan of the Los Angeles Lakers basketball team.With little provocation,he will engage you in a debate about whether it is the greatest team in basketball.Steve may be demonstrating ________.

A)bias
B)critical thinking
C)an eclectic approach
D)unconscious behavior

Answer 3

bias

Question 4

In addition to describing and explaining mental processes and behavior,psychology also attempts to ________ these phenomena.

A)predict and control
B)analyze and manipulate
C)categorize and organize
D)synthesize and regulate

Question 5

Psychologists who give potential employees tests that determine what kind of job those employees might best perform are interested in the goal of ________.

A)description
B)explanation
C)prediction
D)control

Question 6

The question "What is happening?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

A)description
B)explanation
C)prediction
D)control

Question 7

A psychologist is interested in finding out why identical twins have different personalities.This psychologist is most interested in the goal of ________.

A)description
B)explanation
C)prediction
D)control

Question 8

The question "When will it happen again?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

A)description
B)explanation
C)prediction
D)control

Question 9

Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology?

A)the scientific study of behavior
B)the scientific study of mental processes
C)the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
D)the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes

Question 10

Which topic would NOT be investigated by a psychologist if the definition of psychology were limited to "the science of behavior"?

A)relation between grade-point average and salary
B)thought processes students used while trying to answer this question
C)how changes in the rate of television violence influence real-life violence
D)effectiveness of several treatments for people who suffer from depression

Question 11

You are at a basketball game and the arena is packed;the crowd is evenly split between fans of the two teams.At one point,the referee makes a call.Half of the fans yell insults;the other half of the fans shout their approval.The event reminds you of the topic of today's lecture in psychology class.What was the likely topic of the lecture?

A)bias
B)experiments
C)psychoanalysis
D)extraneous variables

Question 12

A teacher tells the school psychologist that Kate is late to class,does not turn in her homework,squirms around a lot in her seat,and swings her feet constantly.This is an example of which goal of psychology?

A)describing behavior
B)explaining behavior
C)predicting behavior
D)controlling behavior

Question 13

The question "How can it be changed?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

A)description
B)explanation
C)prediction
D)control

Question 14

The goals of psychology are to ________.

A)explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind
B)understand,compare,and analyze human behavior
C)improve psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until death
D)describe,explain,predict,and control behavior

Question 15

The general curiosity about why people think,feel,and behave the way they do:

A)primarily happened after World War II.
B)is about a century old.
C)is several centuries old.
D)has always probably been with us.

Question 16

In 1879,in Leipzig,Germany,the first psychological laboratory was overseen by ________.

A)William James
B)William Tell
C)Wilhelm Wundt
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 17

Mei was sent to the school psychologist to be tested.Based on her IQ scores,it was decided that she would do well in the gifted child program.This is an example of which goal of psychology?

A)describing behavior
B)explaining behavior
C)predicting behavior
D)controlling behavior

Question 18

At the close of the nineteenth century,Gerhard is excited to find that he has been accepted for training in the psychology laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt.It is likely that Gerhard will be trained to ________.

A)analyze how to break down his sensations into their most basic elements
B)determine the function or purpose of a particular human behavior
C)listen intently while individuals tell him of their depression or nervousness
D)carefully feel the bumps on a person's head in order to determine his or her character traits

Question 19

In the definition of psychology,the term mental processes refers to ________.

A)internal,covert activities
B)outward behavior
C)overt actions and reactions
D)only animal behavior

Question 20

Participants in research early in psychology's history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its color,shape,and texture and other aspects of their conscious experience.These individuals would have been using a method called ________.

A)hypnosis
B)objective introspection
C)psychosurgery
D)psychoanalysis

Question 21

The structuralists were important in the history of psychology because they:

A)examined consciousness and the structure of mental processes.
B)were the first to use brain-scanning techniques to learn about the structure of the brain.
C)realized the limits of introspection and focused on the structure of behaviors.
D)were strongly influenced by Charles Darwin.

Question 22

What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed?

A)free will
B)brain physiology
C)the unconscious mind
D)external consequences

Question 23

The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn."I'll take Pioneers in Psychology for $50." The revealed answer is "Focused on unconscious factors." Just before the buzzer sounds,what will you say?

A)"Who is B.F.Skinner?"
B)"Who are the humanists?"
C)"Who is Sigmund Freud?"
D)"Who are the behaviorists?"

Question 24

The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called ________,which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences.

A)intervention
B)introspection
C)insight inventory
D)induction

Question 25

Gestalt psychology attempted to discover:

A)how the mind helped people adapt to the world.
B)the overall patterns of perceptions and thoughts.
C)the basic building blocks of consciousness.
D)the unconscious motivations for human functioning.

Question 26

What is the best analogy for Wundt's and Titchener's mission for psychology?

A)a chart listing the basic chemical elements
B)a list of the courses required for graduation
C)a list of the types of clothing sold at a retail outlet
D)a computer program for word processing a term paper

Question 27

The early perspective called Gestalt psychology has evolved into the current perspective called ________.

A)psychoanalysis
B)cognitive psychology
C)behavioral psychology
D)social psychology

Question 28

If an individual believed that why people think and feel as they do is more important than what they think and how they think,that individual would be a proponent of the ________ approach to psychology.

A)structuralist
B)functionalist
C)psychodynamic
D)behaviorist

Question 29

Who was an early proponent of functionalism?

A)Ivan Pavlov
B)William James
C)Wilhelm Wundt
D)Max Wertheimer

Question 30

How our minds help us adapt to the world around us was a primary question addressed by which early movement of psychology?

A)Behaviorism
B)Cognitivism
C)Functionalism
D)Structuralism

Question 31

Which psychologist was the first African-American to receive a Ph.D.in educational psychology from the University of Chicago in 1925?

A)Charles Henry Thompson
B)Linus Pauling
C)Albert Sidney Beckham
D)Inez Beverly Prosser

Question 32

Which type of early psychologist believed that "the whole is more than the sum of its parts"?

A)Gestaltist
B)behaviorist
C)structuralist
D)functionalist

Question 33

The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behavior is part of what early field of psychology?

A)structuralism
B)functionalism
C)psychoanalysis
D)behaviorism

Question 34

While Margaret Floy Washburn may have been the first woman to receive a Ph.D.in psychology in the United States (in 1894),the first African-American woman to do so was ________ in 1934 at the University of Minnesota.

A)Inez Beverly Prosser
B)Ruth Howard
C)Margaret Mahler
D)Anna Freud

Question 35

Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism?

A)They wanted to identify the major brain structures.
B)Their primary goal was to understand the physiology of the mind.
C)They focused their efforts on analyzing the elements of the nervous system.
D)Their primary focus was on describing the structure of conscious experience.

Question 36

If a functionalist from the 1870s were alive today,where would we most likely find him?

A)in a laboratory,studying principles of perception
B)in a school,working to improve teaching methods
C)in a mountain retreat,contemplating the meaning of life
D)in a sleep laboratory,trying to determine if our need for sleep is biologically based

Question 37

Which of the following terms do NOT belong together?

A)structuralism;observable behavior
B)Gestalt;whole
C)psychoanalysis;unconscious conflict
D)natural selection;functionalism

Question 38

While on a visit to a large city,you observe several billboards in which a series of lights seems to move.Which perspective in psychology would most likely help you understand this phenomenon?

A)Gestalt
B)behavioral
C)humanistic
D)psychodynamic

Question 39

Which noted African-American psychologist held a post as president of Shaw University in North Carolina and then president of Virginia State College?

A)Charles Henry Thompson
B)Howard Hale Long
C)Robert Prentiss Daniel
D)Albert Sidney Beckham

Question 40

"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is a statement associated with the perspective of ________.

A)introspection
B)functionalism
C)psychoanalysis
D)Gestalt psychologists

Question 41

Suppose you were a graduate student studying for a Ph.D.in psychology in the 1920s.Your advisor was strongly influenced by John B.Watson.Which of the following might your advisor consider an acceptable choice for your research?

A)a survey of daydreams
B)an analysis of how specific behaviors are acquired
C)a survey of sexual imagery in dreams of men and women
D)an analysis of the thought processes students report while answering test items

Question 42

The school of behaviorism attempted to explain behavior by studying:

A)the reasons people give for their behaviors.
B)the specific personality traits that lead to behavior.
C)how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response.
D)the purposes of people's behavior.

Question 43

Which type of psychologist would be most likely to argue that a criminal engages in unlawful behavior because he grew up around older boys who engaged in criminal activities?

A)Gestaltist
B)behavioralist
C)psychodynamic
D)functionalist

Question 44

Pavlov's research demonstrated that ________.

A)involuntary reaction (salivation)could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (sound of a bell)
B)an unrelated stimulus (salivation)could occur in response to an involuntary reaction (sound of a bell)
C)involuntary reaction (sound of a bell)could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (food)
D)an unrelated stimulus (food)could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (barking)

Question 45

Sallie noticed that when her alarm clock goes off in the morning,her dog Ruffles is standing by her bed salivating.Every morning when Sallie wakes to the alarm,she immediately rolls out of bed and feeds Ruffles,who very much enjoys his canned dog food.It is likely that _________.

A)Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to enjoy canned dog food
B)Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to sleep next to her bed
C)Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to salivate over canned dog food
D)Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to salivate to the sound of her alarm clock

Question 46

What advice might John B.Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?

A)"Focus on observable behavior."
B)"Life is an effort to overcome inferiority."
C)"We cannot know others until we know ourselves."
D)"Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes."

Question 47

The psychodynamic perspective was based on the work of ________.

A)Watson
B)Wundt
C)Gestalt
D)Freud

Question 48

Professor Wenches approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes unconscious processes within the individual,such as inner forces or conflicts.It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches?

A)social-cognitive learning
B)learning
C)cognitive approach
D)psychodynamic approach

Question 49

Which treatment approach did Sigmund Freud develop for treating his patients?

A)drug therapy
B)neuropsychology
C)clinical psychology
D)psychoanalysis

Question 50

According to Freud,unconscious urges:

A)are able to be suppressed.
B)only pertain to sex.
C)attempt to surface and affect our behaviors.
D)have no impact on everyday life.

Question 51

Freud stressed the importance of ________.

A)early childhood experiences
B)adolescence
C)early adulthood
D)middle adulthood

Question 52

Freud said phobias were ________ whereas Watson said phobias were ________.

A)learned;inherited
B)repressed conflicts;learned
C)sexual;unconscious
D)conditioned;unconditioned

Question 53

Who claimed that behavior is affected by reinforcement?

A)William James
B)Sigmund Freud
C)B.F.Skinner
D)Wilhelm Wundt

Question 54

You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and self-actualization.Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented?

A)behaviorism
B)humanism
C)functionalism
D)psychodynamics

Question 55

The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered that ________.

A)dogs would salivate to the sound of a ticking metronome due to habituation
B)dogs would salivate to the sounds of a ticking metronome due to reflexology
C)dogs would salivate to the sound of a ticking metronome due to a learned reflexive response called conditioning
D)dogs would salivate to the sounds of a ticking metronome due to their fear response

Question 56

Which founding contributors to psychology helped develop behaviorism?

A)Gestalt and Wundt
B)Freud and Watson
C)Watson and Pavlov
D)Pavlov and Wundt

Question 57

The work of Freud was built around ________.

A)a theory of personality that emphasizes the awareness of one's own cognitive processes
B)a theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts
C)a method of psychotherapy in which an observer carefully records and interprets behavior without interfering with the behavior
D)a method of psychotherapy that emphasizes how maladaptive behaviors are learned through imitations of others and through cognitive expectations

Question 58

John B.Watson believed that psychology should involve the study of ________.

A)behavior
B)the mind
C)the brain
D)consciousness

Question 59

Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization?

A)psychoanalysis
B)humanism
C)cognitive perspective
D)behaviorism

Question 60

Which pair of scientists shared the most similar views of behavior?

A)William James and Wilhelm Wundt
B)B.F.Skinner and Max Wertheimer
C)Ivan Pavlov and John B.Watson
D)Carl Rogers and Edward Titchener

Question 61

In the early part of the past century,psychologists who broke down thought processes into their basic elements and analyzed them were called structuralists.What term might we use to describe psychologists with similar interests today?

A)Gestalt
B)cognitive
C)behavioral
D)humanistic

Question 62

Shorey (2001)found that the brutal death of a Somolian prisoner in a Canadian military facility could have been prevented.One reason the beating was not stopped was the ________.

A)bystander effect
B)Zeitgeist
C)behaviorist effect
D)Canadian prison policy

Question 63

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)A psychologist has no medical training.
B)A psychiatrist generally goes to graduate school,not medical school.
C)Psychiatric social workers can prescribe medication.
D)An M.D.and a Ph.D.are pretty much the same thing.

Question 64

Darley and Latané (1968)believe that the presence of other people in a distressing situation decreased the likelihood that they would receive help due to ________.

A)diffusion of anonymity
B)diffusion of responsibility
C)flaws in laws protecting Good Samaritans
D)timeliness of onset

Question 65

Jeff's car broke down and smoke started rising from the engine.He felt lucky to have broken down while parked in the center of town during lunch when many people were outside and could hel

A)zeitgeist
B)behaviorist effect
C)bystander effect
D)self-Serving prophecy

Question 66

Cognitive neuroscientists can examine the brain with ________.

A)electrolysis and PET
B)PET and MRI Correct: Both are discussed in the book and used by cognitive neuroscientists.
C)MRI and electrolysis
D)Gamma images and electrolysis

Question 67

Professor Beverly approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes bodily events and chemicals,such as hormones,associated with behavior.It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches?

A)biopsychological
B)learning
C)cognitive
D)sociocultural

Question 68

Dr.Mosher is a psychologist who tries to understand how people select their mates.She must be a(n)________.

A)behavioral psychologist
B)cognitive psychologist
C)evolutionary psychologist
D)biopsychological psychologist

Question 69

In studying the bystander effect,a researcher is interested in looking at differences between prison guards in China and the United Kingdom.The researcher is taking a ________ perspective in this cross-cultural study.

A)Eurocentric
B)egocentric
C)culturio
D)sociocultural

Question 70

Humanist Abraham Maslow suggests that when people reach self-actualization,they:

A)develop to their fullest potential.
B)avoid negative consequences of behavior.
C)seek maximum reward for all their behaviors.
D)learn from their mistakes and move on.

Question 71

Samantha just had her purse stolen while walking down Fifth Avenue in New York City,which is a very busy part of Manhattan.She screamed loudly,and several people looked in her direction,but nobody stopped walking or made an attempt to hel

A)democracy
B)the bystander effect
C)diffusion of effects
D)flaws in the judicial system

Question 72

Dr.Braunz has been treating a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.She decides to write a prescription for Ritalin.Given this information,it is most likely that Dr.Braunz is a ________.

A)psychiatrist
B)psychoanalyst
C)humanistic psychologist
D)school psychologist

Question 73

The emerging field of brain imagery in cognitive neuroscience has developed methods,such as MRI,to examine ________.

A)images of the living brain
B)biopsies of the brain of a cadaver
C)select biopsied portions of a brain
D)acute time of death in stroke patients

Question 74

According to the present research on psychologists,the three most popular work settings are ________,________,and ________.

A)universities and four year colleges;self-employed;private for-profit
B)self-employed;state and local government;non-profit
C)state and local government;federal government;self-employed
D)universities and four year colleges;non-profit;federal government

Question 75

Dr.Jones probably agrees with the ________ theory of psychology,since he contends that humans are intelligent species due to the fact that intelligence gives us an advantage in the natural world.

A)psychoanalytic
B)behavioral
C)cognitive
D)evolutionary

Question 76

Evolutionary psychology might suggest that certain cognitive strategies and goals are built into the brain because:

A)they help humans adapt to their natural environment.
B)human brains are similar to the brains of the higher primates.
C)they are the result of learning that has taken place over many centuries.
D)they are the result of memories we have inherited from our ancestors.

Question 77

If you are interested in how patterns,beliefs,and customs influence behavior,you are interested in the ________ perspective.

A)behavioral
B)sociocultural
C)psychodynamic
D)cognitive

Question 78

The majority of psychologists work in ________.

A)private practice
B)public school
C)government
D)four-year colleges and universities

Question 79

According to present research on psychologists,thirty-four percent are in the ________ subfield of psychology.

A)counseling
B)industrial/organizational
C)developmental
D)clinical

Question 80

There are several subfields of psychology according to the present research.The three largest subfields of psychology are ________,________,and ________.

A)clinical,counseling,and developmental
B)cognitive,clinical,and developmental
C)industrial/organizational,counseling,and clinical
D)social,experimental,and school