Deck 7: Cognition

Question 1

PET scans have demonstrated that when you are creating a visual image,________.

A)the image is generated by the retinal ganglion cells and sent to the cortex
B)the image is generated by the thalamus and sent to the brain
C)the areas associated with stored knowledge send information to the visual cortex
D)there is no locus in the brain that can be determined for the generation of visual images

Answer 1

the areas associated with stored knowledge send information to the visual cortex

Question 2

What problem-solving strategies don't guarantee solutions but make efficient use of time?

A)heuristics
B)algorithms
C)mnemonic devices
D)cognitive shortcuts

Answer 2

heuristics

Question 3

Talia is looking for her cat by methodically searching each room and then closing the door.She is using what type of problem solving strategy?

A)an algorithm
B)a heuristic
C)a means-end strategy
D)a hunch

Answer 3

an algorithm

Question 4

Which example would most people take longest to identify as a fruit (even though it technically is a fruit)?

A)grape
B)apple
C)orange
D)olive

Question 5

In Kosslyn's "imaginary island" study,researchers found that it does take longer to view a mental image that ________.

A)is larger or covers more distance than one that is smaller and more compact
B)has more items in it
C)has more colors in it
D)contains living things as compared to nonliving items

Question 6

The first thing that comes to mind when asked to name an example from a category is called the ________.

A)schema
B)prototype
C)concept marker
D)category marker

Question 7

Kosslyn asked subjects if frogs have lips and a stubby tail.What did the subjects report?

A)They visualized a frog,starting with the face ("no lips")and mentally rotated the image to look for the stubby tail.
B)They visualized a frog,starting with the face ("no lips"),had it disappear,and then visualized a completely new frog for a second time with its backside to them.
C)They knew the answer but did not have to generate an image.
D)They felt that that task was impossible to accomplish.

Question 8

An advantage of algorithms over heuristics is that ________.

A)algorithms are much faster
B)algorithms guarantee a correct answer if one is available
C)algorithms are shortcuts
D)algorithms use rules-of-thumb

Question 9

Before enrolling in an abnormal psychology course,Gary's idea of psychological disorders had been influenced primarily by talk shows.He expected to hear the same kinds of stories he had heard on talk shows.What an eye-opening experience the course turned out to be! How would a cognitive psychologist describe the influence the course had on Gary's idea of psychological disorders?

A)Gary learned the value of algorithms.
B)Gary now uses heuristics.
C)The course increased Gary's ability to use visual imagery.
D)The course altered Gary's concept of psychological disorders.

Question 10

Which is the most likely prototype for the concept "vehicle"?

A)glider
B)car
C)scooter
D)bicycle

Question 11

What are mental categories representing activities,objects,qualities,or situations that share some common characteristics?

A)classes
B)concepts
C)attributes
D)classifications

Question 12

An advantage of using a heuristic over an algorithm is ________.

A)the heuristic ensures a correct answer
B)the heuristic takes longer and is more accurate
C)the heuristic can be quicker
D)the heuristic always works the same way

Question 13

Don tells Ray that he wants to get a new sports car.Ray immediately understands why,because he is familiar with the common characteristics of sports cars and knows what makes them different from family cars.Ray is using mental categories called ________.

A)classes
B)concepts
C)attributes
D)classifications

Question 14

Concepts are ideas that represent ________.

A)a class or category of objects,events,or activities
B)patterns of behavior
C)higher-order conditioning and secondary reinforcers
D)none of these

Question 15

Sally is enrolled in a high school geometry course,which she describes as "drawing figures and figuring drawings." In a typical class,students draw geometric figures and use a formula to calculate an aspect of the figure,such as its area.Each time Sally uses a formula,she is making use of what psychologists call ________.

A)heuristics
B)logarithms
C)algorithms
D)convergence

Question 16

The trial-and-error method of solving problems is also known as ________.

A)the use of a heuristic device
B)the use of algorithms
C)the mechanical solution
D)the A.I.solution

Question 17

When people are asked to say how many windows they have in their dwelling,the amount of time people take to come up with the answer ________.

A)doesn't depend on the number of windows
B)depends on the number of windows
C)depends on the size of the windows
D)depends on whether the house had one or two stories,not the number of windows

Question 18

You ask a student to describe the path to his dorm room.The most likely way in which he will do this is to ________.

A)recite a rote list of directions he memorized
B)give you the GPS location of his dorm room
C)walk through a mental image of the path and describe it to you as he does it
D)none of these

Question 19

Compared to formal concepts learned in science and math,natural concepts tend to be ________.

A)easier to learn
B)very clear and well-defined
C)fuzzy with unclear boundaries
D)good fits with a rigid classification system

Question 20

What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a solution,provided that one exists?

A)heuristic method
B)algorithmic method
C)mnemonic device
D)cognitive shortcut

Question 21

Köhler demonstrated "Aha!" or insight behavior with ________.

A)birds
B)dogs
C)cats
D)chimpanzees

Question 22

A group of businessmen and women get together to try to solve the problem of decreased sales of their company's products.One of them suggests that they generate as many ideas as they can in a short period of time without being critical of any of them.This technique of stimulating divergent thinking is called ________.

A)brainstorming
B)keeping a journal
C)free writing
D)mind or subject mapping

Question 23

Which of the following questions would be more likely to produce divergent thinking?

A)"What is a stapler?"
B)"How do you spell stapler?"
C)"How many uses can you think of for a stapler?"
D)"What does a stapler look like?"

Question 24

A person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point.The person is engaging in ________.

A)functional thinking
B)circular thinking
C)convergent thinking
D)divergent thinking

Question 25

The ability to solve problems by combining behaviors and ideas in new ways is called ________.

A)creativity
B)insight
C)heuristics
D)latent learning

Question 26

Coming up with as many different uses of a brick as possible,such as using them for doorstops,is a type of ________ thinking.

A)disordered
B)divergent
C)associative
D)convergent

Question 27

The concept of the confirmation bias specifically assumes that we are most likely to believe ________.

A)the scientific method as true
B)information that agrees with our thinking
C)information that refutes our thinking
D)logical thinking

Question 28

The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called ________.

A)mental set
B)means-end analysis
C)noncompensatory modeling
D)prototypical idealization

Question 29

Which type of thinking is most closely related to creativity?

A)heuristic
B)divergent
C)insightful
D)convergent

Question 30

A loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives;however,he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it.When he notices the visor drop again,he reaches into his pocket for a dime he uses to tighten the screw holding the visor.What problem-solving difficulty did Ben overcome?

A)relative comparison
B)functional fixedness
C)poor problem representation
D)the representative heuristic

Question 31

Frank mistakenly believes that there are more words that begin with the letter "k" than there are with the letter "k" in the third position due to the ________.

A)representativeness heuristic
B)availability heuristic
C)planning fallacy
D)confirmation bias

Question 32

________ thinking works well for routine problem solving but may be of little use when a more creative solution is needed.

A)Heuristic
B)Divergent
C)Insightful
D)Convergent

Question 33

Seventy percent of the students in a classroom are women and 30 percent are men.One student is described as ambitious,athletic,and assertive.Why are most people likely to think this description refers to a male student?

A)They are using the availability heuristic.
B)They are using the representativeness heuristic.
C)People seek only confirming information.
D)People tend to make relative comparisons.

Question 34

What type of thinking could be described as taking different directions in search of a variety of answers to a question?

A)decisive
B)convergent
C)heuristic
D)divergent

Question 35

A person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point.The person is engaging in ________.

A)functional thinking
B)circular thinking
C)convergent thinking
D)divergent thinking

Question 36

A seemingly arbitrary flash "out of the blue," through which the solution to a problem suddenly becomes apparent to you,but you do not consciously know how you "figured it out," is called ________.

A)brainstorming
B)priming
C)insight
D)a mental set

Question 37

In problem solving,the term rule of thumb refers to ________.

A)heuristics
B)algorithms
C)mnemonic devices
D)cognitive shortcuts

Question 38

Agatha Harkness-Smythe is determined to ban guns in the United States.This is a controversial topic and social scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases crime.Agatha could go to the library and look up studies on the linkage between guns and crime rates.Instead,Agatha just reads the local newspaper and only cuts out articles about robberies in which the "bad guy" used a firearm.Agatha is demonstrating ________.

A)mental set
B)confirmation bias
C)stereotype threat
D)mindlessness

Question 39

Riley has figured out how to unlock his bedroom door with a paper cli

A)functional fixedness
B)the representational problem
C)the representative heuristic
D)the confirmation bias

Question 40

What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it?

A)confirmation bias
B)convergent thinking
C)availability heuristic
D)representativeness heuristic

Question 41

The ability to learn from one's experiences,and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems is the psychologist's working definition of ________.

A)divergent problem solving
B)creative thinking
C)heuristic usage
D)intelligence

Question 42

Criticisms of Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences include ________.

A)the fact that it relies too heavily on g
B)there are no concerns
C)it appears to describe only those with brain damage
D)the idea that these "skills" are not necessarily the same thing as what is meant by intelligence.

Question 43

According to Robert Sternberg,________ is best described as "street smarts," or the ability to use information to get along in life.People who have it know how to be tactful,how to manipulate situations to their advantage,and how to use inside information to increase their odds of success.

A)analytical
B)creative
C)practical
D)naturalistic

Question 44

What three types of intelligence constitute Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

A)global,intuitive,and special
B)general,global,and specific
C)analytical,creative,and practical
D)mathematical,reasoning,and verbal

Question 45

A theory of intelligence with nine components was postulated by ________.

A)Gardner
B)Spearman
C)Sternberg
D)Terman

Question 46

According to Robert Sternberg,which type of intelligence is least likely to predict success in an academic environment?

A)analytical intelligence
B)creative intelligence
C)practical intelligence
D)none of these

Question 47

Which is NOT a characteristic of creative people?

A)They usually have a broad range of knowledge about a lot of subjects and are good at using mental imagery.
B)They are often conventional in their personal lifestyles and take few social risks.
C)They aren't afraid to be different,are more open to new experiences than many people,and tend to have more vivid dreams and daydreams than others do.
D)They value their independence.

Question 48

Gardner and his associates are known for proposing ________.

A)the generalized theory of intelligence
B)the triarchic theory of intelligence
C)the theory of multiple intelligences
D)the theory of emotional intelligence

Question 49

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into ________ independent abilities.

A)three
B)five
C)seven
D)nine

Question 50

The divergent thinking technique of writing down everything that comes to mind about a topic without revising or proofreading until all of the information is recorded,and then organizing it later,is known as ________.

A)brainstorming
B)keeping a journal
C)freewriting
D)mind or subject mapping

Question 51

Shalissa is described as being tactful and able to manipulate situations to her advantage.She is probably high in ________.

A)analytical intelligence
B)creative intelligence
C)practical intelligence
D)none of these

Question 52

Sternberg has found that ________ intelligence is a good predictor of success in life but has a low relationship to ________ intelligence.

A)practical;analytical
B)practical;creative
C)analytical;practical
D)academic;creative

Question 53

An example of Sternberg's practical intelligence is ________.

A)academic achievement only
B)knowing when to plant corn
C)having interpersonal and emotional skills
D)learning how to write clearly

Question 54

According to Robert Sternberg,________ intelligence is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems (divergent thinking,in other words).

A)analytical
B)creative
C)practical
D)existential

Question 55

Measuring intelligence by testing is a rather new concept in the history of the world.The idea of such testing came from ________.

A)France
B)the United States
C)the United Kingdom
D)the Soviet Union

Question 56

Researchers typically stress that a key aspect of intelligence is ________.

A)the ability to speak different languages
B)the Y chromosome
C)the ability to adapt to new situations
D)only accurate for males

Question 57

Which of these is one of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences?

A)poetic
B)digital
C)creative
D)naturalistic

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT one of the three areas of intelligence described by Sternberg?

A)analytical
B)exponential
C)practical
D)creative

Question 59

The divergent thinking technique of starting with a central idea and drawing a "map" with lines from the center to other related ideas and then forming a mental image of the concepts and their connections is known as ________.

A)brainstorming
B)keeping a journal
C)free writing
D)mind or subject mapping

Question 60

Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of ________.

A)verbal and mathematical abilities
B)crystallized and visual-motor abilities
C)general intelligence and specific abilities
D)analytical,creative,and practical intelligence

Question 61

Because of the need to measure the IQ of people of varying ages,newer IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ on ________.

A)mental age alone
B)deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution
C)giving extra points for older folks to compensate for their slower processing times
D)variance IQ scores

Question 62

Like most characteristics of a population,WAIS-IV scores are distributed in a bell or normal curve.Which of the following is an accurate characteristic of those types of curves?

A)Scores are evenly distributed across the population.
B)Scores are clumped around the midpoint.
C)The curve resembles an "S."
D)Scores are more common at the ends of the distribution.

Question 63

Psychological tests that yield relatively consistent results are said to be ________.

A)valid
B)normed
C)reliable
D)standardized

Question 64

The correct formula for determining IQ as used in Terman's development of the Stanford-Binet Test was ________.

A)MA/DA × 100
B)MA/CA × 100
C)MA/CA
D)CA/MA × 100

Question 65

Jane is 22 years old.For her job,she needs to take an intelligence test.Which would be the most appropriate test for her age group?

A)WAIS-IV
B)WISC-IV
C)WPPSI-III
D)DSM-IVR

Question 66

An 8-year-old child who scored like an average 10-year-old on an intelligence test would have a mental age of ________ and an IQ of ________.

A)8;80
B)8;125
C)10;100
D)10;125

Question 67

A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be ________.

A)valid
B)normed
C)reliable
D)standardized

Question 68

Alfred Binet designed the first ________ test.

A)aptitude
B)performance-based
C)perception
D)intelligence

Question 69

Which of the following tests would be best suited to an 8-year-old child?

A)WAIS-IV
B)WISC-IV
C)WPPSI-III
D)DSM-IVR

Question 70

Jordan is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 8 years.His IQ would be ________.

A)80
B)100
C)125
D)140

Question 71

On a newly developed IQ test,an individual scores at the 110 level on the first half of the test,and 150 on the second half of the test.What does this test appear to lack?

A)reliability
B)standardization
C)predictive validity
D)appropriate norms

Question 72

What percent of the population has an intelligence quotient below 100?

A)75 percent
B)50 percent
C)35 percent
D)10 percent

Question 73

Suppose Maria's mental age is 20 and her chronological age is 10.What is her IQ?

A)320
B)80
C)200
D)100

Question 74

Binet and Simon considered children relatively slow if their ________.

A)mental age equals their chronological age
B)mental age is lower than their chronological age
C)mental age is higher than their chronological age
D)mental age does not equal their chronological age

Question 75

People began measuring intelligence through tests roughly________ years ago.

A)50
B)100
C)200
D)500

Question 76

Dallas is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 10 years.His IQ would be ________.

A)80
B)100
C)115
D)130

Question 77

Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that ________.

A)follows the normal curve
B)has a positive skew
C)has a negative skew
D)appears bimodal with two peaks of high frequency

Question 78

A test is said to be reliable if ________.

A)a person's score on a test is pretty much the same every time he or she takes it
B)it contains an adequate sample of the skills it is supposed to measure
C)its results agree with a more direct measure of what the test is designed to predict
D)it is culture-fair

Question 79

Which of these might be an example of a perceptual reasoning item on the Wechsler intelligence tests?

A)repeating a series of digits
B)defining a word such as lunch
C)adding a series of orally presented numbers
D)using blocks to make a design like one shown in a picture

Question 80

If you took the WAIS-IV when you were 18 and again when you were 25,and the scores were the same,what could you conclude?

A)that you had increased your IQ
B)that the WAIS-IV is reliable
C)that your IQ has decreased
D)that the WAIS-IV is flawed