Deck 12: D: Stress,coping,and Health

Question 1

Mary just received a traffic ticket but decided it is not worth being upset about.Mary just made a

A)primary appraisal.
B)secondary appraisal.
C)stress-related decision.
D)hassle-related decision.

Answer 1

primary appraisal.

Question 2

Research suggests that stress-producing events are

A)less likely to affect residents of rural areas or nonindustrialized countries.
B)more likely to affect people living in urban areas and developed countries.
C)widespread among all sectors of society.
D)rare and only affect a small portion of the population.

Answer 2

widespread among all sectors of society.

Question 3

Many psychologists and self-help books inform us that in order to cope with trauma or stressful events,we need to seek psychological assistance,despite alternate research that suggests that most individuals are surprisingly resilient.This discrepancy in beliefs about coping with trauma is referred to as ________________.

A)the diathesis-stress model
B)the coping-appraisal hypothesis
C)emotion-focused coping
D)the clinician's illusion

Answer 3

the clinician's illusion

Question 4

Research suggests that when natural disasters cause collective trauma to a community,stressful circumstances can

A)increase social awareness and cement interpersonal bonds.
B)lead to decreased social bonds and increased isolation.
C)cause increased rates of depression and suicide.
D)lead to increased interpersonal stress but decreased social stress.

Question 5

Which of the following is true regarding coping strategies?

A)Westin engages in emotion-focused coping when he cries uncontrollably to comfort himself.
B)Andrew engages in emotion-focused coping when he believes he is unable to deal with the stressful event.
C)Eric engages in problem-focused coping when he faces the challenges of life head-on.
D)Joe engages in problem-focused coping when he places a positive spin on his feelings and situation.

Question 6

According to Lazarus,our first task when faced with a potential stressor is to estimate its severity and to determine whether it is a challenge or threat.This evaluation is referred to as

A)primary appraisal.
B)secondary appraisal.
C)stress-related decision.
D)hassle-related decision.

Question 7

Researchers view stress in the following three ways:

A)a stimulus,a transaction with the environment,and as a response.
B)a fear,an attack,and a rage.
C)a response,an apprehension,and a stimulus.
D)a stimulus,uneasiness,and a response.

Question 8

Imagine that you have just flunked a class.You evaluate this situation and decide that flunking a class is stressful and important enough to be upset about.Next you decide to repeat the class in summer school.You have made

A)both a primary appraisal and a secondary appraisal.
B)a primary appraisal only.
C)a stress-related decision.
D)a hassle-related decision.

Question 9

Coping strategies can be either __________ focused or ________ focused in nature.

A)physiologically;spiritually
B)internally;externally
C)problem-;emotion-
D)distress-;eustress-

Question 10

Jaime applied to several graduate schools but was not accepted at any of them.He says that he is actually relieved-he really didn't want to graduate school anyway.Jaime appears to be engaging in __________ coping.

A)stress-centred
B)rationally focused
C)problem-focused
D)emotion-focused

Question 11

After we have decided that a certain event is a stressor,we must decide how we will deal with it and what resources are available for coping with the stressor.This process is called

A)primary appraisal.
B)secondary appraisal.
C)stress-related decision making.
D)hassle-related decision-making.

Question 12

A stressor that is so severe that it produces long-term psychological or health consequences is considered ____________.

A)a hassle
B)a primary appraisal
C)stressful
D)traumatic

Question 13

_________ is the term used to describe the physical,emotional,cognitive,and behavioural responses to events that are threatening or challenging.

A)Burnout
B)Distress
C)Eustress
D)Stress

Question 14

Research on the prevalence of stress in the general population has found that

A)severe stressors effect less than 25 percent of the population.
B)immigrant and minority groups report lower levels of extreme stressors.
C)extreme stress is reported only by people of low socioeconomic status.
D)it is unusual when people report they have not experienced severe stress in their lifetime.

Question 15

Events that cause a stress reaction are referred to as

A)distressors.
B)eustressors.
C)stressors.
D)hassles.

Question 16

Working a second job to pay off credit cards is an example of

A)reappraisal.
B)distraction.
C)problem-focused coping.
D)emotion-focused coping.

Question 17

According to your text,which of the following individuals would have the highest risk for experiencing stressful or traumatic events?

A)56-year old Jesse,who is an Aboriginal male,married,and works as a carpenter
B)23-year old Tyson,a single male who just immigrated from Sri Lanka and is a sales clerk at Walmart
C)34-year old Jamica,who moved to Canada from the Caribbean to get married to her fiancé,Carl
D)16-year old Tara,who was born in Canada,lives with her mother,and is supported by welfare

Question 18

The tendency to overestimate people's fragility and underestimate their resilience is known as

A)primary appraisal.
B)clinician's illusion.
C)general adaptation syndrome.
D)universality.

Question 19

________ consist(s)of the tension,discomfort,or physical symptoms that arise when a situation strains our ability to cope effectively.

A)Anxiety
B)Stimuli
C)Stress
D)Trauma

Question 20

When encountering a potentially threatening event,people first decide whether the event is harmful;this is known as ________.Then,a ________ is made about how well one can cope with that event.

A)primary appraisal;secondary appraisal
B)secondary appraisal;primary appraisal
C)initial appraisal;general appraisal
D)general appraisal;initial appraisal

Question 21

Julien just found out that his grandmother passed away.While he is very sad and upset that he didn't get to see her before she passed away,he recognizes that there was nothing he would have been able to do for his grandmother and that she lived a full and happy life.Based on the information provided in this example,which of the following is the best example of Julien's behaviour?

A)A primary appraisal of his situation
B)Emotion-focused coping
C)Problem-focused coping
D)Social readjustment

Question 22

Sven has developed a method for coping with his test anxiety in his university courses.His next step in his problem-focused coping strategy is to

A)implement the plan.
B)identify the stressor.
C)evaluate the success of the implemented plan
D)discuss the nature of the stressors with others.

Question 23

Jessica begins to pray daily following the loss of her close friend,Tom,and praying helps her feel better.Praying is an example of ________ coping.

A)stress-centred
B)rationally focused
C)problem-focused
D)emotion-focused

Question 24

Marlon just recently lost his job as an electrician.He was very stressed about not having a job and worried about paying his bills,so he decided to sit down and figure out what he needed to do to resolve the situation.The next day,Marlon went down to the unemployment offices to look at the job boards and sent his resume to as many places as he could that were hiring.Based on the information provided in this example,which of the following is the best example of Marlon's behaviour?

A)A primary appraisal of his situation
B)Emotion-focused coping
C)Problem-focused coping
D)Social readjustment

Question 25

When we are stressed,our body responds physiologically by increasing our heart rate,blood pressure,and the release of stress hormones called _______________.

A)melatonins
B)glucagons
C)aldosterones
D)corticosteroids

Question 26

Corticosteroids are stress hormones that

A)stimulate nervous breakdowns.
B)activate the body and prepare it to respond to stressful circumstances.
C)interfere with the body's ability to function during stressful events.
D)calm the body when facing a stressful situation.

Question 27

An emotion-focused coping strategy is one that

A)almost completely eliminates the source of the stress.
B)doesn't alter emotion but changes the stressor.
C)alters feelings but does not change the source of stress.
D)identifies and then modifies the source of the stress.

Question 28

A coping strategy that involves a set of specific steps for identifying the stressor,choosing a method of stress reduction,implementing the method and evaluating its success is a(n)__________ strategy.

A)stress-centred
B)rationally focused
C)problem-focused
D)emotion-focused

Question 29

________ are stress hormones that activate the body and prepare us to respond to stressful circumstances.

A)Endocosteroids
B)Corticosteroids
C)Androcosteroids
D)Ectocosteroids

Question 30

Sheila believes that her own abilities rather than luck account for her successes and failures.When confronted with a stressful situation she is most likely to use a(n)________ coping strategy.

A)passive
B)defensive
C)problem-focused
D)emotion-focused

Question 31

Vanna's mother is ill,and Vanna is feeling overwhelmed and sad.To cope with this stress of her mother's illness,Vanna has been writing her feelings down in a journal.Vanna is using ___________.

A)distraction
B)problem-focused coping
C)emotion-focused coping
D)reappraisal

Question 32

A coping strategy that helps people tolerate a stressor without doing anything to change it,is a(n)________ strategy;one that identifies specific steps to take and implement strategies to deal with the stressor is a(n)________ strategy.

A)cognitive;behavioural
B)behavioural;cognitive
C)emotion-focused;problem-focused
D)task-oriented;defence-oriented

Question 33

Edgar is learning deep-breathing techniques to reduce anxiety about having been robbed at knifepoint.This is an example of

A)reappraisal.
B)problem-focused coping.
C)emotion-focused coping.
D)avoidance.

Question 34

An important step in a problem-focused coping strategy for dealing with stress is to

A)measure the personality traits that increase our reactance.
B)identify the source of unconscious conflict in early childhood.
C)select a specific action that will reduce the amount of stress.
D)accept that we are not the people we would like to become.

Question 35

The coping method that involves changing the way you feel or emotionally react to a stressor is known as

A)a defence mechanism.
B)self-focused coping.
C)emotion-focused coping.
D)problem-focused coping.

Question 36

Marlena's counsellor has helped her identify the specific stressors that are causing the most stress in her life,and is helping her develop a set of strategies she can use to reduce the stress she feels.The counsellor is promoting a(n)__________ coping strategy.

A)stress-centred
B)rationally focused
C)problem-focused
D)emotion-focused

Question 37

Many behavioural psychologists recommend __________ coping for dealing with stress.

A)stress-centred
B)rationally focused
C)problem-focused
D)emotion-focused

Question 38

A coping strategy that features a positive outlook on feelings or situations accompanied by behaviours that reduce painful emotions is called __________ coping.

A)stress-centred
B)rationally focused
C)problem-focused
D)emotion-focused

Question 39

Controllable stressors are to _____________ coping,whereas uncontrollable stressors are to _____________ coping.

A)task-oriented;defence-oriented
B)psychoanalytic;behavioural
C)problem-focused;emotion-focused.
D)emotion-focused;problem-focused

Question 40

A coping strategy that helps people tolerate a stressor without doing anything to change it is a(n)__________ strategy;one that identifies specific steps to take to identify the stressor,choose strategies to deal with it,and implement and evaluate those strategies is a(n)__________ strategy.

A)task-oriented;defence-oriented
B)psychoanalytic;behavioural
C)behavioural;psychoanalytic
D)emotion-focused;problem-focused

Question 41

Which psychologist(s)is (are)credited with proposing the general adaptation syndrome?

A)Lazarus
B)Holmes and Rahe
C)Selye
D)Berkowitz

Question 42

The term hassles refers to

A)minor health problems that cause a person to miss at least one day of work.
B)minor annoyances of everyday life.
C)the necessity to interact with persons we dislike in order to obtain our goals.
D)personal limitations that make it impossible for someone to pursue a desired goal.

Question 43

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)measures stress related to

A)positive and negative life events.
B)only negative life events.
C)only positive life events.
D)internal stressors.

Question 44

Which of the following life events would probably be the most stressful?

A)Having trouble with your boss
B)Going on vacation
C)Moving to a new residence
D)Jail term

Question 45

Selye's general adaptation syndrome describes

A)how we modify our situation to reduce stress.
B)the social and cultural factors affecting stress.
C)the types of situations we find most stressful.
D)how people react when exposed to stressors.

Question 46

Selye's description of how people react to stressors is the

A)physiological arousal theory.
B)general adaptation syndrome.
C)fight-or-flight response.
D)conflict resolution system.

Question 47

If someone is exposed to a stressor that demands so much and lasts so long that it exceeds the person's ability to cope with it,the person will move into which stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome?

A)Collapse
B)Exhaustion
C)Alarm
D)Resistance

Question 48

The alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome is most commonly associated with the release of which hormone?

A)testosterone
B)adrenalin
C)oxytocin
D)cortisol

Question 49

Researchers have found an association between daily hassles and

A)cancer and heart disease.
B)poor general health.
C)hypertension and obesity.
D)heart disease and schizophrenia.

Question 50

An assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person's life resulting from major life events over one year is called the

A)secondary appraisal.
B)primary appraisal.
C)Social Readjustment Rating Scale.
D)College Undergraduate Stress Scale.

Question 51

Which of the following is the best predictor of physical health,depression,and anxiety?

A)The frequency and perceived severity of hassles
B)The types of major life events experienced
C)The number of negative major life events experienced
D)The proportion of hassles to major life events

Question 52

One criticism of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)is that

A)it measures both positive and negative life events which should cancel each other out in the grand scheme.
B)it neglects the fact that some stressful life events may be consequences rather than causes of people's psychological problems.
C)the number of stressful life events one experiences does not at all predict physical or psychological ailments.
D)it is gender biased.

Question 53

Which of the following is false?

A)Both major life events and hassles are associated with poor general health.
B)Major life events have a greater effect on adjustment than everyday hassles.
C)Difficulties with relaxing and insomnia only reflect everyday hassles and are not related to depression or anxiety.
D)Hassles are minor annoyances or nuisances that tax one's ability to cope.

Question 54

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale is a way of measuring

A)the physiological effects of stress on a person.
B)how much stress a person has experienced.
C)how we adapt to changing life circumstances.
D)the accuracy of the general adaptation syndrome.

Question 55

Jenna was relieved when her abusive husband left her.What measure of life events would erroneously score this event in her life?

A)Type A-B Scale
B)California Psychological Inventory
C)Hassles Scale
D)Social Readjustment Rating Scale

Question 56

Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)to measure change due to

A)natural disasters.
B)major life events.
C)social difficulties.
D)negative life events.

Question 57

During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome,

A)the central and somatic systems are activated.
B)synaptic activity and the somatic nervous system activate to send messages from the CNS to muscles.
C)the sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones.
D)neurotransmitter levels and the central nervous system are activated.

Question 58

During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome,all of the following except _______________ are reactions that can be seen.

A)nausea
B)fever
C)hemorrhaging
D)headaches

Question 59

Burning your toast,having trouble opening an email attachment,breaking a glass,and running late for an appointment are all examples of

A)downturns.
B)hassles.
C)uplifts.
D)distress.

Question 60

Increases in adrenalin,blood pressure,and anxiety are associated with the

A)fight-or-flight response.
B)tend-and-befriend response.
C)stress-collapse response.
D)arousal-anxiety response.

Question 61

Amanda signed up with the army right after she graduated from high school.She was soon sent to Afghanistan.During her two years in Afghanistan,she witnessed many gruesome catastrophes.Upon returning home,she felt detached and estranged from her old friends,was easily startled,and had difficulties sleeping due to the vivid memories of the horrific events.Amanda displays the symptoms of

A)flashbacks.
B)depression.
C)posttraumatic stress disorder.
D)anxiety.

Question 62

The lifetime prevalence of PTSD is ____ percent in men and ____ percent in women.

A)5;10
B)10;15
C)10;20
D)15;10

Question 63

In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome has the body reached the limits of its ability to adapt to stress,which may result in the development of stress-related diseases?

A)Collapse
B)Alarm
C)Exhaustion
D)Resistance

Question 64

Research with military personnel has found that _______________ predicted stress levels,depression,and suicidal thoughts.

A)the severity and likelihood of recurrence of traumatic events
B)the number of traumatic events and lack of social support
C)use of emotion-focused rather than problem-focused coping
D)engaging in substance abuse in order to cope with trauma

Question 65

Research has demonstrated that _____________ is the most common response to traumatic events.

A)resilience
B)anger
C)physical illness
D)anxiety disorders

Question 66

Adelaida hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert.Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises.According to Hans Selye,she is in the

A)chronic stress phase.
B)alarm phase.
C)exhaustion phase.
D)resistance phase.

Question 67

Which of the following is one of the three major features that affect people's likelihood of developing PTSD?

A)Number of lifetime major stressors
B)Coping skills preceding trauma
C)Duration of the trauma
D)Personality factors including low openness to experience and high neuroticism.

Question 68

Ali,a war veteran,has had nightmares,flashbacks,and anxiety attacks for the past three years.Ali is most likely suffering from

A)posttraumatic stress disorder.
B)acute stress disorder.
C)eustress disorder.
D)counterstress disorder.

Question 69

Which of the following events produce the highest percentage of people who will develop acute stress disorder?

A)Violent assault
B)Vehicle accident
C)Mass shooting
D)Typhoon

Question 70

A person in the _________________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome may feel better even though he or she continues to secrete hormones to help the body fight a stressor.

A)alarm
B)resistance
C)termination
D)exhaustion

Question 71

A disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor,with symptoms of anxiety,nightmares,poor sleep,reliving the event,and concentration problems,lasting for more than one month is called

A)posttraumatic stress disorder.
B)acute stress disorder.
C)eustress disorder.
D)counterstress disorder.

Question 72

Jamie has worked for Jones & Miller law firm for the past five years.The firm is in the process of downsizing and laying off employees.Jamie is afraid that she may lose her job.To help deal with this stressful situation,Jamie tends to rely on her social contacts for support,in addition to nurturing those around her.This is known as

A)friend or relationship.
B)fight or flight.
C)reliance and coping.
D)tend and befriend.

Question 73

What hormone helps to counter stress and promotes the tend-and-befriend response?

A)Cortisol
B)Oxytocin
C)Adrenalin
D)Serotonin

Question 74

According to Hans Selye,resistance to stress is lowest at the _____________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A)alarm
B)resistance
C)exhaustion
D)collapse

Question 75

For the past six months,Dahlia's job has been extremely stressful,but she doesn't feel that she can quit because she needs the money for tuition.Dahlia has been having chronic headaches and is behind in all of her classes.According to Hans Selye,Dahlia is in the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A)collapse
B)alarm
C)exhaustion
D)resistance

Question 76

According to Selye,some people may develop illnesses such as high blood pressure or a weakened immune system during the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A)collapse
B)alarm
C)exhaustion
D)resistance

Question 77

When stressed,research has found that women tend to __________________ more often than men.

A)fight
B)flee
C)reach exhaustion
D)tend and befriend

Question 78

What is the correct sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

A)Resistance,alarm,exhaustion
B)Alarm,exhaustion,resistance
C)Alarm,resistance,exhaustion
D)Resistance,exhaustion,alarm

Question 79

The most common response to traumatic events is

A)anxiety.
B)resilience.
C)depression.
D)PTSD.

Question 80

Which of the following events produce the highest risk of developing PTSD?

A)Major natural disasters and combat experiences
B)Combat experiences and plane crashes
C)Mass shooting and major natural disasters
D)Combat experiences and sexual assault