Deck 5: D: Consciousness

Question 1

Consciousness is the

A)state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes.
B)subjective awareness of ourselves and the environment.
C)memory of personally experienced events.
D)intentional recollection of an item of information.

Answer 1

subjective awareness of ourselves and the environment.

Question 2

The sleep-wake cycle is ultimately controlled by the part of the brain called the

A)optical nerve.
B)frontal lobe.
C)hypothalamus.
D)median forebrain bundle.

Answer 2

hypothalamus.

Question 3

What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings,sensations,and thoughts?

A)Thinking
B)Consciousness
C)Conscience
D)Cognition

Answer 3

Consciousness

Question 4

A biological cycle,or rhythm,that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n)__________ cycle.

A)infradian
B)circadian
C)diurnal
D)ultradian

Question 5

The hypothalamus controls the

A)hypnotic suggestibility ratio.
B)sleep-wake cycle.
C)frequency of nightmares.
D)growth hormones that occur during sleep.

Question 6

Our subjective awareness of various mental processes,such as making decisions,daydreaming,reflecting,and concentrating,is called

A)consciousness.
B)creativity.
C)intelligence.
D)self-awareness.

Question 7

Eric had a dream where he reported feeling strapped down and unable to move or survey much of his surroundings.When discussing this with his therapist,he wonders whether it was an alien abduction.The therapist suggests that these feelings more correctly reflect

A)hypnosis.
B)sleep paralysis.
C)an out-of-body experience.
D)dissociation.

Question 8

One's mental perspective and personal understanding of the world are what psychologists refer to as

A)sensation.
B)motivation.
C)consciousness.
D)perception.

Question 9

Which of the following is not one of the biological processes that operate according to circadian rhythms?

A)Hormone release
B)Body temperature
C)Kinesthetic sense
D)Drowsiness

Question 10

A circadian cycle is about __________ hours long.

A)24
B)12
C)6
D)5

Question 11

Our sleep-wake cycle follows a(n)__________ rhythm.

A)infradian
B)diurnal
C)circadian
D)ultradian

Question 12

The hormone __________ is involved in triggering feelings of sleepiness and tends to increase after dark.

A)serotonin
B)testosterone
C)estrogen
D)melatonin

Question 13

We spend the greatest amount of time engaged in what altered state of consciousness?

A)Sleeping
B)Out-of-body experiences
C)Dreaming
D)Under the influence of drugs

Question 14

Circadian rhythms are controlled by the

A)pineal gland.
B)suprachiasmatic nucleus.
C)thalamus.
D)hippocampus.

Question 15

Harley appears to be in a coma as all of his voluntary muscles are paralyzed,yet he is actually awake and alert even though he cannot speak or move.The condition that Harley is afflicted with is called

A)sleep paralysis.
B)locked-in syndrome.
C)a persistent vegetative state.
D)dissociation.

Question 16

When we feel drowsy late at night,it is the result of neurons that are controlled within our

A)thalamus.
B)cerebellum.
C)hypothalamus.
D)amygdala.

Question 17

Which of the following concepts was found by researchers to be linked to patients who reported being abducted by aliens?

A)REM sleep behaviour disorder
B)Sleep paralysis
C)Lucid dreaming
D)Night terrors

Question 18

What aspect of circadian rhythms might explain why we tend to feel so tired at night?

A)Body temperature bottoms out in the morning.
B)The three biorhythm patterns converge at low points in the morning.
C)Heart rates typically increase at night.
D)There is an organ in the brain sensitive to light changes,which then affects our sleepiness.

Question 19

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)located?

A)Thalamus
B)Cerebellum
C)Basal ganglia
D)Hypothalamus

Question 20

__________ is associated with the strange feeling of being unable to move just after falling asleep or immediately upon awakening.

A)Lucid dreaming
B)REM sleep behaviour disorder
C)Narcolepsy
D)Sleep paralysis

Question 21

Research has found a relationship between academic success and students who

A)go to bed late and get up early.
B)go to bed late and get up late.
C)go to bed early and get up early.
D)go to bed early and get up late.

Question 22

Colleen is sleeping and is experiencing twitches in her legs and hands,and she has had the sensation that she is falling.What stage of sleep is associated with these experiences?

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stages 3 and 4
D)REM sleep

Question 23

Melatonin is a

A)stimulant.
B)hormone.
C)depressant.
D)sleeping pill.

Question 24

Nathan was a psychologist in the 1930s.Which of the following would best represent his understanding of what happened inside the brain during sleep?

A)Humans,unlike animals,experience REM sleep,but both experience non-REM sleep.
B)Nothing interesting happens as humans sleep through the night.
C)Humans pass through five distinct stages of sleep.
D)Neurons fire and create the biological underpinnings of dreams and nightmares as we sleep.

Question 25

The human sleep cycle repeats itself approximately every

A)45 minutes.
B)60 minutes.
C)120 minutes.
D)90 minutes.

Question 26

We are especially likely to experience jet lag when we travel

A)west.
B)east.
C)on shorter flights.
D)on longer flights.

Question 27

Even though sleep research suggests that most college students require approximately __________ hours of sleep nightly,they often get __________ hours.

A)9;8
B)9;6
C)7;6
D)10;8

Question 28

Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves?

A)Electromyograph (EMG)
B)Electrocardiograph (EKG)
C)Electro-oculograph (EOG)
D)Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Question 29

The hormone melatonin reaches peak levels in the body during the

A)morning.
B)early evening.
C)afternoon.
D)night.

Question 30

Sid is taking part in research on the effects of sleep deprivation;he has been without sleep for 75 hours.Right now researchers have asked him to sit in front of a computer screen and hit a button each time he sees the letter S on the screen.A few days ago,Sid was a whiz at this task;however,he is doing very poorly today.How are sleep researchers likely to explain Sid's poor performance?

A)Due to the sleep deprivation,Sid does not understand the task.
B)He has accumulated a "sleep debt" that impedes his learning,attention,and reaction time.
C)He is determined to ruin the research because of the suffering he is enduring at the hands of the researchers.
D)He is probably dreaming that he is somewhere else and has no interest in responding to the "here and now."

Question 31

Which individual would benefit from a drug designed to increase stimulation of melatonin receptors in their brain in order to re-sync their circadian rhythm?

A)Carmine,a student who needs to stay up late to study
B)Logan,a newborn baby who sleeps most of the day
C)Camilla,an elderly woman who doesn't need much sleep
D)Ed,who works night shifts as a correctional guard

Question 32

REM sleep refers to

A)dreamless sleep.
B)sleep induced by sleeping pills.
C)sleep periods in which sleepwalking is likely.
D)sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly.

Question 33

During what stage of sleep are we most likely to experience a vivid dream?

A)Non-REM sleep
B)Stage 2 sleep
C)Paradoxical/REM sleep
D)Stage 4 sleep

Question 34

According to research on sleep deprivation,a moderate amount of sleep loss

A)is still a serious problem.
B)is not a problem at all.
C)only is a problem for women,not men.
D)does not affect people older than age 50.

Question 35

Sudden muscle contractions experienced during stage 1 sleep are called

A)sleep spindles.
B)myoclonic jerks.
C)K-complexes.
D)hypnagogic imagery.

Question 36

SCN stands for

A)serotoninchiasmatic nucleus.
B)suprachiasmatic nucleus.
C)serotonin controlled nucleus.
D)sleep control nucleus.

Question 37

Which of the following can be an emotional symptom of sleep deprivation?

A)Hyperactivity
B)Cheerfulness
C)Depression
D)Nausea

Question 38

Scrambled,bizarre,and dream-like images that come in and out of our consciousness are referred to as

A)sleep spindles.
B)myoclonic jerks.
C)lucid dreams.
D)hypnagogic imagery.

Question 39

Melatonin is to __________ as an aspirin is to __________.

A)nausea;nightmare
B)insomnia;headache
C)nightmare;blood clots
D)apnea;blood thinner

Question 40

After more than four days of severe sleep deprivation,people report experiencing

A)sleep paralysis.
B)hallucinations.
C)locked-in syndrome.
D)bipolar depression.

Question 41

Your brain waves are being monitored in a sleep laboratory.If you are in deep sleep less than an hour after falling asleep,what brain waves will be detected?

A)Beta
B)Alpha
C)Theta
D)Delta

Question 42

The stage of sleep in which delta waves begin to appear is __________ sleep.

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 3
D)stage 4

Question 43

The stage of sleep marked by the production of very slow delta waves is __________ sleep.

A)REM
B)stage 1
C)stage 4
D)stage 2

Question 44

Alcohol is known to suppress

A)delta sleep.
B)sleep spindles.
C)REM sleep.
D)theta waves.

Question 45

If the EEG record reveals evidence of very small and very fast waves,you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is

A)really not sleeping and is awake.
B)in stage 1.
C)in stage 4.
D)in stage 2.

Question 46

Sleep spindles appear during __________ sleep.

A)REM
B)stage 1
C)stage 4
D)stage 2

Question 47

People in stage 4 sleep

A)dream all the time.
B)are hard to wake up.
C)are easy to wake up.
D)hallucinate.

Question 48

You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult.The participant is hooked up to an EEG.What brain waves would you observe as the person becomes drowsy and then enters the first stage of sleep?

A)Alpha eventually replaced by delta
B)Delta eventually replaced by alpha
C)Alpha eventually replaced by theta
D)Delta eventually replaced by beta

Question 49

Lynne has just fallen asleep and appears to have awakened with a start,reporting that she thinks she just saw a ghost hovering by the end of her bed.What is a likely explanation for her behaviour?

A)She was experiencing K-complexes during stage 2 sleep,which is associated with visual disturbances.
B)She was in REM sleep and was dreaming of ghosts like the ones she had seen in a movie earlier that night.
C)She was in stage 1 sleep and experienced a myoclonic jerk and hypnagogic imagery.
D)She was having a non-REM dream that was more like fleeting sleep images.

Question 50

As we sleep during the night,we spend the majority of our time in __________ sleep.

A)REM
B)stage 1
C)stage 4
D)stage 2

Question 51

Sleep research has continually shown that children spend more of their night getting deep sleep than do adults.This deep sleep corresponds to what stage(s)of sleep?

A)Stages 3 and 4
B)Stages 2 and 3
C)Stage 3 and REM
D)REM

Question 52

The deepest stage of sleep is __________ sleep.

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 3
D)stage 4

Question 53

Stage 4 sleep is marked by __________ waves.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)theta
D)delta

Question 54

What term do sleep researchers use to designate stages 1-4 of sleep?

A)REM sleep
B)Non-REM sleep
C)REMN sleep
D)Paradoxical sleep

Question 55

Which of the following is not associated with REM sleep?

A)Rapidly darting eye movements
B)Muscle contractions associated with dream content
C)REM rebound following sleep deprivation
D)Middle ear muscle activity

Question 56

If the EEG record reveals evidence of sleep spindles,you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is in which stage of sleep?

A)REM
B)Stage 1
C)Stage 4
D)Stage 2

Question 57

Electrical activity in the brain during REM sleep is similar to

A)sleep spindles and stage 2 sleep.
B)brain activity during non-REM sleep.
C)activity during periods of wakefulness.
D)states of daydreaming.

Question 58

You see an advertisement for a method of learning a foreign language that seems simple-just put on a tape and fall asleep.The accompanying description cites proof that people can learn while asleep.Being a good psychological detective,what question would you ask about the offered proof?

A)Did the individuals actually dream about the foreign language?
B)What did the EEG indicate about the participants' level of sleep?
C)Did the researchers use only long sleepers,who would spend more time with the tapes?
D)Were study breaks included in the tape to provide greater comprehension of the material?

Question 59

Jemele has decided to remain awake two hours more than normal so that she can study for her British literature exam.She also plans to wake one and a half hours earlier than normal to resume studying.This change in her sleep pattern will have the biggest effect on the amount of __________ sleep she gets.

A)stage 2
B)stage 3
C)REM
D)stage 4

Question 60

Short,rhythmic bursts of brainwave activity that appear during stage 2 sleep are called

A)delta waves
B)beta waves
C)paradoxical sleep waves
D)sleep spindles

Question 61

Which of the following is true about dolphins and sleep?

A)Dolphins sleep with one of their brain's hemispheres asleep and the other awake.
B)Sleep patterns in dolphins closely resemble humans,including experiencing REM sleep.
C)Dolphins have two stages of sleep associated with both theta and delta waves brain waves.
D)Dolphins have similar sleep patterns as humans,with the exception of a lack of muscle paralysis during sleep.

Question 62

A psychologist or a psychiatrist is likely to diagnose one's difficulty in attaining adequate nightly sleep as a psychological disorder

A)if it interferes with daily activities such as work and negatively impacts a person's health.
B)when it results from a deliberate choice,such as studying all night for an exam.
C)even if it occurs relatively infrequently.
D)only if the person feels that the lack of sleep is causing problems in other areas.

Question 63

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is

A)insomnia.
B)parasomnia.
C)hypersomnia.
D)reverse insomnia.

Question 64

__________ is to acting out your dreams,whereas __________ is to walking while asleep but engaging in relatively little activity otherwise.

A)Night terrors;narcolepsy
B)Sleepwalking;REM behaviour disorder
C)REM behaviour disorder;sleepwalking
D)Narcolepsy;night terrors

Question 65

__________ is associated with a knowledge that one is dreaming bizarre or improbable imagery that alerts the dreamer of a dream and the possibility of controlling one's dreams.

A)Sleep paralysis
B)REM rebound
C)Lucid dreaming
D)Narcolepsy

Question 66

Geoff is reading the science section of the newspaper.He should be most skeptical of which of the following headlines?

A)Feeling bad? Angry? Dream your problems away.
B)Researcher claims dreaming not limited to deep sleep.
C)Gender differences in dream content found again.
D)Sight restored in dreams for man blinded in recent accident.

Question 67

Piper keeps experiencing short fleeting dreams about her upcoming statistics exam,especially after she first falls asleep.According to studies on sleep and dreaming,Piper's dream description would be considered a

A)REM dream.
B)non-REM dream.
C)lucid dream.
D)paradoxical dream.

Question 68

Les is a 54-year-old man who has a condition called __________ that causes him to act out his dreams even though he remains asleep.

A)night terrors
B)lucid dreaming
C)REM behaviour disorder
D)sleep paralysis

Question 69

Upon waking,Carrie reports short "sleep thoughts" about her upcoming psychology paper.Carrie's dreams are associated with what stage of sleep?

A)REM
B)Non-REM
C)Stage 3
D)Stage 1

Question 70

To treat your sleep problem,you are told that you should not nap,you should set your alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day,and you should get out of bed if you cannot sleep.What sleep disorder have you been experiencing?

A)Insomnia
B)Parasomnia
C)Hypersomnia
D)Reverse insomnia

Question 71

The most commonly experienced sleep disorder is

A)insomnia.
B)night terrors.
C)narcolepsy.
D)sleep apnea.

Question 72

Which of the following concepts most strongly challenges the conventional belief that one is either entirely awake and consciously aware or asleep and not consciously aware?

A)Hypnosis
B)Sleepwalking
C)Dissociation
D)Lucid dreaming

Question 73

Curtis has been getting only four hours of sleep a night during final exams because he didn't prepare as he should have during the semester.Upon returning home for the summer,he experiences intense dreams for three nights as he gets his more typical seven and a half hours of nightly sleep.Curtis is most likely experiencing

A)dissociation.
B)REM rebound.
C)sleep paralysis.
D)narcoleptic seizures.

Question 74

If you have been waking up too early for several weeks,you are probably suffering from

A)insomnia.
B)parasomnia.
C)hypersomnia.
D)reverse insomnia.

Question 75

Which of the following is not a reported cause of insomnia?

A)Relationship problems
B)Depression
C)Chronic pain
D)Drinking alcohol

Question 76

Fletcher is having a dream where he is shipwrecked out at sea.He encounters some pirates who end up saving him and transporting him to a tropical island,where he is the newest member on the new season of Survivor.Fletcher is likely having what type of dream?

A)Non-REM dream
B)Lucid dream
C)REM dream
D)Hypnagogic imagery

Question 77

After receiving a new promotion at work approximately three weeks ago,Joaquin frequently experiences difficulty staying asleep through the night.He has no problem falling asleep initially,but recently he has experienced problems with waking up and then returning to sleep.Joaquin is most likely to be diagnosed as suffering from

A)nightmares.
B)insomnia.
C)REM behaviour disorder.
D)sleep apnea.

Question 78

What relatively rare sleep disorder involves people acting out the movements and events of their dreams?

A)REM behaviour disorder
B)Insomnia
C)Narcolepsy
D)Sleep apnea

Question 79

Recent research suggests that __________ may be a very early marker of dementia and Parkinson's disease.

A)Night terrors
B)Insomnia
C)Narcolepsy
D)REM behaviour disorder

Question 80

Joanne falls asleep and seems to have several dreams involving things she needs to do,such as a research paper,grocery shopping,and dinner with her mom.These dreams are short and always start off the same way.What type of dreams is Joanne experiencing?

A)Non-REM dreams
B)REM dreams
C)Lucid dreams
D)Hypnagogic imagery