Deck 11: Sampling: Design and Procedures

Question 1

Nonprobability samples do not allow for objective evaluation of the precision of the sample results.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Every potential nonprobability sample needs to have the same probability of selection.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Sample size is influenced by the average size of samples in similar studies.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The Bayesian approach to sampling is theoretically appealing,however,it is not widely used in marketing research because much of the required information on costs and probabilities is not available.

Question 5

Probability sampling is used to select the initial respondents for snowball sampling.

Question 6

The second stage in quota sampling is to develop the control categories,or quotas,of population elements.

Question 7

The statistical distinction between sampling with replacement and sampling without replacement is important only when the sampling frame is not large compared to the sample size.

Question 8

If the sampling unit is different from the element,it is necessary to specify precisely how the elements within the sampling unit should be selected.Selecting the person within the sampling unit with the next birthday is an appropriate way to precisely specify which element to sample.

Question 9

The inferences that link sample characteristics and population parameters are estimation procedures and tests of hypotheses.

Question 10

Confidence intervals,which contain the true population value with a given level of certainty,can be calculated from nonprobability samples.

Question 11

Sampling efficiency is a concept that reflects a tradeoff between sampling cost and precision.

Question 12

In simple random sampling,each element in the population has a known and equal probability of selection.

Question 13

Systematic sampling is different from simple random sampling in that only the permissible samples of size n that can be drawn have a known and equal probability of selection.The remaining samples of size n have zero probability of being selected.

Question 14

A census can greatly decrease nonsampling error.

Question 15

Convenience sampling is the least expensive and least time consuming of all sampling techniques.

Question 16

Quota sampling ensures that the composition of the sample is the same as the composition of the population with respect to the characteristics of interest.

Question 17

Quota sampling permits assessment of sampling error.

Question 18

The larger the sample,the greater the gain in precision by increasing the sample size by one unit.

Question 19

Examples of a sampling frame include the telephone book,an association directory,a city directory,or a map.

Question 20

It is not always possible to reduce nonsampling error sufficiently to compensate for sampling error.

Question 21

It is ok to treat nonprobability samples as probability samples and to project the results to a target population.

Question 22

The researcher has an ethical responsibility to the client to develop a sampling design that is appropriate for controlling the sampling and nonsampling errors.

Question 23

To avoid sampling errors,the Internet researcher must be able to control the pool from which respondents are selected.

Question 24

When conducting stratified sampling only simple random sampling should be employed in selecting the elements from each stratum.

Question 25

The researcher has the ethical obligation to protect the identities of the respondents,even if it means limiting the level of sampling detail that is reported to the client and other parties.

Question 26

A subgroup of the elements of the population selected for participation in the study is a ________.

A) judgmental sample
B) sampling unit
C) sample
D) sampling frame

Question 27

If the same sampling procedures are used in each country,the results should be comparable.

Question 28

A common form of cluster sampling is area sampling,in which the clusters consist of geographic areas such as counties,housing tracts,or blocks.

Question 29

Sampling techniques and procedures vary in accuracy,reliability,and cost from country to country.

Question 30

A complete enumeration of the elements of a population or study objects is a ________.

A) population
B) target population
C) census
D) element

Question 31

The logic behind proportionate sampling is simple.Strata with larger relative sizes are more influential in determining the population mean,and these strata should also exert a greater influence in deriving the sample estimates.

Question 32

The aggregate of all the elements,sharing some common set of characteristics,that comprises the universe for the purpose of the marketing problem is the ________.

A) sampling frame
B) census
C) population
D) element

Question 33

The online recruited Internet sampling technique can be further classified as convenience or judgment.

Question 34

The elements within a stratum should be as heterogeneous as possible,but the elements in different strata should be as homogeneous as possible.

Question 35

There are several basic questions involved in sampling design."Should a sample be taken? If so,what process should be followed?" are two such questions.Which of the following questions is also involved in sampling design?

A) How large should the sample be?
B) What can be done to control and adjust for nonresponse errors?
C) What kind of sample should be taken?
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 36

The number of strata to use is a matter of judgment,but experience suggests the use of no more than eight.

Question 37

For simple random sampling,the researcher assumes that the population elements are ordered in some respect

Question 38

Only the nonprobability sampling techniques can be implemented using both types of Internet panels.

Question 39

Stratified sampling differs from quota sampling in that the sample elements are selected probabilistically rather than based on convenience or judgment.

Question 40

A major issue related to Internet sampling is representativeness because of lack of computer ownership and Internet access in many households in the United States.

Question 41

The target population for the department store project was defined as "male or female head of household responsible for most of the shopping at department stores in metro Atlanta in 2009." "Metro Atlanta" is what part of the target population definition?

A) sampling unit
B) time
C) elements
D) extent

Question 42

________ is a sampling procedure in which each element of the population has a fixed probabilistic chance of being selected for the sample.

A) Convenience sampling
B) Judgmental sampling
C) Probability sampling
D) Nonprobability sampling

Question 43

The object that possesses the information sought by the researcher and about which inferences are to be made is a ________.

A) population
B) element
C) census
D) target population

Question 44

________ is a sampling technique in which an element cannot be included in the sample more than once.

A) Simple random sampling
B) Bayesian approach
C) Sampling without replacement
D) Sampling with replacement

Question 45

Which of the following conditions does not favor the use of a sample (Table 11.1 in the text)?

A) The population is large.
B) The cost of nonsampling errors is high.
C) There are budget and time limit constraints.
D) The cost of sampling errors is high.

Question 46

________ does not allow direct generalizations to a specific population,usually because the population is not defined explicitly.

A) Simple random sampling
B) Convenience sampling
C) Judgmental sampling
D) Snowball sampling

Question 47

________ is a selection method where the elements are selected sequentially.It explicitly incorporates prior information about population parameters as well as the costs and probabilities associated with making wrong decisions.

A) Sampling without replacement
B) Simple random sampling
C) Bayesian approach
D) Sampling with replacement

Question 48

Which of the following conditions does not favor the use of a census (Table 11.1 in the text)?

A) The cost of sampling errors is high.
B) The cost of nonsampling errors is low.
C) The population is large.
D) There is high variance in the characteristic to be measured.

Question 49

The target population for the department store project was defined as "male or female head of household responsible for most of the shopping at department stores in metro Atlanta in 2009." "Male or female head of household responsible for most of the shopping at department stores" is what part of the target population definition?

A) sampling unit
B) time
C) elements
D) extent

Question 50

The basic unit containing the elements of the population to be sampled is the ________.

A) sampling unit
B) judgmental sample
C) sample
D) sampling frame

Question 51

________ is a form of convenience sampling in which the population elements are selected based on the judgment of the researcher.

A) Nonprobability sampling
B) Convenience sampling
C) Judgmental sampling
D) Probability sampling

Question 52

________ requires a detailed specification of how the sampling design decisions with respect to the population,sampling frame,sampling unit,sampling techniques,and sample size are to be implemented.

A) Execution of the sampling process
B) Determination of the sampling frame
C) Determination of the sample size
D) Selection of a sampling technique(s)

Question 53

A representation of the elements of the target population consisting of a list or set of directions for identifying the target population is a ________.

A) judgmental sample
B) sampling unit
C) sample
D) sampling frame

Question 54

The sample size decision should be guided by certain qualitative considerations.Which of the following is not one of those considerations?

A) the resource constraints
B) the sampling technique to be used
C) the average size of samples in similar studies
D) the nature of the results

Question 55

The collection of elements or objects that possess the information sought by the researcher and about which inferences are to be made is a ________.

A) census
B) population
C) element
D) target population

Question 56

________ attempts to obtain a sample of convenient elements.The selection of sampling units is left primarily to the interviewer.

A) Nonprobability sampling
B) Convenience sampling
C) Judgmental sampling
D) Probability sampling

Question 57

Which statement is correct about defining the target population?

A) Defining the target population involves translating the problem definition into a precise statement of who should and should not be included in the sample.
B) The target population should be defined in terms of elements,sampling units,extent,and time.
C) Imprecise definition of the target population will result in research that is ineffective at best and misleading at worst.
D) All of the above statements are true.

Question 58

Decisions concerning whether to use a Bayesian or traditional sampling approach,to sample with or without replacement,and to use nonprobability or probability sampling pertain to which step in the sampling design process (Figure 11.1 in the text)?

A) Select a sampling technique(s).
B) Determine the sampling frame.
C) Determine the sample size.
D) Execute the sampling process.

Question 59

If the researcher is concerned about the number of variables,the nature of the analysis,and completion rates,then,he/she is at which stage of the sampling design process (Figure 11.1 in the text)?

A) Determine the sample size.
B) Execute the sampling process.
C) Determine the sampling frame.
D) Select a sampling technique(s).

Question 60

The target population should be defined in terms of all of the following except ________.

A) sampling units
B) time
C) extent
D) size

Question 61

________ is a probability sampling technique that uses a two-step process to partition the population into subpopulations,or strata.Elements are selected from each stratum by a random procedure.

A) Simple random sampling
B) Cluster sampling
C) Systematic sampling
D) Stratified sampling

Question 62

Which of the statements below is not true about stratified sampling?

A) Stratified sampling can ensure that all the important subpopulations are represented in the sample.
B) The researcher assumes that the population elements are ordered in some respect.
C) Most approaches to statistical inference assume that the data have been collected by stratified sampling.
D) Both B and C are not true.

Question 63

A major objective of ________ is to increase precision without increasing cost.

A) stratified sampling
B) sequential sampling
C) cluster sampling
D) quota sampling

Question 64

The efficiency of a probability sampling technique may be assessed by comparing it to that of ________.

A) simple random sampling
B) systematic sampling
C) nonprobability sampling
D) stratified sampling

Question 65

The criteria for the selection of stratification variables consist of all of the following except ________.

A) homogeneity
B) relatedness
C) order
D) cost

Question 66

Which of the following is not a stage of cluster sampling?

A) zero-stage sampling
B) multi-stage sampling
C) two-stage sampling
D) one-stage sampling

Question 67

Systematic sampling is similar to simple random sampling.Which of the statements below about systematic sampling does not relate to the systematic sampling and simple random sampling similarity?

A) If the population elements are arranged in a manner unrelated to the characteristic to interest,systematic sampling will yield results quite similar to simple random sampling.
B) The random numbers do not have to be matched with individual elements.
C) Systematic sampling is a type of probability sampling.
D) Each population element has a known and equal probability of selection.

Question 68

________ is a probability sampling technique in which the sample is chosen by selecting a random starting point and then picking every ith element in succession from the sampling frame.

A) Cluster sampling
B) Systematic sampling
C) Simple random sampling
D) Stratified sampling

Question 69

The ________ method is equivalent to a lottery system in which names are placed in a container,the container is shaken,and the names of the winners are then drawn out in an unbiased manner.

A) stratified sampling
B) nonprobability sampling
C) simple random sampling
D) systematic sampling

Question 70

________ is a probability sampling technique in which each element in the population has a known and equal probability of selection.Every element is selected independently of every other element and the sample is drawn by a random procedure from a sampling frame.

A) Cluster sampling
B) Systematic sampling
C) Stratified sampling
D) Simple random sampling

Question 71

The major advantage of ________ is that it substantially increases the likelihood of locating the desired characteristic in the population.

A) judgmental sampling
B) snowball sampling
C) convenience sampling
D) quota sampling

Question 72

Which statement is not true about judgmental sampling?

A) An extension of the technique involves the use of quotas.
B) Each population element has a known and equal probability of selection.
C) It does not allow direct generalizations to a specific population.
D) It may be useful if broad population inferences are not required.

Question 73

Which of the following statements is not true about quota sampling?

A) There is no assurance that the sample is representative.
B) Many sources of selection bias are potentially present.
C) An important decision involves the use of proportionate or disproportionate sampling.
D) Under certain conditions,quota sampling obtains results close to those for conventional probability sampling.

Question 74

All of the following statements are true about snowball sampling except ________.

A) snowball sampling results in relatively low sampling variance and costs
B) the major advantage of snowball sampling is that it substantially increases the likelihood of locating the desired characteristics in the population
C) snowball sampling can result in samples that are very large or spread over large geographic areas,thus increasing the time and cost of data collection
D) a major objective of snowball sampling is to estimate characteristics that are rare in the population

Question 75

Cluster sampling and stratified sampling differ in all of the following ways except ________.

A) the number of subpopulations chosen
B) with respect to homogeneity and heterogeneity
C) classification of sampling techniques
D) their objectives

Question 76

All of the following statements are limitations of simple random sampling except ________.

A) it is often difficult to construct a sampling frame that will permit a simple random sample to be drawn
B) simple random sampling may or may not result in a representative sample
C) the sample results may be projected to the target population
D) simple random sampling often results in lower precision with larger standard errors than other probability sampling techniques

Question 77

Which of the following statements is true about snowball sampling?

A) In snowball sampling a decision rule is used to indicate whether sampling should be continued or whether enough information has been obtained.
B) In snowball sampling an initial group of respondents is selected,usually at random.
C) Snowball sampling is used in industrial buyer-seller research to identify buyer-seller pairs.
D) Both B and C are true.

Question 78

Which statement is not true about cluster sampling?

A) Cluster sampling is the most cost-effective probability sampling technique.
B) It can be difficult to compute and interpret statistics based on clusters.
C) The two major advantages of cluster sampling are feasibility and low cost.
D) The researcher may have to rely on intuition and logic to determine sample sizes for each cluster.

Question 79

Which of the following is not a form of nonprobability sampling?

A) snowball sampling
B) convenience sampling
C) quota sampling
D) cluster sampling

Question 80

In ________,the target population is first divided into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subpopulations,or clusters.

A) simple random sampling
B) stratified sampling
C) cluster sampling
D) systematic sampling