Deck 13: Peer Relationships

Question 1

Cultural differences in values and expectations about the skills that are necessary for children appear NOT to be associated with:

A) parents' concern for children's well-being.
B) parental gatekeeping of peer interactions.
C) parents' beliefs about the importance of peer relations.
D) children's behaviour when they are in social interactions with peers.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Friendship is NOT defined as a relationship that is:

A) characterized by reciprocities.
B) between same-sex individuals.
C) conflictual.
D) one sided.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

When asked about her best friend, Rasamee says, "My best friend is Annie. We do everything together. We both love to play four square, and we always play it together at recess. Annie lives near me, and she has so many fun toys that I love to play with." This description of Rasamee's friendship is MOST characteristic of children of what age?

A) 2 years old
B) 4 years old
C) 7 years old
D) 10 years old

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Children's preference for same-sex friends emerges in:

A) toddlerhood.
B) preschool.
C) elementary school.
D) middle school.

Question 5

At what age do children typically begin showing preferences for some children over others?

A) infancy
B) toddlerhood
C) early childhood
D) late childhood

Question 6

Which attribute is NOT a common characteristic of children's friendships?

A) same-sex members
B) intimate
C) involve conflict
D) aggression

Question 7

Children with cross-racial or cross-ethnic friendships tend to be:

A) of low peer-group status.
B) prone to disruptive behaviour.
C) socially competent.
D) no different from children with only same-race and same-ethnicity friends.

Question 8

For Anna, an Asian Canadian child in Vancouver, which variable is likely to be the LEAST important factor in her selection of friends?

A) similarity in age
B) being of the same sex
C) antisocial behaviour
D) similarity in interests

Question 9

At approximately what age do children tend to define their friends, to a greater extent, in terms of taking care of one's needs, reducing loneliness, and sharing feelings?

A) 5 years old
B) 7 years old
C) 9 years old
D) 11 years old

Question 10

Which statement about the friendships of children under the age of 2 years is TRUE?

A) They appear to be able to select, prefer, and have more positive interactions with some children over others.
B) They show some preference for playing with some children but show no other differential behaviour toward these preferred playmates.
C) They show more positive affect toward some children but do not appear to be more likely to seek them out as playmates.
D) They are incapable of having a preferred playmate.

Question 11

Selman proposed that changes in children's thinking about friendships are a result of changes in:

A) their ability to take others' perspectives into account.
B) how they are able to express their ideas.
C) what they need from their friends.
D) hormones and neurochemistry.

Question 12

People of approximately the same age and status who are unrelated to one another are called:

A) friends.
B) peers.
C) acquaintances.
D) associated.

Question 13

Children's choices of friends exhibit which pattern?

A) "Absence makes the heart grow fonder."
B) "Opposites attract."
C) "Birds of a feather flock together."
D) "Easy come, easy go."

Question 14

Which element is a key factor in preschoolers' choices of friends?

A) proximity
B) popularity
C) race of child
D) similarity of interests

Question 15

Which statements about the support provided to school-age children by friends is NOT true?

A) Friends' ability to provide children with support in unfamiliar situations begins at approximately age 9 years.
B) Having friendships, regardless of the quality, is a significant buffer against loneliness.
C) Chronic friendlessness is associated with depression.
D) Children who do not have friends fare just as well as those that do.

Question 16

Children and adolescents tend to be more similar to their friends than to their nonfriends in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

A) acceptance by peers.
B) depression.
C) self-perceptions of competence.
D) eye colour.

Question 17

Compared with adolescents' conceptions, school-age children's friendship conceptions are:

A) more concrete.
B) focused more on intimacy.
C) defined more in terms of loyalty.
D) more egalitarian.

Question 18

_____ does NOT occur more frequently with young children's friends than with their nonfriends.

A) Ignoring the other's distress
B) Conflict
C) Positive interactions
D) Pretend play

Question 19

Pretend play involves:

A) imaginary companions.
B) taking the role of another person or character.
C) symbolic actions.
D) cooperating with another child.

Question 20

Compared with nonfriends, preschool-age friends have _____ levels of conflict, and their conflict is resolved _____ equitably.

A) lower; more
B) lower; less
C) greater; more
D) greater; less

Question 21

Which characteristic do cyberbullies NOT exhibit?

A) low in social anxiety
B) depressive symptoms
C) poor anger management
D) academic difficulties

Question 22

Which groups report experiencing more cyberbullying?

A) males under the age of 13 years and females
B) females and LGBTQ youth
C) males and females ages 12 to 15 years
D) LGBTQ youth and African Americans

Question 23

_____ percent of adolescents ages 12 to 18 years have reported some form of cyberbullying in the past school year.

A) Three
B) Seven
C) Twelve
D) Fourteen

Question 24

Research on the effect of having friendships on victimized children's adjustment indicated that:

A) victimized children rarely have friends.
B) whether or not victimized children's friendships are reciprocal is irrelevant to the importance of the friendship for adjustment.
C) friends can serve as buffers against unpleasant experiences.
D) victimized children who have friends who are well liked by their peers feel even more socially isolated than victimized children whose friends are less well liked.

Question 25

Which statement BEST reflects research on the long-term benefits of friendships?

A) Children with friends in elementary school are better adjusted on a variety of measures in middle childhood and adulthood.
B) The benefits of having many unreciprocated friendships can outweigh the benefits of having a single best friend.
C) Having best friendships causes children to exhibit fewer problems in middle childhood.
D) Having best friendships causes children to exhibit fewer problems in adulthood.

Question 26

What is the MOST common method of communication with friends used by those ages 12 to 17 years?

A) texting
B) phone calls
C) social media
D) email

Question 27

Boys are more likely to use _____, while girls are more likely to use _____ to connect with friends.

A) social media; texts
B) gaming sites; texts
C) phone calls; social media
D) gaming sites; social media

Question 28

Juan is 14 years old and gets nervous when he is around kids his own age. He prefers online communication over face-to-face communication. This supports:

A) increased control over interactions in teen friendships.
B) the rich-get-richer hypothesis.
C) reduced emphasis on physical appearance via the use of online communication.
D) the social-compensation hypothesis.

Question 29

Researchers have found that adolescents who are not socially anxious or lonely use the Internet for communication more often than those who are socially anxious and lonely. This finding supports:

A) increased control over interactions in teen friendships.
B) the rich-get-richer hypothesis.
C) reduced emphasis on physical appearance via the use of online communication.
D) the social-compensation hypothesis.

Question 30

The idea that youth who already have good social skills benefit from the Internet and related technology in the development of friendships supports:

A) increased control over interactions in teen friendships.
B) the rich-get-richer hypothesis.
C) reduced emphasis on physical appearance via the use of online communication.
D) the social-compensation hypothesis.

Question 31

Which characteristic exhibited by close friends is NOT associated with an increased risk of that problem for adolescents?

A) depression
B) substance abuse
C) disruptive and aggressive behaviour
D) supportiveness

Question 32

Which adolescent is MOST likely to be negatively influenced by his friends' behaviour?

A) Gary, who is extremely aggressive and who has aggressive friends
B) Frank, who is mild mannered, shows no signs of aggression, and has aggressive friends
C) Roger, whose parents are cold and detached, and whose friends use drugs
D) Harry, whose parents monitor his activities and are receptive to his viewpoint, and whose friends use drugs

Question 33

Which statement about the relationship between children's alcohol and drug use and having friends with these behaviours has NOT been supported by research?

A) Adolescents select friends who are similar to themselves in terms of drinking and drug use.
B) Peer socialization influences drug and alcohol use.
C) Adolescents' use of alcohol and drugs and their friends' use of alcohol and drugs mutually reinforce each other.
D) Adolescents' who use alcohol and drugs do not have close friends.

Question 34

When having a negative experience, children's stress reactions:

A) are higher when a best friend observes the event.
B) are more stable when a best friend is present for the experience.
C) do not differ according to the presence of a best friend, but do differ according to the presence of unfamiliar peers.
D) display none of these patterns.

Question 35

Which form of cyberbullying is the MOST common?

A) isolation
B) rejection
C) spreading rumors
D) informing adults of previous actions

Question 36

The correlational nature of the research on the influence of friendships on children's aggressive and disruptive behaviour makes it difficult to know whether results reflect:

A) individual selection or socialization.
B) active participation or individual selection.
C) socialization or peer influence.
D) peer influence or self-management.

Question 37

Which factor is NOT a way in which electronic communication facilitates the creation and maintenance of friendships among children?

A) increased anonymity
B) more emphasis on physical appearance
C) finding similar peers
D) 24/7 access

Question 38

A factor that does NOT increase the likelihood that an adolescent will be negatively influenced by a friend's behaviour is the:

A) friend having high status in the peer group.
B) adolescent having a high general susceptibility to peer influence.
C) adolescent being under the age of 16 years.
D) adolescent's parent being cold and detached.

Question 39

The idea that social media may be beneficial for lonely, depressed, and socially anxious adolescents supports:

A) increased control over interactions in teen friendships.
B) the rich-get-richer hypothesis.
C) reduced emphasis on physical appearance via the use of online communication.
D) the social-compensation hypothesis.

Question 40

In regard to the relation between children's disruptive behaviours and having friends, the association between the two is:

A) not causal.
B) causal.
C) bidirectional.
D) unclear as to its precise nature.

Question 41

Which statement describes a difference between cliques and crowds?

A) Cliques involve more members than crowds.
B) Older adolescents are more likely to belong to cliques than to crowds.
C) Cliques are assigned by consensus of the peer group.
D) Members of a crowd may spend little time with other members.

Question 42

Friendships CANNOT buffer children against the negative effects of:

A) being victimized by peers.
B) entering a new school.
C) being socially isolated.
D) having poor-quality relationships.

Question 43

Which variable does NOT contribute to the social cognitive and cognitive development that takes place to a greater extent in interactions between friends than in interactions between nonfriends?

A) greater cooperation
B) greater conflict negotiation
C) higher levels of gossip
D) higher levels of rough play

Question 44

With increasing age, adolescents:

A) are less likely to belong to multiple cliques.
B) look more to individual relationships than to groups to fulfill their social needs.
C) are less likely to be part of a crowd.
D) tend to have less stable cliques.

Question 45

The study in which teams of 10-year-old children were asked to write a story about rain forests demonstrated that:

A) boys were better able to cooperate with their peers in this context than were girls.
B) boys were less able to cooperate with their peers in this context than were girls.
C) stories written by teams of friends were of higher quality than were stories written by teams of nonfriends.
D) stories written by teams of friends were of lower quality than were stories written by teams of nonfriends.

Question 46

When asked who their closest friend is, Dana and Wendy both name each other. Dana and Wendy are considered to be:

A) exclusive best friends.
B) popular.
C) well accepted.
D) best friends.

Question 47

Intimate disclosure to parents is lowest and to peers is HIGHEST during what developmental period?

A) Grade 6
B) Grade 10
C) college or university
D) single adulthood

Question 48

What type of bullying involves physically hurting or threatening to hurt someone?

A) physical bullying
B) verbal bullying
C) social bullying
D) cyberbullying

Question 49

Compared with boys in late elementary school, their female peers report that their friendships:

A) are less likely to make them feel important and special.
B) are less likely to provide help and guidance.
C) have similar levels of conflict.
D) have similar quality of resolutions to conflict.

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT true of cliques?

A) They start in middle school.
B) Children join or form the clique themselves.
C) They are usually the same sex and race in middle school.
D) They usually have 5 to 15 children during middle school.

Question 51

Which adolescent is MOST likely to be negatively influenced by the peer group?

A) Gerry, whose parents exhibit an authoritative style
B) Todd, whose culture has family sanctions against delinquent behaviour
C) Oscar, whose parents are responsive
D) Mica, who has a distant relationship with his mother

Question 52

Which factor does NOT increase the likelihood that an adolescent will engage in delinquent behaviour?

A) hanging out with peers who have been in trouble
B) having an extreme orientation toward peers
C) being low in self-regulation
D) co-ruminating with peers about negative events

Question 53

Which factor does NOT help protect victimized children?

A) having a number of friendships
B) having friends who are liked by peers
C) having friendships of high quality
D) having no close friendships

Question 54

Friendship groups that children form or voluntarily join are referred to as:

A) societies.
B) cliques.
C) crowds.
D) teams.

Question 55

Which trend tends NOT to be true of middle-childhood cliques?

A) Members are similar in their degree of academic motivation.
B) Membership is stable over the long term.
C) Members are of the same sex and race.
D) Members who are central to the clique are likely to be cooperative and studious.

Question 56

Which statement about children's friendships is NOT true?

A) Openness between friends enhances creativity.
B) Friendships help children who are being victimized by other peers.
C) Higher levels of gossip in friendships are associated with poor developmental outcomes.
D) Children need friendships.

Question 57

Loosely organized groups of adolescents that identify as a group and often engage in illegal activity are referred to as:

A) societies.
B) cliques.
C) crowds.
D) gangs.

Question 58

Which friends are MOST likely to extensively discuss problems and their negative thoughts and feelings?

A) male pair with a poor-quality friendship
B) male pair with a high-quality friendship
C) female pair with a poor-quality friendship
D) female pair with a high-quality friendship

Question 59

Middle-childhood cliques tend to include _____ children, with boys' groups being _____ girls' groups.

A) 3 to 10; smaller than
B) 3 to 10; larger than
C) 3 to 10; similar in size to
D) 8 to 12; larger than

Question 60

The clique to which adolescents belong is _____; the crowd to which adolescents belong is _____.

A) their choice; their choice
B) their choice; assigned to them by their peer group
C) assigned to them by their peer group; their choice
D) assigned to them by their peer group; assigned to them by their peer group

Question 61

What type of bullying involves the use of technology to harass or upset another person?

A) physical bullying
B) verbal bullying
C) social bullying
D) cyberbullying

Question 62

Which variable is NOT an important factor in whether children are accepted by their peers?

A) athleticism
B) attractiveness
C) sociability
D) ethnicity

Question 63

Which statement BEST describes the relationship between aggression and victimization?

A) Being aggressive leads to experiencing victimization.
B) Experiencing victimization leads to acting aggressively.
C) There is a bidirectional relationship between aggression and victimization.
D) There is no significant relationship between aggression and victimization.

Question 64

Which statement about adolescents' involvement with romantic partners is TRUE?

A) Older adolescents are more likely than younger adolescents to choose romantic partners on the basis of characteristics that bring status.
B) Over half of 15-year-olds have dated someone.
C) The quality of adolescents' romantic relationships appears to be unassociated with the quality of their relationships with parents.
D) Having a romantic relationship, even one of high quality, is associated with decreased feelings of self-competence.

Question 65

Bullying in the United States has been found among children as early as:

A) kindergarten.
B) Grade 1.
C) elementary school.
D) Grade 6.

Question 66

The children in Gavin's class are asked to name the children they like the most and the children they like the least. Many of Gavin's classmates list him as one of the children they like the least, and few list him as one of the children they like the most. Gavin would be classified as:

A) neglected.
B) rejected.
C) controversial.
D) popular.

Question 67

Which category of children is MOST likely to have difficulties in the academic domain?

A) popular
B) neglected
C) average
D) aggressive-rejected

Question 68

Which characteristic is NOT one displayed by teens who bully their peers?

A) They tend to be antisocial.
B) They tend to be susceptible to peer pressure.
C) They tend to be lower in social status.
D) They tend to have harsh and insensitive parents.

Question 69

What type of bullying involves purposely excluding someone from conversations or activities, spreading rumors, or withholding friendship?

A) physical bullying
B) verbal bullying
C) social bullying
D) cyberbullying

Question 70

Sociometric status refers to how:

A) wealthy a child's family is.
B) well accepted a child is by the peer group.
C) many friends a child has.
D) many best friends a child has.

Question 71

To assess sociometric status, children are asked to list:

A) their best friends.
B) the popular and unpopular kids.
C) the peers they like the best and the peers they like the least.
D) the peers they like the least.

Question 72

Children who are the target of their peers' aggression and demeaning behaviour are referred to as:

A) rejected.
B) victimized.
C) withdrawn.
D) wimps.

Question 73

Children's long-term adjustment appears to be caused in part by:

A) their sociometric status.
B) the quality of their social behaviour.
C) both their sociometric status and the quality of their social behaviour.
D) neither their sociometric status nor the quality of their social behaviour.

Question 74

Children who are classified as controversial receive _____ like-most nominations from classmates and _____ like-least nominations from classmates.

A) few; few
B) few; average
C) average; average
D) high; high

Question 75

Children who are victimized by their peers tend NOT to be:

A) isolated.
B) lonely.
C) depressed.
D) isolated, lonely, and depressed.

Question 76

Adolescents who are sociometrically popular do NOT differ from sociometrically average children with regard to:

A) reduced aggressiveness.
B) attractiveness.
C) sociability.
D) emotional regulation.

Question 77

What type of bullying involves insulting, teasing, harassing, or intimidating someone?

A) physical bullying
B) verbal bullying
C) social bullying
D) cyberbullying

Question 78

Which factor is NOT a long-term consequence of being bullied?

A) decreased aggression
B) academic problems
C) depression
D) engagement in deviant behaviours

Question 79

Which statement about the association between peer rejection and later adjustment problems is TRUE?

A) Peer rejection itself, and not maladaptive behaviour, appears to be a cause of adjustment problems.
B) Maladaptive behaviour itself, and not peer rejection, appears to be a cause of adjustment problems.
C) Both peer rejection and maladaptive behaviour appear to be causes of adjustment problems.
D) Neither peer rejection nor maladaptive behaviour appears to be a cause of adjustment problems.

Question 80

In terms of the association between acceptance by the peer group and important developmental outcomes such as dropping out of school, peer acceptance is:

A) not associated with important developmental outcomes.
B) associated with these outcomes because well-accepted children are more likely to have friends, and friendships influence developmental outcomes.
C) associated with these outcomes because well-accepted children are more likely to have romantic partners, and this factor influences developmental outcomes.
D) associated with these outcomes, over and above the effect of friendships and other relationships.