Deck 8: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Question 1

Binet postulated that intelligence:

A) consists of factual knowledge about the world.
B) develops with age, and thus there are few differences among same-age individuals.
C) is composed of high-level abilities.
D) is not associated with everyday matters, such as school performance.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The ability to think on the spot is referred to as _____ intelligence.

A) fluid
B) general
C) practical
D) crystallized

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Crystallized intelligence includes which skill?

A) speed of neural transmission in the brain
B) ability to determine the next item in a sequence
C) knowledge of the periodic table
D) capacity to solve novel puzzles

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which statement supports the distinction between fluid and crystalized intelligence?

A) Knowledge of word meanings is correlated with knowledge of arithmetic problems to a higher degree than to speed of information processing.
B) Intelligence tests correlate with people's knowledge of subjects they have not studied in school.
C) Children who do well on one intellectual task tend to do well on other intellectual tasks.
D) Speed of neural transmission is positively correlated with brain volume.

Question 5

Carroll's proposed resolution to the various theories of intelligence involves a:

A) focus on the differentiation between knowledge and capacity.
B) proposal to include additional abilities, such as social understanding and knowledge of one's strengths and weaknesses.
C) hierarchical model of intellectual ability and processes.
D) all of these.

Question 6

Thurstone's primary mental abilities do NOT include:

A) verbal meaning.
B) picture completion.
C) spatial visualization.
D) rote memory.

Question 7

Tests of fluid intelligence:

A) peak in old age.
B) correlate more highly with tests of factual knowledge about the world than they do with the ability to draw inferences.
C) include knowledge about geometric facts.
D) have a different developmental course than tests of crystallized intelligence.

Question 8

Intelligence tests are BEST used with children who are at least _____ old.

A) 6 months
B) 5 years
C) 2 years
D) 10 years

Question 9

The MOST commonly used intelligence test for children age 6 years and older is the:

A) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test for Children.
B) Binet-Simon Intelligence Test.
C) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
D) Thurstone Intelligence Test.

Question 10

Binet's approach to intelligence has persuaded the field of child development to:

A) concentrate on the effect of race on intelligence.
B) examine age-related changes more carefully.
C) study the influences of nature versus nurture.
D) focus on individual differences.

Question 11

Carroll proposed the _____ theory of intelligence.

A) multiple intelligences
B) primary mental abilities
C) g
D) three-stratum

Question 12

According to Carroll's integration of theories of intelligence, which properties influence a person's skill at a particular type of problem?

A) fluid and crystallized intelligence
B) g, moderately general abilities, and specific processes
C) general intelligence
D) primary mental abilities

Question 13

Which piece of evidence does NOT support the existence of g?

A) Some tests of intelligence increase steadily with age, whereas others do not.
B) Overall scores on intelligence tests correlate positively with achievement test scores.
C) Intelligence tests correlate with people's knowledge of subjects they have not studied in school.
D) Children who do well on one intellectual task tend to do well on other intellectual tasks.

Question 14

The type of intelligence that is hypothesized to influence people's ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks is referred to as _____ intelligence.

A) fluid
B) practical
C) crystallized
D) general

Question 15

The WISC-V is MOST consistent with which notion of intelligence?

A) intelligence as a single entity
B) intelligence as a few basic abilities
C) intelligence as numerous processes
D) the three-stratum theory of intelligence

Question 16

Measurements of intelligence directly measure:

A) behaviour on tasks that require intelligence.
B) capacity to think and learn.
C) both behaviour on tasks that require intelligence and capacity to think and learn.
D) neither behaviour on tasks that require intelligence nor capacity to think and learn.

Question 17

Intelligence can be described as:

A) a single trait.
B) a few abilities.
C) many processes.
D) difficult to define.

Question 18

Which view of intelligence hypothesizes intelligence as comprising numerous distinct processes?

A) Thurstone
B) Simon
C) nativist
D) information-processing

Question 19

Thurstone portrayed intelligence as involving:

A) g.
B) fluid and crystallized intelligence.
C) 7 primary mental abilities.
D) 22 tertiary abilities.

Question 20

Crystallized intelligence refers to:

A) the ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks.
B) factual knowledge about the world.
C) the ability to think on the spot.
D) individuals' memory span.

Question 21

Which statement(s) about the effects of IQ score and years of education on amount of money earned is TRUE? Statement A: Among people with comparable IQ scores, those who complete more years of education earn more money. Statement B: Among people with the same level of education, people with higher IQ scores earn more money.

A) statement A only
B) statement B only
C) both statement A and statement B
D) neither statement A nor statement B

Question 22

IQ score is NOT a strong predictor of success in the _____ domain.

A) economic
B) occupational
C) academic
D) social

Question 23

An IQ of 92.5 indicates that the individual:

A) is more intelligent than most of his peers.
B) is one-half a standard deviation below the mean for his age group.
C) has an intelligence score higher than only 16% of his peers.
D) is of average intelligence.

Question 24

On a typical intelligence test, a score of 130 is:

A) one standard deviation below average.
B) average.
C) one standard deviation above average.
D) two standard deviations above average.

Question 25

Which statement about exceptionally gifted children is TRUE?

A) Exceptionally gifted children are more likely to be exceptional in a single area than in a wide range of areas.
B) Exceptionally gifted children tend not to make outstanding contributions during adulthood.
C) Exceptionally gifted children tend to be low in energy level.
D) Exceptionally gifted children tend to need to learn with the help of adults.

Question 26

Practical intelligence refers to:

A) the ability to draw inferences and understand relations between concepts not encountered previously.
B) the part of intelligence that is common to all intellectual tasks.
C) factual knowledge about the world.
D) mental abilities important for success in many situations and not measured on intelligence tests.

Question 27

Eric has an IQ of 100 at age 5 years and an IQ of 100 at age 22 years. What can be said about his intelligence in comparison to others his age?

A) Eric has become comparatively less intelligent, as his IQ should increase with age.
B) Eric has become comparatively less intelligent, as it is more difficult to get a high score at age 5 years than it is at age 22 years.
C) Eric has become comparatively more intelligent, as it is more difficult to get a high score at age 22 years than it is at age 5 years.
D) Eric's comparative intelligence has remained stable.

Question 28

Research examining the associations between IQ scores and outcomes such as income and occupational success has demonstrated that:

A) IQ score is more closely related to individuals' occupational success than any other factor ever studied.
B) regardless of the socioeconomic status of an individual's family of origin, individuals with high IQ scores always succeed.
C) other factors, such as motivation and social skills, have little impact on economic success.
D) people with comparable IQ scores tend to make similar amounts of money, despite variability in level of education.

Question 29

The genetic contribution to intelligence:

A) remains stable across the life span.
B) is strongest when individuals are young.
C) becomes greater as individuals get older.
D) is an artificial concept.

Question 30

With age, adopted children's IQ scores and the IQ scores of their biological parents become _____ correlated because of _____ gene-environment interactions.

A) less; active and evocative
B) less; passive
C) more; active and evocative
D) more; passive

Question 31

Which statement about individuals' intelligence tests at different ages is TRUE?

A) The correlation between individuals' IQ scores at a particular age and their scores 5 years later is approximately .90.
B) On average, individuals' IQ scores increase 13 points between age 4 and age 17 years.
C) If intelligence tests are administered according to instructions, there should be no change in an individual's IQ score with age.
D) Children who take an intelligence test at age 12 years and again at age 17 years show an average change, up or down, of 7 points.

Question 32

The change in genetic influence on intelligence with age is a result of:

A) brain connections formed in adolescence.
B) increasing freedom to choose one's own environments.
C) brain connections formed in adolescence and increasing freedom to choose one's own environments.
D) neither brain connections formed in adolescence nor increasing freedom to choose one's own environments.

Question 33

A child's intelligence quotient is:

A) an exact measure of her general intelligence.
B) an indicator of her standard deviation.
C) the mean intelligence score of her age mates.
D) a score that takes into account the mean and standard deviation of intelligence scores for children of the same age.

Question 34

Practical intelligence is measured on which intelligence test?

A) WISC
B) Stanford-Binet
C) both WISC and Stanford-Binet
D) neither WISC nor Stanford-Binet

Question 35

Of these pairs of ages, the correlation between IQ score at one age and IQ score at the later age is HIGHEST for which pair?

A) 3 years and 5 years
B) 7 years and 9 years
C) 5 years and 10 years
D) 8 years and 9 years

Question 36

With age, the IQ scores of adopted children and their biological parents become _____ correlated, and the IQ scores of adopted children and their adoptive parents become _____ correlated.

A) more; more
B) more; less
C) less; more
D) less; less

Question 37

The perceptual-reasoning section of the WISC measures:

A) skill in using language.
B) the ability to manipulate information in short-term memory.
C) the ability to focus attention.
D) spatial and logical abilities.

Question 38

IQ calculation relies on the fact that intelligence scores fall into what type of distribution?

A) normal
B) standard deviated
C) skewed
D) double-mean

Question 39

Which ability is NOT a component of self-discipline?

A) ability to read others' intentions
B) ability to follow rules
C) ability to avoid impulsive reactions
D) ability to inhibit actions

Question 40

In regard to the influence of practical intelligence on occupational success, people high in practical intelligence tend to have:

A) less occupational success than do others.
B) more occupational success than do others, but this effect largely disappears once IQ score is taken into account.
C) more occupational success than do others, and this effect remains even once IQ score is taken into account.
D) There is no association between practical intelligence and occupational success.

Question 41

Phoebe is in Grade 8 and is 13 years, 6 months old. Nancy is also in Grade 8 and is 13 years, 7 months old. Trina is in Grade 9 and is 13 years, 8 months old. Research would indicate that:

A) Nancy's IQ score will be higher than the IQ scores of Phoebe and Trina.
B) Nancy's IQ score will be closer to Phoebe's IQ score than to Trina's IQ score.
C) Trina's IQ score will be closer to Phoebe's IQ score than to Nancy's IQ score.
D) Nancy's IQ score will be equally close to Phoebe's and Trina's IQ scores.

Question 42

The influence of the shared environment _____ with age; the influence of the nonshared environment _____ with age.

A) remains stable; increases
B) decreases; increases
C) increases; decreases
D) decreases; remains stable

Question 43

The uncertainty about the causal nature of the association between HOME scores at infancy and children's later IQ scores is founded on the possibility of which type of gene-environment relations?

A) active
B) passive
C) evocative
D) inductive

Question 44

Which statement about the association between the intellectual quality of the family environment and children's IQ scores is NOT true?

A) There is a confirmed causal relation between the intellectual quality of the family environment and IQ score.
B) IQ score is positively correlated with the intellectual quality of the family environment throughout childhood.
C) The intellectual quality of the family environment at an early age is associated with IQ score at a later age.
D) If the intellectual quality of the family environment decreases, IQ score tends to decrease as well.

Question 45

Which test is a commonly used measure of the quality of the family environment?

A) Simon-Binet
B) WISC
C) HOME
D) QFE

Question 46

The lessening of rules in a particular family for each subsequent child is an example of the:

A) shared environment.
B) nonshared environment.
C) evocative effect.
D) passive effect.

Question 47

The few studies that have examined the association between HOME scores and children's IQ scores in adoptive families have indicated that the associations for children who are adopted are _____ the associations found with children living with their biological parents.

A) lower than
B) exactly the same as
C) almost the same as
D) greater than

Question 48

The Flynn effect is believed to be caused by:

A) genetics.
B) changes in environment.
C) the highest IQ individuals.
D) gender differences.

Question 49

What is the extent of influence of the shared environment and genetics on IQ score in children living in affluent and impoverished families?

A) For children living in both types of families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of genetics.
B) For children living in both types of families, the influence of genetics is stronger than is the influence of the shared environment.
C) For children living in affluent families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of genetics, and the pattern is reversed for impoverished families.
D) For children living in impoverished families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of genetics, and the pattern is reversed for affluent families.

Question 50

Which statement is TRUE regarding socioeconomic status and education?

A) Fewer children from low-SES families have the kinds of experiences during summer vacation that allow them to increase their academic achievement.
B) Children from high-SES families demonstrate increased academic gains during the school year when compared with children from low-SES families.
C) Fewer children from middle-SES families have the kinds of experiences during summer vacation that allow them to increase their academic achievement.
D) Children from low-SES families demonstrate increased academic gains during the school year when compared with children from middle-SES families.

Question 51

Which statement is an example of an active effect of the genotype on a child's scientific understanding?

A) Sally is interested in science, so she joins the science club at school.
B) Gabriel loves to go to the science museum, so his parents take him often.
C) Charlotte is curious about scientific phenomena, so her parents explain many scientific phenomena to her.
D) Blake's parents love to read about science, so they have many science books and magazines in their home.

Question 52

During the school year, the achievement test scores of low-SES children tend to _____; during the summer, their scores tend to _____.

A) remain constant while those of high-SES rise; drop or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise
B) rise similarly to those of high-SES children; drop while those of high-SES children remain constant
C) remain constant while those of high-SES rise; drop while those of high-SES children remain constant
D) rise similarly to those of high-SES children; drop or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise

Question 53

How does educational experiences have a positive effect on IQ scores?

A) As education level increases, general intelligence scores decrease.
B) Educational experiences increase general intelligence.
C) Education increases specific cognitive skills measured on IQ tests.
D) There is no positive effect of education on IQ scores.

Question 54

Sandra Scarr has proposed three processes by which an individual's genes are associated with the type of environment he or she encounters. The _____ process proposed by Scarr is NOT relevant for children who are adopted outside their biological family.

A) active
B) passive
C) evocative
D) inductive

Question 55

Which statement about HOME scores is the BEST representation of current research?

A) They correlate positively with IQ score at the same age but not at a later age.
B) They exert a causal influence on IQ score at the same age but not at a later age.
C) They correlate positively with IQ score both at the same age and at a later age.
D) They exert a causal influence on IQ score both at the same age and at a later age.

Question 56

The Flynn effect is the:

A) effect of poverty on IQ score.
B) influence of schooling on IQ score.
C) overarching influence of g on lower mental abilities.
D) increase in average IQ scores over the past several generations.

Question 57

Which statement is TRUE?

A) Attending school makes children smarter.
B) Intelligence differences among elementary school children can best be explained by age differences.
C) There are minimal cognitive skills measured in IQ tests.
D) Education increases general intelligence.

Question 58

Considering the research on the influence of schooling on IQ, which statement would be the BEST advice to give to a state board of education?

A) Have children start Grade 1 when they are 7 years old, rather than the traditional age of 6 years.
B) Allow parents to push a child ahead one or two grades if they believe the child is ready.
C) Lengthen the school year by shortening the summer vacation.
D) Create Grades 13 and 14 to extend the number of years in high school.

Question 59

A passive effect of genotype on environment occurs as a result of the:

A) child's influence over other people's behaviour.
B) overlap between a child's genotype and the genotypes of his or her biological parents.
C) child seeking out environments that are consistent with his or her genotype.
D) adoption agency's choice of parents for a newborn.

Question 60

Sandra Scarr has proposed three processes by which an individual's genes are associated with the type of environment he or she encounters. Which of Scarr's processes involves children's influence on other people's behaviour?

A) active
B) passive
C) evocative
D) inductive

Question 61

Which statement about the association between race and IQ is TRUE?

A) Differences between African American and European American children are greater than are differences within each group.
B) Much of the difference between the average IQ score for African American children and the average IQ score for European American children can be accounted for by differences in social class.
C) Few European American children have IQ scores lower than those of the average African American child, and few African American children have IQ scores higher than those of the average European American child.
D) There are no differences in the IQ scores of African American and European American children.

Question 62

Gardner's theory of intelligence proposes that intelligence is composed of:

A) fluid and crystallized intelligence.
B) eight intelligences.
C) a hierarchy of g, abilities, and processes.
D) primary mental abilities.

Question 63

Studies using Sameroff's environmental risk scale have demonstrated that:

A) the fewer risks in a child's environment, the lower the child's IQ score tends to be.
B) mothers' high school completion status has no impact on children's IQ score.
C) environmental risks have long-term effects on children's intellectual development.
D) there is more stability in children's IQ scores than in their environments.

Question 64

The majority of early-intervention programs in the 1960s that were designed to enhance the intellectual development of poor children:

A) were well-planned, large-scale programs.
B) initially increased children's IQ scores substantially.
C) were ineffective in preventing assignment to special-education classes and decreasing the likelihood of being held back a year in school.
D) had long-term effects on IQ scores.

Question 65

To facilitate children's physical growth, Project Head Start provides:

A) maternal vocational training.
B) medical and dental care and nutritious meals.
C) stimulating day-care environment.
D) marriage counselling.

Question 66

Which factor is NOT a plausible explanation for the Flynn effect?

A) increased societal emphasis on abstract problem solving
B) increased exposure to new technologies
C) improvements in the lives of low-income families
D) deterioration in educational opportunities for middle-class families

Question 67

The multiple intelligences theory does NOT include _____ intelligence.

A) logical-mathematical
B) musical
C) naturalistic
D) emotional

Question 68

The multiple intelligences theory is supported by studies of:

A) patients with brain damage.
B) prodigies.
C) patients with brain damage and prodigies.
D) neither patients with brain damage nor prodigies.

Question 69

Which factor is NOT involved in the association between poverty and impaired intellectual growth?

A) diet
B) level of intellectual stimulation
C) gender
D) level of emotional support

Question 70

Which statement about the Carolina Abecedarian Project is TRUE?

A) The project was small in scale and aimed at providing a positive preschool experience for 3- and 4-year-old children.
B) The project concentrated on children who were only slightly at risk for developmental problems, such as those in moderate levels of poverty.
C) The project focused only on the participating child rather than on the entire family.
D) The project demonstrated that it is possible to design interventions that have lasting effects on the intellectual development of poor children.

Question 71

A poet is MOST likely to have a high level of _____ intelligence.

A) linguistic
B) logical-mathematical
C) spatial
D) musical

Question 72

Differences in IQ scores of children in different racial and ethnic groups:

A) do not tell us anything about what would happen if the children lived in different environments.
B) reflect differences for given individuals.
C) indicate intellectual potential.
D) are completely explained by differences in socioeconomic class.

Question 73

The multiple intelligences theory includes _____ intelligence.

A) interpersonal
B) fluid
C) rote memory
D) normal

Question 74

Which statement about tests of the intellectual achievement of affluent and poor children in various countries is TRUE?

A) Affluent children in the United States score higher than do affluent children in countries with greater income equality, such as Canada.
B) Affluent children in the United States score much lower than do affluent children in countries with greater income equality, such as Canada.
C) Poor children in the United States score higher than do poor children in countries with greater income equality, such as Canada.
D) Poor children in the United States score lower than do poor children in countries with greater income equality, such as Canada.

Question 75

The existence of prodigies such as Mozart is evidence of the theory of intelligence developed by which scholar?

A) Gardner
B) Sternberg
C) Binet
D) Carroll

Question 76

Who developed the multiple intelligences theory?

A) Binet
B) Sameroff
C) Simon
D) Gardner

Question 77

Studies using Sameroff's environmental risk scale have demonstrated that:

A) the number of risks in a child's environment is a better predictor of IQ score than any single risk alone.
B) an unemployed head of household is the strongest risk factor for low IQ.
C) maternal anxiety is the strongest risk factor for low IQ.
D) environmental risks have only short-term effects on children's intellectual development.

Question 78

Participation in the experimental early-intervention programs in the 1960s did NOT result in:

A) sustained increases in IQ scores.
B) decreased use of the welfare system.
C) decreased rate of assignment to special-education classes.
D) rapid increases in IQ scores.

Question 79

Which statement about Project Head Start is TRUE?

A) Participants show lasting gains in intellectual performance.
B) Participants show higher math skills at the end of the program.
C) Participants are more likely than nonparticipants of similar backgrounds to enroll in college.
D) There are no long-term effects of participating in the program.

Question 80

Which factor is NOT on Sameroff's environmental risk scale?

A) African American family
B) rigidity of parents' beliefs about child development
C) stepfather in home
D) maternal anxiety