Deck 12: B: Moral Understanding and Behaviour

Question 1

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the relation of parenting and self-control?

A) Children with very strict parents have higher levels of self-control.
B) Children whose parents do not encourage independence have greater self-control.
C) Children whose parents encourage them to make their own decisions have more self-control.
D) Children whose parents "overcontrol" them have higher levels of self-esteem.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Children who are most likely to resist temptation

A) frequently look at the tempting object.
B) remind themselves of rules against touching the tempting object.
C) do not try to divert attention from the object of temptation.
D) do not have a concrete way of handling the temptation.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following would be the LEAST effective plan for resisting temptation?

A) Remind yourself about the attraction of the tempting event.
B) Remind yourself to avoid looking at the tempting object.
C) Remind yourself of the rules against touching a tempting object.
D) Try to distract yourself by taking part in activities not related to the tempting object.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to research, which of the following best describes self-control?

A) stable over time
B) variable from task to task
C) few individual differences
D) little long-term consistency

Question 5

The beginnings of self-control occur when children

A) internalize some of the external controls placed on them.
B) become capable of self-regulation.
C) realize that other people impose demands on them and expect them to react accordingly.
D) can delay gratification.

Question 6

Heather really wanted to eat a piece of candy, but her mother had told her not to eat anything before dinner so she didn't. Heather's ability to resist the temptation to eat the candy shows

A) moral realism.
B) moral relativism.
C) empathy.
D) self-control.

Question 7

Who is likely to have the LEAST self-control?

A) Ray, whose parents encourage him to be independent
B) Mark, whose parents don't have a set after-school routine for him to follow
C) Peter, whose parents are very strict
D) John, whose parents have relinquished their control over him

Question 8

The ability to delay gratification at four years of age is positively related to ________ during adolescence.

A) distractibility when trying to concentrate
B) a tendency to go to pieces under stress
C) the likeliness to yield to temptation
D) SAT scores

Question 9

A parental discipline style called _________________ induces the child to reason, to think for him or herself about the situation.

A) inductive reasoning
B) disciplinary control
C) deductive reasoning
D) authoritative control

Question 10

At about ________ of age children first become capable of self-regulation.

A) one year
B) three years
C) five years
D) eight years

Question 11

Studies of child temperament, parental discipline, and self-control indicate that

A) fearful children are usually compliant with parental requests because they are typically anxious about the repercussions of not complying.
B) fearless children are more likely to be compliant when their parents use gentle reminders.
C) fearful and fearless children respond similarly to parental discipline.
D) child temperament is not related to compliance and self-control.

Question 12

________ is the ability to rise above immediate pressures and not give in to impulse.

A) Empathy
B) Moral relativism
C) Moral realism
D) Self-control

Question 13

In a study by Rotenberg and Meyer (1990), children completed a task and then could receive a small reward immediately or wait one day for a much larger reward. Not until ________ years of age did most children wait to receive the larger reward.

A) 4 to 5
B) 6 to 8
C) 9 to 11
D) 12 to 15

Question 14

It's a cold and snowy day, and it's tempting to skip class for the day to avoid going out in the weather. What could you do to make it easier to resist that temptation?

A) Tell yourself that if you skip class just this once, you'll be less likely to do it on other days.
B) Think of all the fun outdoor activities like cross-country skiing and sledding that you could do in the snow.
C) Remind yourself that it'll be a lot easier to get an "A" in your class if you go to class every day.
D) Think about how nice it would be to curl up with your textbook and a cup of hot chocolate at home.

Question 15

At about ________ months of age, children have internalized some control and are capable of some control in their parents' absence.

A) 6
B) 12
C) 24
D) 48

Question 16

Ruben is a fearless five-year-old. He is most likely to cooperate with his mother's requests if

A) his mother uses gentle discipline.
B) his mother uses threats and angry demands.
C) he is not securely attached to his mother.
D) he is strongly attached to his mother.

Question 17

According to Piaget's theory of moral development, five- to seven-year-old children are in a stage called ________, in which they believe that rules are created by wise adults, and, therefore, must be followed and cannot be changed.

A) moral relativism
B) moral realism
C) the preconventional level
D) the conventional level

Question 18

Which of the following is characteristic of moral realism?

A) a belief in immanent justice
B) postconventional level reasoning
C) understanding that rules are created by people to help them get along
D) making moral decisions based on personal, moral principles

Question 19

You and your spouse want to make it more likely that your preschool child develops self-control. After reading about self-control in your textbook, you tell your spouse,

A) "Honey, we need to be very strict with Junior."
B) "Pumpkin pie, we need to do what we can to help Junior develop a concrete plan for resisting temptations."
C) "Dear, we need to talk to Junior about temptations and explain to him why they are so attractive."
D) "Babe, we're worrying about this a little early. Children can't develop self-control until they're at least elementary school-age."

Question 20

At about ________ year(s) of age, children first become aware that people impose demands on them and that they are not entirely free to behave as they wish.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 21

The belief that breaking a rule always leads to punishment is referred to as

A) moral relativism.
B) postconventional reasoning.
C) conventional reasoning.
D) immanent justice.

Question 22

Sergei is in Piaget's stage of moral relativism. He is likely to

A) think that breaking a rule always leads to punishment.
B) believe that rules must be followed and cannot be changed.
C) believe that adult authority is absolute.
D) understand that rules are created by people to help them get along.

Question 23

Who is in Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning?

A) Juanita, whose moral reasoning is based on a personal moral code
B) Kelly, whose moral reasoning is based on looking out for her own needs
C) Ivan, whose moral reasoning is based on avoidance of punishment
D) Linda, whose moral reasoning is based on the approval of other people

Question 24

Individuals who believe that laws become invalid when they no longer benefit individuals have a(n) ________ orientation according to Kohlberg.

A) social contract
B) obedience
C) instrumental
D) interpersonal norms

Question 25

Adolescents and adults believe that they should act according to others' expectations when they are in Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

A) instrumental orientation
B) social contract orientation
C) social system morality
D) interpersonal norms

Question 26

In a research study, Dr. Evanshen has children respond to the Heinz dilemma. What is she studying?

A) self-control
B) prosocial behaviour
C) altruism
D) moral reasoning

Question 27

Michael decided that hugging his grandmother was a good thing to do, because every time he did, she gave him a piece of candy. Michael is in Kohlberg's ________ level of moral reasoning.

A) unconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) preconventional

Question 28

Which of the following aspects of Piaget's theory of moral development has NOT been supported by research?

A) The idea that moral reasoning progresses through a sequence of stages.
B) The idea that moral reasoning is related to cognitive development.
C) The idea that moral reasoning is influenced by interactions with peers.
D) The idea that young children consider adult authority to be final and absolute.

Question 29

Juanita and her friends have set some rules for a playground game. Juanita realizes that these rules will reduce arguments and can be changed if needed. Juanita is showing

A) immanent justice.
B) conventional reasoning.
C) moral realism.
D) moral relativism.

Question 30

A child who reasons at the preconventional level would help another person because

A) she might get a reward for helping.
B) she is afraid that others would disapprove of her if she didn't help.
C) helping is a good behaviour that is valued by society.
D) she has a moral principle of responsibility for others.

Question 31

Hans' mother told him that it is wrong to lie, so Hans thinks people shouldn't lie because then they won't get punished. Hans is in Kohlberg's stage called

A) interpersonal norms.
B) instrumental orientation.
C) obedience orientation.
D) social contract orientation.

Question 32

Before school, Ben stole some cookies from the cookie jar. During recess that day, someone threw his favourite ball onto the school roof. Ben thinking that losing his ball is his punishment for stealing is an example of

A) social system morality.
B) moral relativism.
C) immanent justice.
D) conventional reasoning.

Question 33

At Kohlberg's postconventional level, moral reasoning is based on

A) social norms.
B) obedience to authority.
C) personal moral principles.
D) rewards and punishments.

Question 34

Piaget's stage of ________ is characterized by an understanding that rules are created by people to help them get along.

A) immanent justice
B) moral relativism
C) moral realism
D) preconventional reasoning

Question 35

At which level of Kohlberg's moral reasoning is reasoning governed by personal, moral principles?

A) preconventional level
B) conventional level
C) postconventional level
D) empathic level

Question 36

Rebecca responded to the Heinz dilemma by saying "Heinz shouldn't steal the drug because stealing is against the law and our society has to outlaw theft in order to be a good place to live." Rebecca is in Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

A) interpersonal norms
B) universal ethical principles
C) social system morality
D) instrumental orientation

Question 37

A child who judges whether an act is good in terms of the physical consequences of reward and punishment is reasoning at which of Kohlberg's levels?

A) preconventional level
B) conventional level
C) postconventional level
D) empathic level

Question 38

Which comment would you expect to hear from Gina, who is in Kohlberg's instrumental orientation stage?

A) "I'm going to give money to the poor because that's what good people do."
B) "Sometimes I really hate not being able to run in the hallway, but I know it's important for everyone's safety that students obey school rules."
C) "If you let me play with your toy, I'll let you play with my toy."
D) "Even though you're supposed to be at school by 8:00, sometimes being late to school is justified, like when you're late because you stopped to help a friend who got hurt on the way to school."

Question 39

Lonnie believes that preservation of life takes precedence over all other rights. Lonnie is in Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

A) social contract orientation
B) universal ethical principles
C) social system morality
D) instrumental orientation

Question 40

Moral decision-making based on social norms is characteristic of which of Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning?

A) preconventional level
B) conventional level
C) postconventional level
D) empathic level

Question 41

Carol Gilligan has argued that Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning puts too much emphasis on ________ and not enough emphasis on ________.

A) justice; caring
B) caring; justice
C) cognition; behaviour
D) behaviour; cognition

Question 42

Social conventions

A) are arbitrary standards of behaviour agreed to by a cultural group to facilitate interactions.
B) are usually meant to hurt people.
C) do not emerge until adulthood.
D) are the same as moral transgressions.

Question 43

Which of the following statements concerning Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is TRUE?

A) The stages occur in an invariant sequence.
B) Higher levels of moral reasoning are sometimes found among individuals of all ages.
C) Most adults' moral reasoning is at the postconventional level.
D) The level of moral reasoning is unrelated to the level of cognitive development.

Question 44

Which of the following questions is most likely to result in different answers depending on the culture of the children answering the question?

A) When is it acceptable to lie?
B) Should decisions in the personal domain be left to the individual child or to adults?
C) Is morality an issue for you?
D) Is it ok to hurt other people?

Question 45

Which of the following would be a violation of a moral rule?

A) stealing from someone
B) using your fingers to eat instead of silverware
C) not paying attention at school
D) calling your teacher by his first name

Question 46

Caring for others is emphasized in all of the following EXCEPT

A) Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning.
B) the Hindu religion.
C) Gilligan's approach to moral development.
D) All of these emphasize care for others.

Question 47

Dianne's unusual preference for peanut-butter-and-sardine sandwiches falls into the realm of

A) moral relativism.
B) moral rules.
C) social conventions.
D) the personal domain.

Question 48

A controversial element of Kohlberg's theory is his claim that

A) there are universal, absolute standards of right and wrong.
B) his theory is an outgrowth of Piagetian principles.
C) the stages of his theory are differentiated by the reasoning that underlies the decision.
D) moral reasoning becomes more sophisticated with development.

Question 49

According to research, how does the moral reasoning of males and females compare?

A) Males think about moral issues in terms of justice, while females think about moral issues in terms of caring for others.
B) Males emphasize interpersonal relations when using moral reasoning, whereas females are more likely to consider justice.
C) Male moral reasoning tends to be more advanced than female moral reasoning.
D) Males and females do not differ markedly in the bases of their moral reasoning.

Question 50

Abstract principles like justice, compassion, and equality are most relevant to which of Kohlberg's proposed morality stages?

A) universal ethical principles
B) social contract orientation
C) social system morality
D) interpersonal norms

Question 51

Which of the following does Carol Gilligan believe forms the basis of moral reasoning in women?

A) justice
B) care and concern for others
C) the need to find rewards and avoid guilt
D) the need to mature

Question 52

________ are arbitrary standards of behaviour agreed to by a cultural group to facilitate interactions within the group.

A) Personal moral codes
B) Social conventions
C) Stages of moral reasoning
D) Immanent justices

Question 53

Colin committed murder. Courtney failed to send thank-you notes for gifts. What kind of transgressions did Colin and Courtney commit?

A) Colin and Courtney both violated moral rules.
B) Colin and Courtney both violated social conventions.
C) Colin violated a moral rule, but Courtney violated a social convention.
D) Colin violated a social convention, but Courtney violated a moral rule.

Question 54

Studies measuring individuals' level of moral reasoning at different ages have found that

A) many individuals skipped at least one of Kohlberg's stages.
B) it was common for individuals to revert to lower levels of reasoning.
C) most individuals progress to the highest levels of reasoning.
D) adults' moral reasoning is commonly at stages 3 or 4.

Question 55

Critics of Kohlberg's theory have noted that not all cultures have the same emphasis on ________ that is found in traditional North American culture and in Kohlberg's theory.

A) individual rights and justice
B) duty and responsibility to others
C) care-based morality
D) the Hindu religion

Question 56

Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory for

A) having stages of moral reasoning.
B) applying more to men than to women.
C) claiming that moral reasoning becomes more sophisticated with age.
D) overemphasizing the role of care-based moral reasoning.

Question 57

Individuals who are reared with traditional Hindu beliefs

A) base their moral reasoning on principles of individual rights and justice.
B) do not differ in their moral reasoning from those who are reared with Judeo-Christian beliefs.
C) base their moral reasoning on principles of duty and responsibility to others.
D) support Kohlberg's claim that the bases of moral reasoning are universal.

Question 58

Like Kohlberg, Gilligan believes that moral reasoning

A) is the same for men and women.
B) is based on justice and individual rights.
C) includes preconventional, conventional, and postconventional levels.
D) becomes qualitatively more sophisticated as individuals develop.

Question 59

By _____________, most children distinguish moral transgression from social conventions.

A) preschool age
B) age six
C) age 10
D) age 16

Question 60

Research on Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning suggests that

A) his theory describes people in all cultures equally well.
B) moral reasoning is related to moral behaviour.
C) many individuals skip stages in his theory.
D) moral reasoning does not change with age.

Question 61

Physically punishing children for aggressive behaviour

A) has a long-term effect on suppressing aggression.
B) has no immediate effect on suppressing aggression.
C) serves as a model and illustrates that punishment "works" as a means of controlling others.
D) has both immediate and long-term effects on suppressing aggression.

Question 62

When Dana heard about an impoverished family not having money to buy food, she decided to donate her allowance to the family, even though she would not get anything in return. Dana's behaviour is BEST described as

A) cooperative behaviour.
B) prosocial behaviour.
C) altruism.
D) empathy.

Question 63

When Julianne saw her mother scurrying to get everything ready for dinner, she said, "Mom, you have so many things to do, what can I do to help?" Julianne's ability to see that her mother's task was burdensome is best described as an example of

A) prosocial behaviour.
B) perspective-taking.
C) empathy.
D) moral reasoning.

Question 64

When Beth watched a movie in which a baby elephant's mother died, she cried because she could feel the baby elephant's loneliness and sorrow. Beth displayed

A) prosocial behaviour.
B) altruism.
C) Self-control.
D) empathy.

Question 65

Actions that benefit others are called ________ behaviours.

A) hedonistic
B) perspective-taking
C) empathic
D) prosocial

Question 66

Which child would be most likely to engage in prosocial behaviour?

A) A child with high levels of perspective-taking.
B) A child who uses rewards and punishments as the basis for moral judgments.
C) A child who has low levels of empathy.
D) A child with high levels of egocentrism.

Question 67

Parental use of ________ is associated with high levels of aggressive behaviour in children.

A) reasoning
B) time out
C) physical punishment
D) positive reinforcement

Question 68

The ability to experience the feelings of another person is called

A) role-taking.
B) egocentrism.
C) altruism.
D) empathy.

Question 69

Assertive behaviour differs from aggressive behaviour in

A) that assertive behaviour is carried out without regard for the rights of others.
B) that assertive behaviour is carried out while respecting the rights of others.
C) that aggressive behaviour is physical while assertive behaviour is verbal.
D) no significant ways.

Question 70

Which child would be most likely to act altruistically?

A) A child who does not feel responsible for the person in need.
B) A child who believes that there are few costs associated with the act.
C) A child who is in a bad mood.
D) A child who feels that she doesn't have the skills necessary to help.

Question 71

Studies link children's prosocial behaviour to several parental behaviours. Which of the following factors is associated with the LEAST amount of prosocial behaviour in children?

A) Parents who use physical punishment rather than reasoning to discipline their children.
B) Parents who frequently report feelings of warmth and concern for others.
C) Parents who are responsive and helpful to their children.
D) Parents who praise their children for acting prosocially.

Question 72

Simple acts of altruism can be seen as early as ________ of age.

A) 18 months
B) 3 years
C) 6 years
D) 10 years

Question 73

Research suggests that children who are highly aggressive

A) are equally likely to be boys or girls.
B) are more likely than less aggressive children to commit criminal offenses when they get older.
C) are likely to remain aggressive but are no more likely than less aggressive children to commit criminal offenses when they get older.
D) are simply being playful and are likely to outgrow their aggressiveness as they get older.

Question 74

A new student in school enters the cafeteria looking lonely and scared. Who is most likely to help the new student adjust to school by showing her how to get her lunch and sitting with her?

A) Allie, who knows her from church
B) Sarah, who isn't familiar with the cafeteria routine because she usually eats at home
C) Janelle, who was punished by the teacher earlier in the day
D) Emily, who won't be able to talk to her friends if she sits with the new student

Question 75

________ is behaviour that is meant to harm others.

A) Assertiveness
B) Aggression
C) Hedonism
D) Altruism

Question 76

Preschoolers

A) are incapable of altruistic behaviour.
B) show limited altruistic behaviour because they don't always know what they can do to help others.
C) show limited altruistic behaviour because even though they usually know what they could do to help, they do not usually want to help other people.
D) typically show adult-like levels of altruistic behaviour.

Question 77

Actions that help others with no direct benefit to the individual are known as

A) empathy.
B) prosocial.
C) role-taking.
D) altruism.

Question 78

Billy often teases and picks fights with other children. Billy is showing

A) assertiveness.
B) moral relativism.
C) hedonism.
D) aggression.

Question 79

Research by Lawrence Walker and his colleagues has shown that youth who are considered to be "moral exemplars"

A) are inspired to action by a general sense of duty.
B) are typically average in terms of their moral development.
C) show a specific personality pattern that includes caring and willingness to moral action.
D) differ from other youth mainly in their intelligence level.

Question 80

Parents who use which of the following disciplinary practices are most likely to have children who exhibit more altruistic behaviour?

A) physical punishment
B) reasoning
C) time out
D) rewarding good behaviour