Deck 10: B: Emotional Development

Question 1

Stranger wariness is a sign of

A) anger.
B) sadness.
C) fear.
D) happiness.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Social smiles typically first appear at

A) birth.
B) two months of age.
C) six months of age.
D) 18 months of age.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Seven-month-old Lydia looked away and started to fuss when her mother's college roommate, who hadn't visited since Lydia was born, got Lydia up from her nap. Lydia's reaction is most likely the result of

A) social referencing.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) insecure attachment.
D) stranger wariness.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Researchers often use ________ to assess an infant's emotional state.

A) facial expressions
B) subjective feelings
C) the Strange Situation
D) systematic desensitization

Question 5

Happiness is adaptive in

A) protection against possible threats.
B) contributing to stronger interpersonal relationships.
C) eliminating obstacles in the way of a goal.
D) eliciting nurturance from others..

Question 6

One of the first signs of fear in an infant often occurs when

A) infants are in the presence of an unfamiliar adult.
B) infants are picked up by a familiar adult.
C) a stranger talks to other adults instead of picking up the baby.
D) a favourite food or toy is taken away.

Question 7

Complex emotions

A) emerge before basic emotions.
B) are universal.
C) involve an evaluative component.
D) include feelings of happiness, anger, and disgust.

Question 8

According to one influential theory, newborns experience only two general emotions:

A) happiness and anger.
B) sadness and fear
C) pleasure and distress.
D) fear and distress

Question 9

Basic emotions consist of a subjective feeling, an overt behaviour, and

A) a physiological change.
B) an evaluative component.
C) a cultural-specific expression.
D) an advanced cognitive component.

Question 10

Which of the following emerges first?

A) guilt
B) embarrassment
C) pride
D) fear

Question 11

Your niece is seven months old and you are about to meet her for the first time. You are concerned that she will be afraid of you and want to minimize the chance that meeting you will cause her stranger anxiety. What would you do?

A) Greet her and give her your complete attention as soon as you meet her.
B) Arrange to see her for the first time in an environment that is familiar to her.
C) Meet her in an environment that is unfamiliar to her.
D) Pick her up right away when you meet her.

Question 12

Basic emotions

A) do not involve a physiological change.
B) are not expressed in an overt behaviour.
C) vary from culture to culture.
D) involve a subjective feeling.

Question 13

A social smile typically occurs when an infant

A) was recently fed.
B) is asleep.
C) sees another person.
D) is at least one year of age.

Question 14

Which of the following is a basic emotion?

A) pride
B) guilt
C) happiness
D) embarrassment

Question 15

Modern theories emphasize the ____________ value of emotion.

A) functional
B) persuasive
C) comfort
D) physiological

Question 16

Which of the following would be the element of a basic emotion referred to as a subjective feeling?

A) a smile
B) an increase in heart rate
C) bumping into a chair
D) being so happy you feel like you're floating on air

Question 17

Stranger wariness

A) emerges a few weeks after birth.
B) provides a natural restraint against the tendency for mobile infants to wander away from familiar caregivers.
C) is greater when infants are in a familiar environment.
D) is not related to the stranger's behaviour.

Question 18

Who is experiencing a complex emotion?

A) Tim, who is happy
B) Todd, who is embarrassed
C) Ramon, who is disgusted
D) Victor, who is surprised

Question 19

Basic emotions are experienced by as early as

A) the first few months of life.
B) eight or nine months of age.
C) 18 to 24 months of age.
D) the preschool years.

Question 20

The first distinct displays of anger typically occur

A) at birth.
B) between four and six months of age.
C) between 12 and 18 months of age.
D) during the preschool years.

Question 21

In social referencing

A) an infant has a preference for being with other people rather than for being alone.
B) infants use their parents' facial expressions to help them interpret unfamiliar situations.
C) deep relaxation is associated with progressively more anxiety-producing situations.
D) an infant has a set of expectations about parents' availability and responsivity.

Question 22

At roughly 15 to 18 months, the child typically has some ___________________, which pave(s) the way for complex emotions.

A) stranger wariness
B) self-regulation
C) basic emotions
D) understanding of the self

Question 23

During the elementary school years, children

A) become less likely to modify their behaviour according to other people's emotions.
B) begin to realize that people can have "mixed feelings."
C) become less able to recognize other people's emotions.
D) show little change in understanding the emotions of others.

Question 24

Which of the following is more likely to be true of an Asian elementary-school child than a North American elementary-school child?

A) The Asian child would be more likely to respond in anger over a frustrating event.
B) The Asian child would show more pride in a class achievement.
C) The Asian child would show more pride in general.
D) The Asian child would be less embarrassed by a public display of individual achievement.

Question 25

By ________ of age, infants begin to be able to distinguish facial expressions associated with different emotions.

A) one month
B) six months
C) 12 months
D) 24 months

Question 26

Emotion regulation begins in

A) infancy.
B) the preschool years.
C) the school-age years.
D) adolescence.

Question 27

The ability to recognize others' emotions

A) can be used in social referencing.
B) emerges after the first birthday.
C) is not related to the ability to discriminate different facial expressions.
D) decreases with age.

Question 28

Preschool children are sometimes afraid of the dark or of imaginary creatures. These fears typically diminish as the child gets older and

A) realizes that fear is futile.
B) is no longer likely to admit to fears.
C) develops complex emotions.
D) better understands the difference between appearance and reality

Question 29

Hezron has experienced basic emotions such as happiness and anger, but he is unlikely to feel more complex emotions such as guilt, embarrassment, or pride until he

A) has some understanding of the self.
B) experiences a physiological reaction linked to his emotions.
C) displays overt behaviours associated with his subjective feelings.
D) goes through systematic desensitization.

Question 30

A seven-year-old who worries about school

A) should get help from a therapist.
B) is said to have a "school phobia."
C) would not be unusual unless her concern grew to the point that she refused to go to school.
D) has a faulty internal working model.

Question 31

Complex emotions don't usually emerge until

A) four to six months of age.
B) nine to 12 months of age.
C) 18 to 24 months of age.
D) three to four years of age.

Question 32

Temperament is defined as

A) the amount of physical and motor activity an infant exhibits in daily situations.
B) the ease with which an infant adjusts to changes in the environment.
C) an infant's regularity in eating, sleeping, and toileting.
D) an infant's behaviour style that is stable across situations and biologically based.

Question 33

Unlike basic emotions, complex emotions

A) do not involve an evaluative component.
B) involve a physiological change.
C) involve a subjective feeling.
D) are triggered by different events in different cultures.

Question 34

Which fear is likely to occur at the youngest age?

A) fear of strangers
B) fear of the dark
C) fear of imaginary creatures
D) fear of snakes

Question 35

When one-year-old Kim was shown a new toy, she looked at her mother who appeared to be afraid of the toy. Kim became distressed and moved away from the toy. Kim used ________ to regulate her own behaviour.

A) an internal working model
B) systematic desensitization
C) social referencing
D) stranger anxiety

Question 36

Culturally specific standards for appropriate expressions of emotion in a particular setting or with a particular person or persons are known as

A) display rules.
B) emotional regulation.
C) self-conscious emotions.
D) systematic desensitization.

Question 37

An infant's consistent mood and style of behaviour is called

A) emotionality.
B) rhythmicity.
C) temperament.
D) intensity of reaction.

Question 38

Eight-year-old Megan reads the sentence "You are home all alone," and is asked how she would feel in the situation. Megan is likely to believe that this situation

A) cannot make a person feel more than one emotion at the same time.
B) cannot make a person experience two different emotions that differ in intensity at the same time.
C) can make a person feel both good and bad at the same time.
D) cannot influence how a person feels.

Question 39

The regulation of emotions

A) doesn't begin until children are about two years old.
B) is not related to the quality of interactions and relationships with one's peers.
C) involves the use of cognitive strategies (e.g., reminding oneself to ignore something) in school-age children and adolescents.
D) involves the use of physical strategies (e.g., moving closer to a parent) in school-age children and adolescents.

Question 40

Six-month-old Wendy's mother is happy and smiles and talks to Wendy in a pleasant voice. Based on research reported in your text, you would expect Wendy

A) to be able to distinguish facial expressions associated with different emotions but not to change her own emotions to match other people's emotions.
B) to be unaware of and unaffected by other people's emotions.
C) to match her emotion to her mother's and therefore be happy.
D) to become distressed.

Question 41

The dimension of temperament called persistence is defined as

A) the amount of physical and motor activity in a child's daily situations.
B) the extent to which a child expresses pleasure, enthusiasm, and contentment.
C) the amount of time a child devotes to an activity and resistance to distractions.
D) the extent to which a child is irritable, easily distresses, and is prone to anger.

Question 42

Temperament from infancy to childhood is

A) completely unrelated.
B) very unstable.
C) somewhat stable.
D) very stable.

Question 43

Mia is a European American mother. Seiko is a Japanese mother. Compared to Mia, Seiko is

A) likely to spend more time in close physical contact with her baby.
B) likely to spend less time in close physical contact with her baby.
C) less likely to attempt to soothe her baby.
D) likely to exhibit no differences in how she interacts with her baby.

Question 44

Adriana often cries, responds intensely to new situations, and does not have regular eating and sleeping schedules. Adriana most closely fits Thomas and Chess's ________ temperament classification.

A) slow-to-warm-up
B) sociable
C) difficult
D) easy

Question 45

Results of the New York Longitudinal Study indicated that the largest group of babies was categorized as

A) easy babies.
B) difficult babies.
C) slow-to-warm-up babies.
D) average babies.

Question 46

Cross-cultural studies of temperament have shown

A) that Japanese and Chinese babies are more emotional in stressful situations than European American babies.
B) that European American babies are more emotional in stressful situations than Asian babies.
C) that any cultural differences in emotionality cannot be explained by the behaviour of the mothers.
D) no differences in emotionality between Asian and American babies.

Question 47

Which infant is MOST likely to cry when getting a shot?

A) Lina, who is Japanese
B) Jiang, who is Chinese
C) Grace, who is European American
D) Lina, Jiang, and Grace are equally likely to cry when getting a shot

Question 48

________ is more influenced by heredity than the other temperament dimensions.

A) Activity level
B) Persistence
C) Negative affect
D) Extraversion

Question 49

Studies of temperament in twins have found that

A) fraternal twins are more alike in temperament than are identical twins.
B) identical twins are more alike in temperament than are fraternal twins.
C) there are no differences in the degree of similarity in temperament in fraternal and identical twins.
D) heredity does not seem to influence temperament.

Question 50

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Temperament measured in the first few months of life is moderately related to temperament measured later in infancy.
B) Temperament in childhood is consistently related to adult personality.
C) Temperament during the preschool years is not related to temperament during adolescence.
D) Temperament during the preschool years is strongly related to temperament during adolescence.

Question 51

According to Thomas and Chess's temperament categories, a difficult baby and a slow-to-warm-up baby would be alike in that they both would

A) show a dislike for new situations.
B) be relatively active.
C) respond intensely when they disliked something.
D) usually be happy.

Question 52

The results of Rothbart's (2007) study of infants growing up in the United States and Russia suggested that

A) it is important for parents to actively mold temperament in their children.
B) the dimensions of temperament are heavily influenced by environmental factors.
C) surgency/extraversion is not an important temperament dimension in Russian infants.
D) the structure of temperament was the same in two cultures.

Question 53

Irina is a happy, cheerful baby who adjusts well to new situations. She sleeps, eats, and toilets on a regular schedule. Thomas and Chess would categorize Irina's temperament as

A) emotional.
B) easy.
C) slow-to-warm-up.
D) difficult.

Question 54

You have noticed that your sister's baby, Carrie, is often unhappy. She typically shows a mild dislike for new foods and unfamiliar places. After reading about Thomas and Chess's temperament classifications, you decide that Carrie has a(n) ________ temperament.

A) easy
B) slow-to-warm-up
C) sociable
D) difficult

Question 55

Which of the following statements about temperament and other aspects of development is true?

A) Preschoolers with difficult temperaments are more likely than children with easy temperaments to have behavioural problems by the time they start school.
B) Children who are not frequently angry or fearful are more prone to depression.
C) Anxious, fearful children are less likely to comply with a parent's rules and requests.
D) Persistent children are less likely to succeed in school.

Question 56

Asian infants tend to be ________ than European American infants.

A) less sociable
B) more active
C) more distractible
D) less emotional

Question 57

Your friend, Sandy, interacts with her baby abruptly and lacks confidence. You would expect her baby to be

A) more likely to develop an intense, difficult temperament.
B) less likely to develop an intense, difficult temperament.
C) temperamentally unaffected by how his mother interacts with him, because temperament is determined by heredity.
D) temperamentally unaffected by how his mother interacts with him, because temperament does not develop until later in childhood.

Question 58

Adam's father likes to play with Adam because they both enjoy vigorous play. Adam's mother complains of having a hard time keeping up with Adam because he is a very busy infant who always seems to be getting into things. Adam is high on which dimension of temperament?

A) positive affect
B) persistence
C) activity level
D) negative affect

Question 59

Jevan is an infant who seems to cry easily and who is difficult to console once he starts crying. Jevan would be high on which dimension of temperament?

A) inhibition
B) positive affect
C) persistence
D) negative affect

Question 60

Which of the following statements best describes the stability of temperament?

A) Temperament during the first few weeks of life is not related to temperament later in infancy.
B) Temperament during the preschool years is strongly related to temperament during childhood and adolescence.
C) Positive affect is the least stable dimension of temperament between the ages of three and nine years.
D) Inhibited two-year-olds tend to be shy four-year-olds.

Question 61

Which of the following statements about temperament is true?

A) The influence of temperament depends on the environment in which children develop.
B) Infants and toddlers who temperamentally resist control tend to be prone to behaviour problems when they are older if their mothers try to exert control over them.
C) Adolescents who are temperamentally cheerful are more affected by life stressors and, therefore, more likely to drink, smoke, or use drugs.
D) Temperament is the sole determining factor of many aspects of development.

Question 62

The majority of North American babies have ________ attachment relationships.

A) disorganized (disoriented)
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) secure

Question 63

________ is used to study attachment relationships.

A) A social smile
B) Systematic desensitization
C) Stranger anxiety
D) The Strange Situation

Question 64

After reading about research on temperament and developmental outcomes, which of the following children would most surprise you?

A) Kyle, an active and distractible child who has difficulty in school.
B) Lonnie, a shy and inhibited child who has difficulty interacting with his peers.
C) Richie, an anxious and fearful child who often breaks his parents' rules.
D) Brian, a persistent child who does well in school.

Question 65

When one-year-old Hayley's mother left her in an unfamiliar room, Hayley cried. When her mother returned, Hayley wanted to be held for a minute but then wanted to get down and play. Hayley appears to have a(n) ________ attachment to her mother.

A) avoidant
B) secure
C) disorganized (disoriented)
D) resistant

Question 66

Shy, inhibited children

A) are unlikely to succeed in school.
B) are likely to have difficulty interacting with other children.
C) are less likely to comply with a parent's rules and requests.
D) have more difficulty in familiar situations than in unfamiliar situations.

Question 67

Who is most likely to have just recently singled out an attachment figure?

A) Felicity, who is one month of age
B) Samantha, who is three months of age
C) Addy, who is seven months of age
D) Molly, who is one year of age

Question 68

If Bill and Mary are typical parents of a baby, which of the following is most likely to be true?

A) Their baby is likely to become attached to Mary but not to Bill.
B) Bill is likely to spend more time playing with their baby than taking care of him.
C) Bill and Mary are likely to spend equal amounts of time reading and talking to their baby.
D) Their infant is likely to prefer Mary over Bill as a playmate.

Question 69

Researchers who studied inhibition and helping in two-year-olds found that

A) shy children were more likely to help both their mothers and the experimenters when they feigned injury.
B) shy and outgoing children were equally likely to help both their mothers and the experimenters when they feigned injury.
C) outgoing children were more likely to help the experimenters when they feigned injury, but shy and outgoing children were equally likely to help the mothers.
D) outgoing children were more likely to help the mothers when they feigned injury, but shy and outgoing children were equally likely to help the experimenters.

Question 70

According to ________ theory, children who form an attachment to an adult are more likely to survive.

A) evolutionary
B) psychodynamic
C) behavioural
D) Piagetian

Question 71

A study of helping behaviour in two-year-olds who are shy and those who are outgoing indicated that

A) outgoing children were more likely than shy children to help their mothers when they were hurt.
B) shy children expressed more concern for both their mothers and a stranger than did outgoing children.
C) shy children were more likely to help the hurt stranger than were outgoing children.
D) shy and outgoing children did not differ in their concern for the hurt stranger.

Question 72

Infants usually form attachments

A) only to mothers.
B) only to fathers.
C) to mothers and fathers.
D) to only one person, whoever is the primary caregiver.

Question 73

When Kylie's mother left her at the babysitter's house, Kylie was upset and cried. When Kylie's mother returned, Kylie was still angry and would not be consoled by her mother. Which type of attachment does Kylie seem to have?

A) disorganized (disoriented)
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) secure

Question 74

When Aida's mother left her with a new babysitter, Aida was not upset. When her mother returned, Aida ignored her. Aida appears to have a(n) ________ attachment to her mother.

A) resistant
B) disorganized (disoriented)
C) avoidant
D) secure

Question 75

The evolutionary view of attachment is that it

A) is learned through reinforcement and punishment.
B) is the result of the resolution of conflicts that are centred on various parts of the body.
C) increases the infant's likelihood of survival.
D) was important to human evolution but has no value in modern society.

Question 76

A researcher conducts a study using the Strange Situation. The researcher is studying

A) the stability of temperament.
B) the development of basic emotions.
C) infants' recognition of others' emotions.
D) attachment relationships.

Question 77

Studies of links between temperament and developmental outcomes have found

A) distractible children are more likely to succeed in school.
B) anxious children are less likely to comply with parents' rules.
C) shy children often have problems interacting with peers.
D) persistent children are less likely to succeed in school.

Question 78

Fathers

A) interact with their babies in the same ways that mothers do.
B) are more likely to engage in physical play with their babies than are mothers.
C) are more likely than mothers to be a source of comfort when babies are distressed.
D) spend more time taking care of their children than playing with them.

Question 79

The infant singles out the attachment figure at approximately what age?

A) four weeks
B) two months
C) seven months
D) one year

Question 80

Four-year-old Allan has a difficult temperament. Four-year-old Ethan has an easy temperament. When they are older and enter school

A) Ethan is more likely than Allan to have behavioural problems.
B) Allan is more likely than Ethan to have behavioural problems.
C) Allan and Ethan are both likely to have behavioural problems.
D) Allan and Ethan are both unlikely to have behavioural problems.