Deck 7: B: Cognitive Processes and Academic Skills

Question 1

Activities that improve memory are called

A) memory strategies.
B) information processing.
C) sensory memory.
D) working memory.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

One day Ellie takes her two-month-old baby, Eric, to her friend's home and puts him in a rocking cradle. Eric soon learns that if he wiggles and waves his arms the cradle will rock. Several weeks later, Ellie and Eric return to the friend's house. How would you expect Eric to respond when he is once again placed in the cradle?

A) Eric will not remember the cradle at all from his previous visit and will behave as if it was the first time he had been in the cradle.
B) Eric is likely to remember the cradle and start wiggling and waving his arms as soon as he is placed in the cradle.
C) Eric is likely to remember how to make the cradle move only if Ellie gives him a cue by rocking the cradle right after he is put in it.
D) Eric is likely to remember how to make the cradle move but will no longer be interested in making it move.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

When Rovee-Collier and her colleagues attached a ribbon from a mobile to two- to three-month-old infants' legs so infants learned to kick to make the mobile move, they found that when they returned to the babies' homes several days later the babies

A) had forgotten that kicking made the mobile move.
B) would still kick to make the mobile move.
C) had lost interest in the mobile.
D) would cry when they saw the mobile.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

After Tina outlined a chapter in her textbook, she answered questions in her study guide to see whether outlining was helping her learn the information in the chapter. Tina was ________ the effectiveness of her memory strategy.

A) rehearsing
B) monitoring
C) scripting
D) distorting

Question 5

Carolyn Rovee-Collier's work on infant memory in which she taught infants to kick to make a crib mobile move indicated that

A) infants could not remember an event for more than a day or two.
B) after several weeks infants forgot how to move the mobile and they could not be reminded.
C) after several weeks infants had forgotten how to move the mobile, but a single reminder helped them to remember.
D) infants never forgot how to move the mobile.

Question 6

Which of the following is accomplished by memory strategies?

A) helping to retrieve information from long-term memory
B) helping to maintain information in working memory
C) helping to transfer information to long-term memory
D) Memory strategies are involved in all three.

Question 7

Rovee-Collier's experiments in which two- to three-month-old infants learned to kick to make a mobile move showed that two- to three-month-old infants

A) are not able to remember events from the past.
B) can remember events from the past for a few days or weeks, but over time will not be able to recall the event even if given a memory cue.
C) can remember events from the past for a few days or weeks, but over time will not be able to recall the event unless given a memory cue.
D) can remember events from the past for months without being given a memory cue.

Question 8

________ is a strategy of repetitively naming information that is to be remembered.

A) Outlining
B) Rehearsal
C) Monitoring
D) Summarizing

Question 9

Elaboration is a memory strategy that involves

A) repetitively naming information that is to be remembered.
B) looking at or touching objects that are to be remembered.
C) placing related information together.
D) embellishing information to make it more memorable.

Question 10

Gene has discovered that even though he has underlined the most important information in the textbook, he does not know any of the material very well. What should he do?

A) He should determine the parts of the textbook he is not learning, and underline more in those parts of the textbook.
B) He should underline in a different colour.
C) He should underline more selectively.
D) He should choose another memory strategy.

Question 11

Structuring information to be remembered so that related information is placed together is a memory strategy known as

A) organization.
B) rehearsal.
C) elaboration.
D) metacognition.

Question 12

________ involves the evaluation of a strategy to determine its effectiveness

A) Rehearsal
B) Scripting
C) Summarizing
D) Monitoring

Question 13

The ability to use an effective memory strategy

A) does not change with age.
B) involves evaluating the effectiveness of a particular strategy for the task at hand.
C) does not influence how much one remembers.
D) is well-developed by the time children are seven years old.

Question 14

Which memory strategy is a preschooler most likely to use?

A) rehearsal
B) outlining
C) summarizing
D) looking at or touching a to-be-remembered object

Question 15

With maturation in the _____________________ over the first 24 months, children's memory skills gradually improve.

A) amygdala and prefrontal cortex
B) hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
C) thalamus
D) amygdala

Question 16

Your friend is having a hard time remembering the main points of his psychology textbook. If he asks you to recommend a memory strategy, which one would you suggest?

A) Touch the sentences that contain the main points as you read them.
B) Read the sentences that contain the main points over and over.
C) Outline or write a summary of the main points.
D) Read the assigned chapter twice.

Question 17

Young babies are

A) not able to remember events at all.
B) able to remember events for only a few seconds.
C) able to remember events for only a few hours.
D) able to remember events for days or weeks.

Question 18

Four-year-old Jasmine is asked to remember objects on a tray that she is shown for one minute. During the minute she is shown the objects, Jasmine looks at and touches each object. Jasmine is

A) using a memory strategy.
B) using a script.
C) monitoring.
D) testing an alternate hypothesis.

Question 19

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be involved in successful learning and remembering?

A) Using rehearsal.
B) Identifying the goals of a memory problem.
C) Choosing an effective memory strategy.
D) Monitoring the effectiveness of the chosen memory strategy.

Question 20

The normal working memory capacity is approximately seven items. "Items," though, may be composed of multiple units through

A) elaboration.
B) metacognition.
C) rehearsal.
D) chunking.

Question 21

Knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes is referred to as

A) cognitive self-regulation.
B) memory strategies.
C) metacognitive knowledge.
D) metamemory.

Question 22

When Chi (1978) asked child chess experts and adult chess novices to remember sequences of numbers and positions of chess pieces on a chess board, she found that

A) child chess experts remembered more number sequences and more chess piece patterns than adult chess novices did.
B) adult chess novices remembered more number sequences and more chess piece patterns than child chess experts did.
C) adult chess novices remembered more number sequences, but child chess experts remembered more chess piece patterns.
D) child chess experts remembered more number sequences, but adult chess novices remembered more chess piece patterns.

Question 23

Research by Chi (1978) with child chess experts and adult chess novices has shown that

A) knowledge within a particular area does not influence memory performance.
B) adults' memories are better than children's even when children have expert knowledge in a particular area.
C) knowledge in a particular area organizes and gives meaning to new information.
D) child chess experts could not remember more chess pieces than adult chess novices.

Question 24

Melody has eaten at fast food restaurants many times. She remembers that first you wait in line, then you order your food, pay for it, carry it to a table, eat, and finally, throw away your trash. Melody's knowledge about the events that typically occur when eating at a fast food restaurant is best described as

A) a script.
B) monitoring.
C) rehearsal.
D) working memory.

Question 25

Skill at identifying goals, selecting effective strategies, and monitoring accurately is known as

A) metacognitive knowledge.
B) cognitive self-regulation.
C) metamemory.
D) automatic processing.

Question 26

The inability to recall events from one's early life is referred to as

A) infantile amnesia.
B) autobiographical memory.
C) sensory store.
D) an inhibitory process.

Question 27

Autobiographical memory typically begins in

A) infancy.
B) the preschool years.
C) the school-age years.
D) adolescence

Question 28

As Wendy read her textbook, she wrote summaries of each section. When she met with her study group, she was able to answer many but not all of the questions posed by her study group. What should she do next?

A) She should choose a different memory strategy.
B) She should keep using her current strategy but concentrate on summarizing parts of the textbook she knows least well.
C) She should stop studying because she used an effective memory strategy and knows most of the material already.
D) She should stop going to the study group and study by herself.

Question 29

A memory structure used to describe the sequence in which events occur is referred to as

A) a script.
B) rehearsal.
C) monitoring.
D) repeated questioning.

Question 30

A child's informal understanding of memory is called

A) metamemory.
B) metacognitive knowledge.
C) cognitive self-regulation.
D) a memory strategy.

Question 31

Scripts of events

A) can distort a child's memory for an event.
B) force children to remember every individual activity that is part of an event.
C) make remembering a specific event more difficult.
D) do not provide information about the sequence in which events occur.

Question 32

Seventeen-year-old Jalen remembers the day he met his best friend in grade school, the first day of high school, and the day he got his drivers license. This information is part of his

A) sensory store.
B) working memory.
C) autobiographical memory.
D) infantile amnesia.

Question 33

Jared loves dogs and knows a lot about them while his friend Joe does not. If you asked each of them to remember a list of dog breeds and a list of unrelated words, what would you expect to find?

A) Jared would recall more dog breeds than Joe, but they would both remember about the same number of unrelated words.
B) Jared would recall more dog breeds and more unrelated words than Joe.
C) Jared and Joe would recall about the same number of dog breeds and unrelated words.
D) Jared would recall more dog breeds than Joe, but Joe would recall more unrelated words than Jared.

Question 34

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe the impact of scripts on memory?

A) In trying to recall an event that fits a script, children can retrieve the script and use it to organize recall of the event.
B) Experiences that do not conform to the script may be forgotten or distorted.
C) Children may "remember" events because they are part of the script, not because they were actually experienced.
D) Memory distortions are particularly likely when children are recounting the first experience of a new activity.

Question 35

Knowledge that helps organize information and give it meaning

A) decreases with age.
B) increases with age.
C) does not change with age.
D) does not influence memory.

Question 36

Monitoring effective strategy use

A) is done equally by all age children.
B) improves gradually with age.
C) does not occur until the high school years.
D) is no longer necessary by the high school years.

Question 37

Psychologists often characterize children's knowledge in terms of a network in which

A) the entries are unrelated to one another.
B) younger children have fewer entries but more connecting links.
C) information is organized for adults but not for children.
D) younger children have fewer entries and fewer and weaker connecting links.

Question 38

After Jake set the table, his mother asked him whether he had put napkins on the table. Even though he hadn't, Jake replied "yes" and believed he had because he knew that putting napkins on the table was part of what he always did when he set the table. Jake's distorted memory is best explained as

A) the result of remembering a script.
B) being due to the small capacity of his working memory.
C) a result of poorly organized knowledge.
D) intentional lying.

Question 39

________ refers to people's memory of the significant events and experiences of their own lives.

A) Infantile amnesia
B) Sensory store
C) Automatic processing
D) Autobiographical memory

Question 40

Chi's (1978) study comparing memory in child chess experts and adult chess novices demonstrated

A) the effect of knowledge on memory.
B) how scripts influence memory.
C) the susceptibility of preschoolers' memories to suggestions.
D) the effectiveness of the rehearsal memory strategy

Question 41

To obtain reliable testimony from preschoolers

A) children should be interviewed as soon as possible after the event in question.
B) children should be warned that sometimes interviewers may try to trick them.
C) children should be questioned repeatedly on a single issue.
D) adults should suggest possible events to cue the child's memory

Question 42

The process of extracting meaning from a sequence of words is referred to as

A) word recognition.
B) phonological awareness.
C) the one-to-one principle.
D) comprehension.

Question 43

Phonological awareness

A) is related to success in learning to read.
B) cannot be improved by reading to a child.
C) does not occur until after a child has learned to read.
D) is the process of extracting meaning from words.

Question 44

When experiments are combined instead of evaluated independently so that the results are ambiguous, they are said to be

A) valid.
B) reliable.
C) confounded.
D) longitudinal.

Question 45

Some conspicuous faults that children have with scientific problem solving include all of the following EXCEPT

A) they often devise experiments in which variables are confounded.
B) they often use automatic processes instead of encoding processes.
C) they often reach conclusions prematurely, basing them on too little evidence.
D) they often have difficulty integrating theory and data.

Question 46

When Edna saw the words "Push the red button", she pushed the red button. Edna demonstrated

A) word recognition.
B) comprehension.
C) word recognition and comprehension.
D) neither word recognition nor comprehension.

Question 47

A baby who pulls a cloth toward herself to achieve the main goal of grabbing a toy is demonstrating

A) means-ends analysis.
B) memory.
C) object permanence.
D) automatic processes.

Question 48

All of the following are factors that contribute to young children's failure to use prior planning to solve problems EXCEPT

A) young children may believe that they don't need an explicit plan to solve a problem.
B) planning is hard work that young children may not be willing to invest in.
C) planning requires encoding processes which young children don't possess.
D) young children may expect parents and adults to solve complex problems for them.

Question 49

As a general rule, as children get older, they solve problems

A) more often and more effectively.
B) more often but less effectively.
C) less often but more effectively.
D) less often and less effectively

Question 50

Rules of thumb that do not guarantee a solution but are often useful in solving a range of problems are known as

A) encoding processes.
B) decoding processes.
C) means-ends analysis.
D) heuristics.

Question 51

Your four-year-old daughter is going to testify in court about an event she witnessed. What could you do to make her testimony as reliable as possible?

A) Avoid questioning her repeatedly on a single issue.
B) Encourage her to avoid saying "I don't know" in response to questions.
C) Do not give her more than one possible explanation of what happened.
D) Have her answer a lot of specific questions.

Question 52

Four-year-old Heather is repeatedly questioned about an incident on the playground where a stranger approached her. She is likely to

A) have no memory of the incident.
B) confuse what really happened with what others suggest may have happened.
C) clearly differentiate between what really happened and what others suggest may have happened.
D) believe that adult questioners are deliberately trying to confuse her when they suggest something other than what she reported may actually have happened.

Question 53

________ transform the information in a problem into mental representation

A) Decoding processes
B) Encoding processes
C) Mental strategies
D) Automatic processes

Question 54

Being able to hear the distinctive sounds made by different letters is called

A) comprehension.
B) word recognition.
C) the stable-order principle.
D) phonological awareness.

Question 55

In Leichtman and Ceci's study on the effects of repeated questioning and being given a stereotype on the accuracy of preschool children's memory of an incident, they found children were

A) not mislead by either suggestive questioning or stereotypes.
B) mislead by suggestive questioning but not by stereotypes.
C) mislead by stereotypes but not by suggestive questioning.
D) mislead by both stereotypes and suggestive questioning, especially when they were combined.

Question 56

Infantile amnesia

A) means that adults can remember many events that occurred in their lives before the age of three years.
B) means that infants are not able to form memories.
C) may be related to the young child's well-developed sense of self.
D) may be related to an individual's changing language ability.

Question 57

________ is the process of identifying a unique pattern of letters.

A) Comprehension
B) Word recognition
C) The cardinality principle
D) Phonological awareness

Question 58

Ten-year-old Amy was born in Minnesota, then moved to Florida when she was two years old. Although she lived through many blizzards when in Minnesota, she can't remember ever seeing snow. What concept best explains this situation?

A) autobiographical memory
B) a script
C) infantile amnesia
D) repeated questioning

Question 59

Dr. Morris said the words cat, hat, dog, and bat and asked Alana which word did not rhyme with the others. Dr. Morris appears to be interested in Alana's

A) comprehension.
B) phonological awareness.
C) word recognition.
D) propositions.

Question 60

Research on the accuracy of children's testimonies found

A) preschoolers often spontaneously report events that did not happen.
B) preschoolers rarely were misled by suggestive questioning.
C) preschoolers were more likely to be misled when stereotypes and suggestive questioning were combined.
D) older preschoolers (five- and six-year-olds) were more likely to be misled by suggestive questioning than younger preschoolers (three- and four-year-olds).

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT a reason for the improvements in writing that occur as children mature?

A) As children mature, they gain more knowledge about the world and, therefore, have more to tell others in their writing.
B) Adolescents use a knowledge-telling strategy and young children use a knowledge-transforming strategy when writing.
C) Older children need to concentrate less on the mechanical requirements (e.g., printing, spelling, punctuation) than do younger children.
D) As children develop, they have greater skill in revising and editing their writing.

Question 62

When parents read rhyming stories, such as those written by Dr. Seuss, to their children, their

A) children's phonological awareness decreases.
B) children usually become bored and learn to dislike reading.
C) children may enjoy it but their reading skills will not improve.
D) children learn how to read easier.

Question 63

When writing, young children are more likely to use ________ strategies whereas adolescents more often use ________ strategies.

A) phonological; propositional
B) prepositional; phonological
C) knowledge-telling; knowledge-transforming
D) knowledge-transforming; knowledge-telling

Question 64

Beginning readers

A) use sentence context to help them recognize words.
B) rarely use "sounding out" to identify words.
C) do not use direct retrieval of words.
D) retrieve unfamiliar words more rapidly than familiar words.

Question 65

As children get older, their writing improves because

A) they have more general knowledge about the world.
B) they begin to write down information directly as they retrieve it from memory.
C) they spend more time on the mechanical aspects of writing.
D) they don't revise their writing as much as they did when younger.

Question 66

By about ________ of age infants are able to distinguish two objects from three.

A) one month
B) five months
C) 18 months
D) two years

Question 67

When readers recognize t faster in cast than in asct, it is most likely because they are using ________ as an aid to letter recognition.

A) sounding out
B) direct retrieval
C) context
D) comprehension

Question 68

Which of the following is a factor that contributes to improved reading comprehension with age?

A) Children's knowledge of their world increases so they understand more of what they read.
B) Working memory capacity decreases which makes identifying propositions more difficult.
C) Younger readers are more likely to reread passages that they find confusing or difficult.
D) Younger readers are better able to select a reading strategy that fits the material being read.

Question 69

Retrieving words from memory is used in reading by

A) beginning readers only.
B) skilled readers only.
C) both beginning and skilled readers.
D) neither beginning nor skilled readers.

Question 70

Five-month-old infants

A) cannot distinguish one object from two objects.
B) use the one-to-one principle.
C) can distinguish two objects from three objects.
D) do not seem to be sensitive to quantity as a characteristic of stimuli.

Question 71

Children derive meaning by combining words to form

A) propositions.
B) direct retrieval.
C) scripts.
D) phonological awareness

Question 72

Infants are able to distinguish differences in quantity because

A) they are able to count objects.
B) adults tell them how many objects there are.
C) their perceptual system is sensitive to quantity as a characteristic of stimuli.
D) they understand the one-to-one principle.

Question 73

You show five-month-old Zachary many pictures of two objects. At first he looks at each picture for several seconds, but after several are shown he just glances at each briefly then looks away. Then you show him a picture of three objects. What would you expect him to do?

A) Look at the picture briefly then look away, because to him it looks just like a picture with two objects.
B) Look at the picture with renewed interest for several seconds, because he will recognize that three objects are different from two objects.
C) Look at the picture and say, "One, two, three."
D) Start crying and refuse to look at the picture because it is unfamiliar.

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to improved reading comprehension with age?

A) increases in working memory capacity with age
B) increased general knowledge about the world with age
C) lower levels of comprehension monitoring with age
D) selecting more appropriate reading strategies with age

Question 75

When 14-year-old Allison writes a story, she first decides what she wants to write about and then thinks about how she could most effectively organize the information to get her ideas across to the reader. Allison uses a ________ writing strategy.

A) knowledge-transforming
B) knowledge-telling
C) word recognition
D) comprehension

Question 76

As Derrick read the sentence "The little girl swam in the pool", he could derive a number of ________ including "there is a girl", "the girl is little", "the girl was in the pool", and "the girl was swimming."

A) scripts
B) phonological awarenesses
C) one-to-one principles
D) propositions

Question 77

When Kelly saw the word hat, she said, "H-h-h-h-a-a-a-t-t-t!" Kelly appeared to use ________ to recognize the word hat.

A) direct retrieval
B) context cues
C) comprehension
D) sounding out

Question 78

"Sounding out" words

A) is more common in older readers than in beginning readers.
B) is commonly done by beginning readers.
C) hinders reading ability.
D) involves recognizing words through direct retrieval from long-term memory

Question 79

Which of the following kindergartners will be most likely to learn to read more easily?

A) Erik, who cannot identify words that rhyme and words that don't rhyme.
B) Siu-lan, who does not know most of the letters of the alphabet.
C) Sholonda, whose parents read rhymes to her.
D) Justin, who cannot identify the first, middle, or last sounds found in short words.

Question 80

A group of teachers is discussing how children read. Which of them made a TRUE statement?

A) Hester, who said beginning readers sound words out, but advanced readers always retrieve words from memory.
B) Fran, who said advanced readers sound words out and only beginning readers use memory retrieval.
C) Carolyn, who said that as readers become more skilled, they sound out fewer words and retrieve more words from memory but will still sound out unfamiliar words.
D) Mary, who said sounding out words is quicker than retrieving words from memory.