Deck 13: Sexual Disorders

Question 1

Which of the following statements is true regarding comorbidity in behavioural disorders?

A) Behavioural disorders seen in children tend to be co-morbid with generalized anxiety disorder
B) Behavioural disorders seen in children tend to be co-morbid with psychotic disorders
C) Behavioural disorders seen in children tend to be co-morbid with mood disorders
D) Behavioural disorders seen in children tend to be co-morbid with themselves

Answer 1

Behavioural disorders seen in children tend to be co-morbid with themselves

Question 2

What does developmental psychopathology refer to?

A) The study of psychological disorders in adolescents
B) The study of psychological disorders in children
C) The study of psychological disorders in toddlers
D) The study of psychological disorders in infants

Answer 2

The study of psychological disorders in children

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true regarding the prevalence of ADHD in Canada?

A) It is higher for children between the ages of 6 and 8 years than for those between the ages of 12 and 14 years
B) It is higher for children between the ages of 12 and 14 years than for those between the ages of 6 and 8 years
C) It remains the same across different age groups
D) It is higher in adults than children

Answer 3

It is higher for children between the ages of 6 and 8 years than for those between the ages of 12 and 14 years

Question 4

Temperament refers to all of the following, except:

A) General mood
B) Manner of thinking
C) Good health
D) Behaving or reacting

Question 5

Which of the following terms is used to describe a child who faces multiple stress sources but maintains good mental health?

A) Careful
B) Resilient
C) Thrifty
D) Flexible

Question 6

Which of the following is not a subtype of ADHD?

A) Combined type
B) Predominantly inattentive type
C) Medication-resistant type
D) Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type

Question 7

Children who are diagnosed with ADHD are at increased risks for all of the following, except:

A) Substance use disorder
B) Retrograde amnesia
C) Legal problems
D) Interpersonal problems

Question 8

Which of the following is true concerning disruptive behaviours in children with ADHD?

A) Boys with ADHD tend to have more disruptive behaviours than do girls with ADHD
B) Boys with ADHD tend to have less disruptive behaviours than do girls with ADHD
C) Boys and girls with ADHD tend to have the same level of disruptive behaviours
D) Boys and girls with ADHD do not perform disruptive behaviours

Question 9

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Children with ADHD are often intrusive, irritable, and demanding
B) Between 45 and 60% of children with ADHD develop conduct disorder, abuse drugs, or become juvenile delinquents
C) Children with conduct disorder often violate social norms and act uncaringly
D) Conduct problems of children with ADHD and conduct disorder do not persist into adulthood

Question 10

Which of the following is not a behavioural disorder?

A) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B) Oppositional defiant disorder
C) Enuresis
D) Conduct disorder

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Many children who face major stressors do not develop severe psychological disorders
B) Most children in underdeveloped areas suffer from psychological disorders
C) Children who come from privileged backgrounds rarely develop mental health problems
D) Homeless children who have high quality interactions with their parents are more likely to develop psychological problems than children who are not homeless

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true regarding the course of ADHD?

A) Many children maintain the symptoms of ADHD well into adulthood and lead unproductive lives
B) Many children outgrow the symptoms of ADHD and lead normal healthy lives
C) Many children outgrow the symptoms of ADHD but find it difficult to lead normal healthy lives
D) Many children maintain the symptoms of ADHD throughout adulthood and lead normal productive lives

Question 13

Which of the following is false concerning children with ADHD?

A) Children diagnosed with ADHD often perform above their intellectual capabilities
B) Approximately 20 to 25% of children with ADHD may have serious learning disabilities
C) Children with ADHD often have extremely poor relationships with other children
D) Children with ADHD are often disorganized and have difficulty staying on task

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true concerning gender differences in ADHD?

A) Girls are more likely than boys to develop ADHD in childhood and early adolescence than boys
B) Boys are more likely than girls to develop ADHD in childhood and early adolescence
C) Boys and girls are equally likely to develop ADHD in childhood and early adolescence, but exhibit different symptoms
D) Boys and girls are equally likely to develop ADHD in early adulthood, but exhibit different symptoms

Question 15

What was ADHD formerly referred to as?

A) Maximum brain damage
B) Minimal brain damage
C) Maximum structural damage
D) Minimal structural damage

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true regarding the prevalence of emotional and behavioural disorders?

A) Epidemiological studies suggest that more than a third of children suffer from significant emotional or behavioural disorders by the time they are 16 years of age
B) Epidemiological studies suggest that more than 50% of children suffer from significant emotional and behavioural disorders by the time they are 16 years of age
C) Epidemiological studies suggest that more than two thirds of children suffer from significant emotional and behavioural disorders by the time they are 16 years of age
D) Epidemiological studies suggest that fewer than 15% of children suffer from significant emotional and behavioural disorders by the time they are 16 years of age

Question 17

Approximately what percentage of children in Canada lives below the poverty line?

A) 13 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 30 percent
D) 22 percent

Question 18

What is the study of childhood psychological disorders called?

A) Childhood behavioural genetics
B) Clinical psychology
C) Developmental psychopathology
D) Child biopsychopathology

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true regarding gender differences in vulnerability to mental health problems?

A) Girls are more vulnerable to mental health problems than are boys prior to the age of 16
B) Boys are more vulnerable to mental health problems than are girls prior to the age of 16
C) Girls and boys are equally vulnerable to mental health problems after the age of 16
D) There is no significant difference between the vulnerability of girls and boys to mental health problems prior to the age of 16

Question 20

Which of the following behavioural disorders is not diagnosed in children?

A) Antisocial personality disorder
B) Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
C) Conduct disorder
D) Oppositional defiant disorder

Question 21

Which of the following medications is not a common treatment for children with ADHD?

A) Effexor
B) Ritalin
C) Dexdrine
D) Adderall

Question 22

Which of the following statements is not true concerning the histories of prenatal and birth complications in children with ADHD?

A) Their mother may have ingested large amounts of nicotine or barbiturates during pregnancy
B) Their mother had prolonged and intense labour pains
C) They were delivered prematurely and had a low birth weight
D) They experienced oxygen deprivation as a result of a difficult delivery

Question 23

Which of the following brain areas has not been linked to ADHD?

A) Caudate nucleus
B) Occipital lobe
C) Frontal lobe
D) Corpus callosum

Question 24

Approximately what percentage of children diagnosed with conduct disorder are eventually diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder as adults?

A) 5 to 10%
B) 10 to 15%
C) 35 to 40%
D) 50 to 65%

Question 25

Which of the following hypotheses states that neurological immaturity in the brains of children results in slower development and the inability to maintain attention and control behaviour?

A) Impulse hypothesis
B) Immaturity hypothesis
C) Imbalance hypothesis
D) Neurological hypothesis

Question 26

Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in ADHD?

A) Dopamine
B) Serotonin
C) Norepinephrine
D) Acetylcholine

Question 27

Approximately what percentage of children diagnosed with ADHD respond to stimulant medications?

A) 10 to 20%
B) 25 to 28%
C) 40 to 50%
D) 70 to 85%

Question 28

Which of the following is not a common side effect of stimulant drugs?

A) Decreased appetite
B) Edginess
C) Hypersomnia
D) Gastrointestinal upset

Question 29

According to studies examining short and long-term improvement in ADHD symptoms, which of the following findings is true?

A) Stimulant therapy and psychosocial therapy are less likely to lead to both short-term and long-term improvements than any other type of therapy alone
B) Stimulant therapy and humanistic therapy are more likely to lead to both short-term and long-term improvements than any other type of therapy alone
C) Stimulant therapy and psychosocial therapy are more likely to lead to both short-term and long-term improvements than any other type of therapy alone
D) Stimulant therapy and cognitive therapy are less likely to lead to both short-term and long-term improvements than any other type of therapy alone

Question 30

Which of the following statements is true concerning the controversy surrounding the use of medications for treating children diagnosed with ADHD?

A) Studies indicate that teachers convince parents to medicate their children
B) Studies show that the media has encouraged drug manufacturers to increase their production of stimulants
C) Studies indicate that some children who receive medication for ADHD symptoms do not actually have symptoms that meet the diagnostic criteria for the disorder
D) Studies show that primary caregivers have little understanding of ADHD behaviours

Question 31

Which of the following symptoms is not associated with oppositional defiant disorder?

A) Temper tantrums
B) Actively defying rules
C) Blaming others
D) Killing small animals

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true concerning dietary factors in ADHD?

A) Empirical studies have shown that children with allergies to nuts are more likely to develop ADHD
B) Empirical studies have not supported the idea that consuming large amounts of sugar will cause a child to develop ADHD
C) Empirical studies have indicated that there is a causal link between dietary factors and the development of ADHD
D) Empirical studies have indicated that ADHD is linked to high starch and carbohydrate intake

Question 33

Which childhood behavioural disorder is characterized by a chronic pattern of unconcern for the basic rights of others?

A) Conduct disorder
B) Oppositional defiant disorder
C) Autism
D) Antisocial personality disorder

Question 34

Which of the following treatments for ADHD symptoms have longer-term gains?

A) Medication and cognitive therapy
B) Medication and psychodynamic therapy
C) Medication and behavioural therapy
D) Medication only

Question 35

Which of the following statements is true concerning family members of children with ADHD?

A) Between 10 and 35% of the immediate family members of children with ADHD are also likely to have the disorder
B) Between 5 and 25% of the immediate family members of children with ADHD are also likely to have the disorder
C) Between 35 and 45% of the immediate family members of children with ADHD are also likely to have the disorder
D) Between 50 and 75% of the immediate family members of children with ADHD are also likely to have the disorder

Question 36

Which of the following drugs is known to reduce tics and increase cognitive abilities in children diagnosed with ADHD?

A) Ritalin
B) Guanfacine
C) Dexedrine
D) Adderall

Question 37

Which of the following is true concerning children with conduct disorder?

A) Children with conduct disorder continue to have mild difficulty conforming to societal norms in adolescence and adulthood
B) Children with conduct disorder continue to have moderate difficulty conforming to societal norms in adolescence and adulthood
C) Children with conduct disorder continue to have serious difficulty conforming to societal norms in adolescence and adulthood
D) Children with conduct disorder have no difficulty conforming to societal norms during adolescence and adulthood

Question 38

Joshua has been diagnosed with ADHD. He is taking a medication that reduces his tics and increases his cognitive performance. However, the medication has produced side effects such as dry mouth, fatigue, dizziness, and constipation. Which of the following medications is Joshua most likely taking?

A) Ritalin
B) Clonidine
C) Adderall
D) Valium

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true concerning the prescription of stimulant medications for children with ADHD?

A) Prescriptions have not increased substantially in the last two decades
B) Prescriptions increased by 100% between 1990 and 2000
C) Prescriptions increased by 100% between 1994 and 1998
D) Prescriptions increased by 200 to 400% in the last five decades

Question 40

Which medications are known to reduce disruptive behaviours in children with ADHD?

A) Antidepressants
B) Stimulants
C) Antipsychotics
D) Anxiolytics

Question 41

All of the following medications may contribute to the reduction of disruptive behaviours in children diagnosed with behavioural disorders, except:

A) Antidepressants
B) Antipsychotics
C) Anticonvulsants
D) Antimanics

Question 42

Treatment for conduct disorder is least likely to focus on which of the following?

A) Changing the child's maladaptive way of interpreting interpersonal interactions
B) Using self-talk as a way of controlling impulsive behaviours
C) Resolving unconscious conflicts
D) Teaching the child to take the perspective of others

Question 43

Which of the following disorders can lead to the development of conduct disorder when the symptoms result in school failure, rejection of school, poor peer relationships, and peer rejection?

A) Acute stress disorder
B) Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
C) Separation anxiety disorder
D) Antisocial personality disorder

Question 44

Which of the following statements is true concerning the onset of oppositional defiant disorder?

A) The symptoms generally occur during infancy
B) The symptoms generally begin during toddler and preschool years
C) The symptoms generally occur during preschool years only
D) The symptoms generally occur during preschool and elementary school years

Question 45

According to research studies, how are children diagnosed with conduct disorder described as infants?

A) Colicky
B) Irritable and demanding
C) Overstimulated
D) Shy and undemanding

Question 46

Allen is a six-year-old who is constantly throwing temper tantrums at school. His teacher finds his behaviour very disruptive. In addition, he refuses to obey the classroom rules and gets agitated very easily. Allen is most likely experiencing symptoms of which of the following disorders?

A) Conduct disorder
B) Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
C) Generalized anxiety disorder
D) Oppositional defiant disorder

Question 47

Jeremy is argumentative, negative, and irritable, and actively defies requests and rules. Jeremy is most likely exhibiting symptoms of which disorder?

A) ADHD
B) Conduct disorder
C) Oppositional defiant disorder
D) PTSD

Question 48

A child diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder is least likely to do which of the following behaviours?

A) Torturing small animals
B) Blaming others for their own mistakes
C) Becoming easily annoyed by others
D) Being spiteful and vindictive

Question 49

When determining a differential diagnosis between oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, a psychologist might look for which of the following behaviours to help with the diagnosis?

A) Anger and aggression
B) Violent behaviours
C) Irritability
D) Defiance of rules or requests

Question 50

Susan is 23-years old and pregnant. She has minimal resources to receive the proper prenatal care. Susan also smokes and drinks during her pregnancy and does not receive proper prenatal nutrition. Susan's baby is at risk of which of the following problems?

A) Having neuropsychological problems
B) Developing depression
C) Developing antisocial personality disorder
D) Suffering trauma while passing through the birth canal

Question 51

Long-term studies of adolescent girls and adult women diagnosed with conduct disorder in childhood have found higher rates of all of the following, except:

A) Schizoid personality disorder
B) Unplanned pregnancies
C) Depression
D) Criminal activity

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true concerning children with conduct disorder?

A) Children diagnosed with conduct disorder are responsive to punishments and rewards because they rebel against authority figures
B) Children diagnosed with conduct disorder are less responsive to punishment and rewards because they have high arousal that inhibits their impulse control
C) Children diagnosed with conduct disorder are less responsive to punishment and rewards because they are less physiologically aroused than other children to reinforcements and punishments
D) Children diagnosed with conduct disorder are less responsive to punishment and rewards because of poor parenting styles

Question 53

Bruce was convicted of being a serial rapist. His case history might reveal that Bruce was diagnosed with which of the following childhood disorders?

A) Conduct disorder
B) Antisocial personality disorder
C) Borderline personality disorder
D) Oppositional defiant disorder

Question 54

Most psychotherapies for conduct disorder are derived from which theoretical perspective?

A) Humanistic theory
B) Psychoanalytic theory
C) Psychodynamic theory
D) Social learning theory

Question 55

Boys and girls diagnosed with conduct disorder are just as likely to engage in all of the following behaviours, except:

A) Stealing
B) Lying
C) Ostracism
D) Substance abuse

Question 56

Which of the following parenting practices does not contribute to vulnerability to hyperactivity and conduct disturbances?

A) Lack of involvement in the child's daily activities
B) Authoritative parenting practices
C) Negative communication patterns such as ridicule and criticism
D) Physical maltreatment

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true concerning gender differences in aggressive behaviours?

A) Aggressive behaviours are rarer in boys than girls
B) Aggressive behaviours are rarer in girls than boys
C) There is no difference in the aggressive behaviours of girls and boys
D) Aggressive behaviours are not rarer in girls than in boys, but the presentation of the behaviours is different

Question 58

Neuropsychological problems associated with antisocial behaviours have been linked to all of the following, except:

A) Prenatal and postnatal exposure to toxic agents
B) Birth complications
C) Paternal stress
D) Maternal drug use

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true regarding gender differences in behavioural disorders?

A) Boys are three times more likely to be diagnosed with conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder than girls
B) Boys are five times more likely to be diagnosed with conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder than girls
C) Boys are three times more likely to be diagnosed with conduct disorder than girls, whereas girls are five times more likely to be diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder than boys
D) Boys are five times more likely to be diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder than girls, whereas girls are three times more likely to be diagnosed with conduct disorder than boys

Question 60

Which of the following statements is true concerning the prevalence of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder?

A) Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder are more frequently found in children in lower socio-economic classes and urban areas than in children in higher socio-economic classes and rural areas
B) Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder are more frequently found in children in higher socio-economic classes and rural areas than in children in lower socio-economic classes and urban areas
C) Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder are more frequently found in children in lower socio-economic classes and rural areas than in children in higher socio-economic classes and rural areas
D) Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder are more frequently found in children in higher socio-economic classes and urban areas than in children in higher socio-economic classes and rural areas

Question 61

Shy, fearful and irritable toddlers who become cautious and introverted school aged children are likely born with which of the following?

A) Social introversion
B) Behavioural inhibition
C) Social isolation
D) Behavioural neuroticism

Question 62

A child who is over the age of five and has wet his/her bed or clothes at least twice a week for three months is likely to be diagnosed with which of the following disorders?

A) Enuresis
B) Urinary tract infection
C) Bladder deficits
D) Encopresis

Question 63

Which of the following is true concerning parents of children who develop separation anxiety disorder?

A) Separation anxiety disorder is unlikely to develop if parents have a history of anxiety disorders
B) Children diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder often come from high socio-economic environments
C) Authoritative parenting styles have been implicated in the causation of separation anxiety disorder in children
D) Parents may inadvertently reinforce anxious behaviours through modeling

Question 64

According to psychodynamic and family systems therapists, what causes enuresis?

A) Lack of self-control
B) Ineffective toilet training
C) Disruption or dysfunction in the family
D) Separation anxiety

Question 65

Studies indicate that parents of children with anxiety disorders frequently have a history of which of the following disorders?

A) Mood disorder
B) Anxiety disorders
C) Eating disorders
D) Personality disorders

Question 66

Which behavioural technique has been shown to be effective as a long-term solution to enuresis?

A) Modeling
B) Punishment schedule
C) Reinforcement schedule
D) Bell and pad method

Question 67

Which of the following is the most effective treatment for enuresis?

A) Systematic desensitization
B) Bell and pad method
C) Anti-anxiety medications
D) Self-talk techniques

Question 68

Which of the following is not a cognitive behavioural technique used to treat separation anxiety disorder?

A) Relaxation exercises
B) Modeling non-anxious reactions to separation
C) Self-talk techniques
D) Self-actualization techniques

Question 69

Which of the following is least likely to be affected by untreated separation anxiety disorder in a child?

A) Peer interactions
B) Academic performance
C) Affection for the parent
D) Anxiety levels

Question 70

Research suggests that approximately what percentage of children diagnosed with enuresis has a biological relative who also had the disorder?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 25%
D) 75%

Question 71

The bell and pad method is based on which of the following learning perspectives?

A) Skinner's reinforcement schedule
B) Pavlov's classical conditioning
C) Bandura's observational learning
D) Bandura's social learning

Question 72

Which of the following statements is false concerning separation anxiety disorder?

A) Separation anxiety disorder can develop as a result of a traumatic event
B) Symptoms must be present for at least two years before a diagnosis can be made
C) Separation anxiety can reoccur throughout childhood and adolescence if left untreated
D) Separation anxiety is more common in girls than boys

Question 73

Which of the following hormones has been associated with behavioural inhibition?

A) Testosterone
B) Adrenaline
C) Corticotropin-releasing hormone
D) Estrogen

Question 74

Studies indicate that children who were high in behavioural inhibition as infants are at increased risk of developing which of the following childhood disorders?

A) Oppositional defiant disorder
B) Anxiety disorders
C) Autism
D) Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 75

Which of the following statements is false concerning relapse in children with conduct disorder?

A) Poor parenting skills and psychopathology can contribute to relapse in children diagnosed with conduct disorder
B) Booster sessions following the initial course of therapy helps to reduce relapse
C) There are no empirically supported methods to reduce relapse in children diagnosed with conduct disorder
D) Home interventions may contribute to the reduction of relapse

Question 76

Which psychological perspective proposes that enuresis is a result of lax or inappropriate toilet training?

A) Behavioural
B) Cognitive
C) Psychodynamic
D) Interpersonal

Question 77

Suzanne's therapist uses role-playing to generate a variety of situations that will help her respond in a more positive way. The therapist also models how Suzanne might respond in an assertive situation. What type of skill set is Suzanne's therapist teaching her?

A) Basic life skills
B) Adaptive problem-solving skills
C) Relaxation skills
D) Anger management skills

Question 78

Suzanne's therapist has been teaching her to talk to herself in difficult situations, by repeating phrases that help to calm her and to consider adaptive ways of coping with the situation. These techniques will help Suzanne reduce maladaptive responses. Which treatment technique is her therapist most likely using?

A) Private-talk
B) Solitary speech
C) Self-talk
D) Inner speech

Question 79

Candy's mother was in a serious traffic accident and was hospitalized for two weeks. During her mother's absence, Candy began to have nightmares and excessive fear that her mother was going to die. Her father had difficulty getting her to stay at school. These behaviours continued even when Candy's mother was released from the hospital. What is Candy most likely experiencing?

A) Generalized anxiety
B) Existential anxiety
C) Neurotic anxiety
D) Separation anxiety

Question 80

June's parents sought treatment for her enuresis. Her psychologist recommended the bell and pad method. What kind of therapy does June's psychologist practice?

A) Cognitive therapy
B) Behavioural therapy
C) Social learning therapy
D) Psychodynamic therapy