Deck 13: Ethyl Alcohol and the Inhalants of Abuse

Question 1

After correcting for differences in body weight,women drinking the same amount of ethanol as men have:

A)higher blood ethanol levels than men owing to a lower percent body fat.
B)lower blood ethanol levels than men owing to a lower percent body fat.
C)higher blood ethanol levels than men owing to a higher percent body fat.
D)lower blood ethanol levels than men owing to a higher percent body fat.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The first step in the metabolism of ethanol occurs through action of the enzyme:

A)alcohol dehydrogenase.
B)aldehyde dehydrogenase.
C)acetaldehyde.
D)formaldehyde.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The sedation and muscle relaxation produced by alcohol are thought to be the result of:

A)blockade of the NMDA receptor.
B)blockade of the GABA receptor.
C)activation of the NMDA receptor.
D)activation of the GABA receptor.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The first step in the metabolism of ethanol is conversion to:

A)acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase.
B)acetaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
C)formaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
D)acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Question 5

The first step in the metabolism of ethanol is its conversion to:

A)methanol.
B)formaldehyde.
C)acetaldehyde.
D)aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Question 6

Women have higher blood ethanol levels than men,after correcting for body weight,because women have:

A)lower levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in their liver.
B)higher levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in their liver.
C)lower levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in their stomach.
D)higher levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in their stomach.

Question 7

Metabolism of ethanol occurs to the greatest extent in the _______,and to a lesser extent in the ________.

A)small intestine; liver
B)liver; small intestine
C)stomach; liver
D)liver; stomach

Question 8

The third step in the metabolism of ethanol is conversion to:

A)acetic acid.
B)acetaldehyde.
C)formaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
D)carbon dioxide and water.

Question 9

All of the following are believed to be mechanisms of action of moderate doses of ethanol,EXCEPT:

A)alterations of ACh receptor activity.
B)alterations of intracellular transduction processes.
C)alterations of NMDA receptor activity.
D)alterations of GABA receptor activity.

Question 10

After correcting for differences in body weight,men and women drinking the same amount of ethanol have:

A)the same blood ethanol levels.
B)different blood ethanol levels,with men having higher levels than women.
C)different blood ethanol levels,with women having higher levels than men.
D)equal probability of having higher or lower blood ethanol levels.

Question 11

The vast majority (approximately 85 percent)of the metabolism of ethanol occurs in the:

A)liver.
B)stomach.
C)brain.
D)small intestine.

Question 12

Researchers now believe most of the effects of moderate doses of ethanol:

A)result from cell membrane destabilization.
B)are similar to those produced by the general anesthetics.
C)are nonspecific and indirect.
D)result from specific actions at specific receptors.

Question 13

Women have far _______ gastric metabolism than men owing to ________ levels of alcohol dehydrogenase.

A)less; higher
B)more; higher
C)less; lower
D)more; lower

Question 14

Many of the effects of ethanol are believed to be due to:

A)enhancement of glutamate action at the NMDA receptor and blockade of GABA action.
B)enhancement of glutamate action at the NMDA receptor and enhancement of GABA action.
C)blockade of glutamate action at the NMDA receptor and enhancement of GABA action.
D)blockade of glutamate action at the NMDA receptor and blockade of GABA action.

Question 15

Drinking alcohol on a full stomach _______ the time that ethanol is susceptible to first-pass metabolism and results in _________ blood ethanol levels.

A)reduces; decreased
B)increases; decreased
C)reduces; increased
D)increases; increased

Question 16

"Anticraving" drugs used to treat ethanol dependency include:

A)NMDA blockers and GABA agonists.
B)NMDA agonists and GABA blockers.
C)NMDA blockers and GABA blockers.
D)NMDA agonists and GABA agonists.

Question 17

Rapid gastric emptying _______ the time that ethanol is susceptible to first-pass metabolism and results in ________ blood ethanol levels.

A)reduces; decreased
B)increases; decreased
C)reduces; increased
D)increases; increased

Question 18

Drinking alcohol on an empty stomach:

A)speeds up alcohol metabolism by slowing down gastric emptying.
B)slows down alcohol metabolism by slowing down gastric emptying.
C)speeds up alcohol metabolism by increasing gastric emptying.
D)slows down alcohol metabolism by increasing gastric emptying.

Question 19

Ethanol is metabolized in the ________ in its "first-pass metabolism."

A)liver
B)stomach
C)brain
D)small intestine

Question 20

The second step in the metabolism of ethanol is conversion to:

A)alcohol dehydrogenase by acetaldehyde.
B)acetaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
C)formaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
D)acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Question 21

Differences between levels of the liver enzyme responsible for metabolism of ethanol account in part for differences in blood ethanol levels between men and women,after controlling for weight.

Question 22

As with many drugs of abuse,the positively reinforcing effects of ethanol are thought to be ultimately the result of the activation of the following neurotransmitter:

A)GABA.
B)glutamate.
C)acetylcholine.
D)dopamine.

Question 23

Alcohol in moderate doses ______ the risk of ischemic stroke by _______ platelet aggregation.

A)reduces; increasing
B)reduces; decreasing
C)increases; increasing
D)increases; decreasing

Question 24

In alcohol withdrawal,the mood stabilizing drug Lamictal is efficacious in:
A)decreasing alcohol craving.

A)protecting the brain.
B)improving mood.
B)All of the answers are correct.

Question 25

The age of onset of drinking behavior is ______________ with outcomes as adults.

A)not correlated with
B)positively correlated with
C)negatively correlated with
D)dependent upon

Question 26

The drug of choice for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal is:

A)Antabuse.
B)clonidine (Catapress).
C)aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors.
D)benzodiazepines.

Question 27

Toluene,the psychoactive ingredient in airplane glue,exerts its central action through:

A)vasodilatation.
B)muscle relaxation.
C)activation of dopaminergic reward centers.
D)anesthetic-like effects.

Question 28

The most common cause of death in alcoholics is:

A)respiratory arrest.
B)cardiac arrest.
C)stroke.
D)liver damage.

Question 29

Two of the greatest health risks for chronic alcoholics are:

A)kidney disease and vitamin deficiency.
B)liver disease and Korsakoff's syndrome.
C)kidney disease and Korsakoff's syndrome.
D)kidney disease and liver disease.

Question 30

The most common cause of death by alcohol overdose is:

A)respiratory arrest.
B)cardiac arrest.
C)stroke.
D)liver damage.

Question 31

Alcohol in low doses _______ the risk of coronary artery disease by _______ high-density lipoproteins in blood.

A)reduces; decreasing
B)reduces; increasing
C)increases; decreasing
D)increases; increasing

Question 32

Korsakoff's syndrome involves damage to the:

A)liver.
B)kidneys.
C)heart.
D)brain.

Question 33

Disulfiram (Antabuse)is useful in treating alcoholics because it inhibits the:

A)conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde.
B)conversion of acetaldehyde to acetic acid.
C)enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.
D)conversion of acetic acid to acetaldehyde.

Question 34

The delirium tremens (DTs)consist of the following symptoms:

A)hallucinations.
B)disorientation.
C)psychomotor agitation.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 35

Ethanol is soluble in fat,but not in water.

Question 36

The most serious physiological long-term consequence of excessive alcohol consumption is:

A)respiratory arrest.
B)cardiac arrest.
C)stroke.
D)liver damage.

Question 37

Alcohol:

A)dilates blood vessels and raises body temperature.
B)constricts blood vessels and raises body temperature.
C)dilates blood vessels and lowers body temperature.
D)constricts blood vessels and lowers body temperature.

Question 38

Tolerance to alcohol includes:

A)enzyme-induction (metabolic)and tissue/functional tolerance.
B)enzyme-induction (metabolic)but not tissue/functional tolerance.
C)tissue/functional but not enzyme-induction (metabolic)tolerance.
D)neither enzyme-induction (metabolic)nor tissue/functional tolerance.

Question 39

With chronic abuse of inhalants,serious complications can include:

A)liver and/or kidney failure.
B)dementia.
C)neuropathies and encephalopathy.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 40

Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by:

A)central nervous system dysfunction.
B)retarded growth rate.
C)facial abnormalities.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 41

The mood stabilizing anticonvulsants are useful for detoxifying alcoholics.

Question 42

Although useful in treating anxiety,the benzodiazepines (lorazepam,for example)are of little use in treating alcohol withdrawal.

Question 43

Acamprosate has actions similar to ethanol at both the GABA and NMDA receptors.

Question 44

The second-generation antidepressants known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (Prozac,for example)are useful in treating low-risk alcoholics.

Question 45

In expectant mothers,chronic ethanol ingestion but not binge drinking increases the risk of mental health problems in their children.

Question 46

One of the mechanisms of ethanol action is activation of the GABA receptor.

Question 47

One of the mechanisms of ethanol action is activation of the NMDA subtype of the glutamate receptor.

Question 48

Moderate doses of ethanol reduce the risk of ischemic stroke.

Question 49

At least part of ethanol's actions appear to be a result of alterations in serotonergic activity.

Question 50

Chronic ethanol ingestion decreases levels of the cannabinoid-receptor agonist anandamide.

Question 51

The ability of ethanol to nonselectively disturb synaptic activation of various neurotransmitters indicates that ethanol produces at least some of its effects by destabilizing cell membranes.

Question 52

Alcohol abuse is one of the most common causes of adult-onset seizures.

Question 53

In the United States,the prevalence of inhalant abuse among adolescents is exceeded only by the use of marijuana,alcohol,and tobacco.

Question 54

Although alcohol damages the liver,it does not appear to damage the brain.