Deck 1: Pharmacokinetics: How Drugs Are Handled by the Body

Question 1

The term kinetics implies:

A)place and time.
B)direction and time.
C)space and time.
D)movement and time.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In its simplest form,"pharmacokinetics" describes a drug's:

A)strength.
B)time course.
C)main effects.
D)toxicity levels.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Rectal drug administration may be used in place of oral drug administration to avoid:

A)absorption into bloodstream.
B)irritation to mucous membranes.
C)too rapid drug absorption.
D)nausea/vomiting.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A drug that can pass rapidly and easily through the capillary wall surrounding the brain must be:

A)highly water soluble.
B)highly lipid soluble.
C)either highly water soluble or highly lipid soluble.
D)neither highly water soluble nor highly lipid soluble.

Question 5

With the exception of the mode employed with some gas anesthetics,the fastest mode of drug administration is:

A)inhalation.
B)intramuscular injection.
C)subcutaneous injection.
D)intravenous injection.

Question 6

Enzymes that degrade a drug in the gastrointestinal tract and liver decrease the amount of drug that reaches the circulation by a mechanism known as:

A)enzymatic degradation.
B)gastroenteritis.
C)drug tolerance.
D)first-pass metabolism.

Question 7

The most dangerous mode of drug administration is:

A)inhalation.
B)intramuscular injection.
C)subcutaneous injection.
D)intravenous injection.

Question 8

"Enteral" drug administration involves:

A)parental routes of administration.
B)inhalation.
C)injection.
D)swallowing.

Question 9

What are the two main differences between capillaries in the periphery and capillaries surrounding the brain?

A)Capillaries surrounding the brain have no pores and are surrounded by membranes of astrocyte cells.
B)Capillaries surrounding the brain have pores and are surrounded by membranes of astrocyte cells.
C)Capillaries surrounding the brain have no pores and are not surrounded by membranes of astrocyte cells.
D)Capillaries surrounding the brain have pores and are not surrounded by membranes of astrocyte cells.

Question 10

The main difference between the two anti-anxiety drugs,lorazepam (Ativan)and triazolam (Halcion),can best be described as:

A)psychological.
B)pharmacodynamic.
C)homeostatic.
D)pharmacokinetic.

Question 11

Drawback(s)to intravenous injection,as opposed to other forms of administration,of drugs include:

A)a constant danger of allergic reaction and/or respiratory collapse.
B)the greatest risk of blood clots.
C)the greatest risk of infection.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 12

The main advantage of administering a drug through "transdermal patches" is:

A)lack of irritation to tissue.
B)speed of onset of drug action.
C)ability to avoid absorption into bloodstream.
D)relative constancy of drug levels in plasma.

Question 13

Large molecules,such as glucose and vitamins,reach the brain via:

A)passive diffusion across the cell membrane.
B)passive diffusion through ion channels.
C)transcytosis.
D)special transport systems.

Question 14

One substance capable of inhibiting enzymatic degradation in the liver and gastrointestinal tract is:

A)SSRI-type antidepressants.
B)grapefruit juice.
C)carbamazepine (Tegretol).
D)cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Question 15

When administered by injection and inhalation,drugs enter the ________ and ________ side of the heart,respectively.

A)right; right
B)right; left
C)left; right
D)left; left

Question 16

All of the following drug attributes decrease the likelihood of drug absorption EXCEPT:

A)high water-solubility.
B)low lipid-solubility.
C)large size.
D)small size.

Question 17

Drugs administered "sublingually" (under the tongue)and drugs administered orally are absorbed mostly in the __________ and __________,respectively.

A)stomach; small intestine
B)small intestine; large intestine
C)mouth; stomach
D)mouth; small intestine

Question 18

The quantity of drug that reaches its target is determined by its:

A)absorption.
B)distribution.
C)metabolism.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 19

The study of the movement of drugs through the body over time is termed:

A)pharmacology.
B)physiology.
C)pharmacodynamics.
D)pharmacokinetics.

Question 20

Penicillin cannot be used to treat infections located in the central nervous system because:

A)it is destroyed by enzymes in the brain and spinal cord.
B)it cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier.
C)it is too highly lipid soluble.
D)it is too large a molecule to fit though pores surrounding brain cells.

Question 21

The ability of receptors in the brain to adapt to the continued presence of a drug is termed:

A)pharmacokinetic tolerance.
B)pharmacodynamic tolerance.
C)metabolic tolerance.
D)physical dependence.

Question 22

"Positive reinforcement" refers to the increased likelihood of a given behavior that elicits or produces the reinforcement.Positive reinforcement thus explains:

A)the motivation for a novice drug user to administer a pleasurable drug for the first time.
B)the tolerance that develops with continued use of a pleasurable drug.
C)the motivation to re-administer a drug when physically dependent.
D)the aversive symptoms during the "abstinence syndrome."

Question 23

The membranes that separate fetal blood from maternal blood:

A)resemble other cell membranes in their general permeability.
B)are unique in their permeability.
C)are impermeable to drugs in maternal blood.
D)are impermeable to lipid-soluble substances.

Question 24

The reduction in the number or sensitivity of receptors in response to prolonged activation by a drug is termed:

A)down regulation.
B)metabolic tolerance.
C)homeostasis.
D)physical dependence.

Question 25

During the process of behavioral drug tolerance,after repeated,frequent use of a drug in the same environment:

A)environmental cues come to elicit conditioned responses that oppose the direct effects of the drug.
B)environmental cues come to elicit conditioned responses that closely resemble the direct effects of the drug.
C)one becomes "sensitized," or more sensitive,to the drug's effects.
D)environmental cues that used to elicit conditioned responses that oppose the direct effects of the drug no longer do so.

Question 26

The membranes that separate fetal blood from maternal blood are:

A)highly permeable to psychoactive drugs.
B)unique in their permeability.
C)impermeable to psychoactive drugs.
D)impermeable to water-soluble substances.

Question 27

A drug is,for all intents and purposes,completely eliminated from the body in:

A)one half-life.
B)two half-lives.
C)four half-lives.
D)six half-lives.

Question 28

The majority of drugs leave the body in:

A)bile.
B)exhalation.
C)sweat.
D)urine.

Question 29

Which of the following factor(s)can alter the rate at which drugs are metabolized?

A)genetic
B)environmental
C)cultural
D)All of the factors are correct.

Question 30

"Biotransformation" is carried out by the following organ: ________.It usually involves making a drug ________ water soluble.The increased ability of this organ to carry out biotransformation after repeated exposure to a drug is termed ________ tolerance.The increased ability of this organ to biotransform drugs other than the one administered previously is termed ________.

A)small intestine; more; metabolic; cross-tolerance
B)kidneys; less; metabolic; cellular-adaptive
C)liver; less; pharmacodynamic; cross-tolerance
D)liver; more; metabolic; cross-tolerance

Question 31

"Pharmacodynamic" tolerance occurs in the __________; "metabolic" tolerance occurs in the ________.

A)small intestine; mitochondria
B)synapse/neuron; mitochondria
C)small intestine; liver
D)synapse/neuron; liver

Question 32

The time for the plasma level of a drug to fall by 50 percent is termed the:

A)distribution half-life.
B)time course.
C)"drug hangover."
D)elimination half-life.

Question 33

The ability of liver enzymes to degrade a drug more efficiently in the continued presence of the drug is termed:

A)down regulation.
B)metabolic tolerance.
C)homeostasis.
D)physical dependence.

Question 34

Most of the products of body metabolism are excreted by the:

A)liver.
B)kidneys.
C)intestines.
D)skin.

Question 35

Biotransformation is carried out by the following organ:

A)liver.
B)small intestine.
C)kidneys.
D)brain.

Question 36

Which of the following statements regarding biotransformation is TRUE?

A)Every drug is metabolized by a unique enzyme found in hepatocytes.
B)Hundreds of enzyme families are involved in drug biotransformation.
C)A few enzyme families are involved in drug biotransformation.
D)One enzyme family carries out all drug biotransformation.

Question 37

"Biotransformation" is carried out by the ______________ and usually makes a drug ___________.

A)kidneys; more fat soluble
B)kidneys; more water soluble
C)liver; more fat soluble
D)liver; more water soluble

Question 38

The cytochrome P450 enzyme family in a hepatocyte:

A)is typically capable of metabolizing one,and only one,drug.
B)is typically capable of metabolizing one,and sometimes two,drugs.
C)cannot,without the help of additional enzymes,metabolize a drug.
D)is typically capable of metabolizing a wide variety of drugs.

Question 39

The time to reach "steady-state" concentrations of a drug (the level of drug achieved in blood with repeated,regular-interval dosing)is:

A)dependent upon the actual dosage of drug.
B)achieved when the amount of drug administered per unit time is approximately six times the amount eliminated per unit time.
C)achieved in approximately six times the drug's elimination half-life.
D)reached after one elimination half-life.

Question 40

The time to reach "steady-state" concentrations of a drug (the level of drug achieved in blood with repeated,regular-interval dosing)is:

A)dependent upon the actual dosage of drug.
B)achieved when the amount of drug administered per unit time equals the amount eliminated per unit time.
C)independent of dose interval and half-life.
D)reached after one elimination half-life.

Question 41

Drugs tightly bound to the plasma protein albumin readily exit the bloodstream along with albumin through capillary pores.

Question 42

When two drugs are present in the liver,one drug has the potential to either increase or decrease the rate of metabolism of the other.

Question 43

A drug must be lipid-soluble to pass through intestinal membranes.

Question 44

Once a person becomes physically dependent upon a drug:

A)the person will remain forever physically dependent even after stopping administration of the drug.
B)the person will no longer be physically dependent as soon as drug administration is terminated.
C)after stopping drug administration,the person will still be physically dependent but will no longer experience the "abstinence syndrome."
D)the person will no longer be physically dependent usually within a few weeks after stopping administration of the drug.

Question 45

The increased ability of the liver to carry out "biotransformation" after prolonged exposure to a drug is termed ________ tolerance.

A)pharmacodynamic
B)metabolic
C)enzyme-induction
D)drug-metabolizing

Question 46

It takes the same amount of time for the blood levels of a drug to fall from 100 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml as it does to fall from 2 mg/ml to 1 mg/ml.

Question 47

A drug must be highly lipid-soluble to pass through capillaries surrounding the brain.

Question 48

A drug must be lipid-soluble to pass through mucous membranes.

Question 49

A drug must be lipid-soluble to pass through the astrocyte-formed sheath surrounding the brain.

Question 50

A small drug must be lipid-soluble to pass through peripheral capillaries.

Question 51

"Negative reinforcement" refers to the reinforcing effect that follows the removal or avoidance of an aversive stimulus.Negative reinforcement thus explains:

A)the motivation for a novice drug user to administer a pleasurable drug for the first time.
B)the tolerance that develops with continued use of a pleasurable drug.
C)the motivation to re-administer a drug when physically dependent.
D)the aversive symptoms during the "abstinence syndrome."

Question 52

All lipid-soluble drugs pass through capillary walls.

Question 53

Grapefruit juice increases the absorption of certain drugs.

Question 54

As a drug is metabolized,the absolute amount of drug metabolized within each half-life is constant.