Deck 11: The Living Ocean

Question 1

The biological pump

A) helps regulate atmospheric CO₂ concentrations.
B) depends on photosynthesis.
C) feeds most life in the ocean.
D) refers to organisms that filter the water for food.
E) helps regulate atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, depends on photosynthesis, and feeds most life in the ocean.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Countershaded fish usually have a dark back and a light undersurface.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

On average, the individual cells that make up a whale are thousands of times larger than the individual cells that make up a small marine worm.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Salmon spawn in seawater and Atlantic eels spawn in fresh water.

Question 5

Oxygen concentrations are lowest in the deepest parts of the ocean.

Question 6

Most fish species are easily able to tolerate a large range of salinities.

Question 7

Taxonomy is the scientific classification of the ocean's environmental zones.

Question 8

Respiration uses carbon dioxide and produces oxygen and energy.

Question 9

Members of the most ancient group of organisms, the prokaryotes, still exist today.

Question 10

Both light energy and inorganic nutrient concentrations are highest in the surface waters and decrease with depth.

Question 11

Autotrophs do not respire.

Question 12

Photosynthesis is used by all autotrophs to make food.

Question 13

Sunlight usually penetrates to a greater depth in coastal waters than in the open sea.

Question 14

Bioluminescence is commonly used to avoid being eaten.

Question 15

All bacteria are heterotrophs.

Question 16

Sea cucumbers must drink seawater to set up a concentration gradient and prevent dehydration.

Question 17

Microorganisms are more impacted by viscosity than gravity.

Question 18

Plants are considered autotrophs.

Question 19

The abyssal zone is an area of perpetual darkness showing no seasonal changes.

Question 20

The most numerous organisms in the sea are the largest organisms.

Question 21

Countershading of fish

A) makes them more visible.
B) causes them to be more transparent.
C) reduces their visibility from above and below.
D) is a sign of sexual maturity.
E) None of these are correct; fish do not exhibit countershading.

Question 22

The swim bladder of a fish

A) allows it to move rapidly between depths.
B) is filled with oxygen.
C) keeps the fish neutrally buoyant.
D) All of these are correct.
E) None of these are correct.

Question 23

In the oceans, thesize and abundance of organisms are directly related.

Question 24

If an organism looks nearly identical and shares similar lifestyle characteristics as a known species, then the organism must belong to that species.

Question 25

Increased interest in the oceans' biodiversity is due to

A) lack of knowledge of the total numbers of ocean species.
B) the variety of habitats within the oceans.
C) the loss of species from the land portions of the planet.
D) All of these are correct.
E) None of these are correct; there is no increasing interest.

Question 26

The only zone of the ocean with sufficient light for photosynthesis is the

A) euphotic zone.
B) aphotic zone.
C) disphotic zone.
D) None of these are correct.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 27

Archaea may comprise as much as _____ percent of the prokaryotes in waters deeper than 500
M)

A) 10
B) 20
C) 40
D) 80

Question 28

An organism's substrate provides

A) food.
B) shelter.
C) place of attachment.
D) shelter and place of attachment.
E) food, shelter, and place of attachment.

Question 29

Which zone changes most with latitude?

A) Littoral
B) Bathyal
C) Abyssal
D) Mesopelagic
E) Hadal

Question 30

To maintain their bodies' water balance, marine fish

A) excrete salt through their gills.
B) drink water continually.
C) produce small amounts of urine.
D) excrete salt through their gills and drink water continually.
E) excrete salt through their gills, drink water continually, and produce small amounts of urine.

Question 31

Cyanobacteria are characterized by being

A) decomposers.
B) found only in the plankton.
C) having a glass-like skeleton.
D) protists.
E) photosynthetic.

Question 32

The ocean environmental zone having low temperature, little or no light, and great pressure is the ________ zone.

A) neritic
B) photic
C) abyssal
D) benthic
E) littoral

Question 33

Which zone is more likely to undergo seasonal changes?

A) Hadal
B) Bathypelagic
C) Neritic
D) Mesopelagic
E) Aphotic

Question 34

Which of the following are not protists?

A) Dinoflagellates
B) Cyanobacteria
C) Diatoms
D) Foraminiferans
E) Ciliates

Question 35

Populations can be isolated from one another by changes in

A) light.
B) temperature.
C) density.
D) salinity.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 36

Bacteria that make their own organic compounds by obtaining energy from chemical compounds and not directly from light are known as

A) heterotrophic.
B) decay.
C) photosynthetic.
D) protists.
E) chemosynthetic.

Question 37

The two most important inorganic nutrients for photosynthesis are

A) nitrate and carbon dioxide.
B) phosphate and nitrate.
C) phosphate and oxygen.
D) oxygen and carbon dioxide.
E) phosphate and carbon dioxide.

Question 38

Phylogenetic taxonomy classifies organisms based on evolutionary relationships between ancestor organisms and their descendants.

Question 39

Biogeochemical provinces divide the ocean into regions based on depth and substrate.

Question 40

If a marine animal has body fluids that have a lower salt content than the surrounding seawater, water will pass through the animal's body tissues from the _____ to the _____ because of _______.

A) outside; inside; electrolysis
B) inside; outside; electrolysis
C) outside; inside; osmosis
D) inside; outside; osmosis
E) None of these are correct; the salt moves, not the water.

Question 41

The most common function for bioluminescence in the ocean is thought to be attraction of mates during reproduction.

Question 42

The plankton include all of the following except

A) phytoplankton.
B) small fish.
C) viruses.
D) zooplankton.

Question 43

Even when the supply of inorganic nutrients to the surface is high, due to for example upwelling, the absolute concentration of nutrients in the surface may still be low.

Question 44

Populations of individuals that are poorly adapted to their environment are likely to go extinct.

Question 45

Mixotrophic plankton can photosynthesize.

Question 46

Anaerobes cannot survive low-oxygen conditions.

Question 47

Molecular transport that acts upon momentum is called

A) convective.
B) viscous.
C) conductive.
D) diffusive.

Question 48

The richness and variety of life found on our planet, including the oceans, is referred to as

A) endemism.
B) biodiversity.
C) species richness.
D) evolution.

Question 49

Natural selection refers to the survival of individuals that leads to a more successful population.

Question 50

Which of the following secrete gases in order to stay afloat?

A) Portuguese man-of-war
B) Chambered nautilus
C) Squid
D) Portuguese man-of-war and chambered nautilus
E) Portuguese man-of-war, chambered nautilus, and squid

Question 51

Psycrophiles are organisms that

A) live in deep-water trenches.
B) live in hydrothermal vent waters.
C) live in very cold environments.
D) live in regions that have abrupt temperature gradients.

Question 52

Bony fish maintain a fluid balance by

A) almost continuously drinking seawater and excreting salt.
B) maintaining high urea concentrations in their tissues.
C) maintaining the same salinity in tissues as the surrounding seawater.
D) excreting salt with feces.

Question 53

To maintain their bodies' water balance, marine fish

A) excrete salt through their gills.
B) drink water continually.
C) produce small amounts of urine.
D) excrete salt through their gills and drink water continually.
E) excrete salt through their gills, drink water continually, and produce small amounts of urine.

Question 54

Typically, the individual cells that make up a multicellular organism are more or less the same size.

Question 55

Bioluminescence is thought to be used for

A) predator avoidance.
B) attracting predators.
C) counter-illumination.
D) attracting prey.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 56

Starting from the surface, the ocean is divided into the following regions based on light penetration:

A) euphotic, disphotic, aphotic
B) euphotic, aphotic, disphotic
C) euphotic, aphotic, bioluminescent
D) disphotic, euphotic, aphotic

Question 57

If a marine animal has body fluids that have a lower salt content than the surrounding seawater, water will pass through the animal's body tissues from the _____ to the _____ because of _______.

A) outside; inside; electrolysis
B) inside; outside; electrolysis
C) outside; inside; osmosis
D) inside; outside; osmosis
E) None of these are correct; the salt moves, not the water.

Question 58

Prokaryotes include bacteria, protists, and Archaea.

Question 59

At the level of species, the ocean is much less diverse than the terrestrial environment, with only approximately ______ percent of the total known species.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20
E) 25

Question 60

Organisms that can produce energy from inorganic compounds and also consume other organisms are best referred to as

A) heterotrophs.
B) chemoautotrophs.
C) mixotrophs.
D) phototrophs.

Question 61

Two organisms that exhibit similar lifestyles and look nearly identical, but are not closely related, may be

A) cryptic species.
B) prokaryotes.
C) autotrophs.
D) identical species.

Question 62

Going from the surface (more light) to depth (less light), the light zones in the ocean are referred to as

A) aphotic, disphotic, euphotic.
B) euphotic, aphotic, disphotic.
C) euphotic, disphotic, aphotic.
D) euphotic, disphotic, bioluminescent.

Question 63

Single-celled organisms can be found in all of the following groups except

A) Eukaryotes.
B) Prokaryotes.
C) Archaea.
D) Bacteria.
E) Animalia.

Question 64

As a rule of thumb, a 10-fold increase in the abundance of an organism is associated with ____________________ in size.

A) a 10-fold increase
B) a 10-fold decrease
C) a proportional increase
D) no change

Question 65

About 90% of the ocean is remarkably uniform in temperature, ranging from

A) -10°C to 10°C.
B) -1°C to 30°C.
C) -1°C to 4°C.
D) -10°C to 30°C.

Question 66

All phytoplankton and seaweeds require ______________ such as nitrogen and phosphorus.

A) gases
B) inorganic nutrients
C) micro-nutrients
D) vitamins

Question 67

Plankton are the “drifters of the sea” and include all of the following except

A) bacterioplankton.
B) zooplankton.
C) phytoplankton.
D) nekton.

Question 68

Small organisms in the ocean, such as single-celled plankton, tend to be dominated primarily by ____________ forces while large organisms such as fish and whales are more impacted by __________________.

A) gravity; inertia
B) viscous; inertia
C) inertial; viscous
D) gravitational; inertia