Deck 10: Emotional Development and Attachment

Question 1

Fifteen year-old Paul is clearly upset about something.His mother is more likely to get Paul to talk about his feelings if she:

A)ignores him and lets him come to her.
B)begs him to open-up.
C)validates his views.
D)tells him how his behavior is negatively impacting her.

Answer 1

validates his views.

Question 2

East Asian parents encourage their children to be emotionally _____, whereas Western parents encourage their children to be emotionally _____.

A)unstable; stable
B)stable; unstable
C)reserved; expressive
D)expressive; reserved

Answer 2

reserved; expressive

Question 3

As young children get older, they:

A)need more help from parents to regulate emotion.
B)gradually become able to regulate their emotions.
C)shift from internal to external regulation of emotional arousal.
D)become less dependent on cognitive strategies for regulating emotions.

Answer 3

gradually become able to regulate their emotions.

Question 4

Adam suffers from such severe anxiety that his ability to get through difficult situations effectively is hampered.He has a high level of emotional:

A)dismissing.
B)regulation.
C)arousal.
D)coaching.

Question 5

A feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him/her, especially to his or her well-being is labeled:

A)emotion.
B)mood.
C)reaction.
D)love.

Question 6

Which type of emotions develops in the second half of the first year through the second year?

A)regulating
B)early
C)self-conscious
D)reciprocal

Question 7

What type of emotions are surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, and fear?

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)self-conscious

Question 8

With increasing age, regulation of emotion shifts from being:

A)social to adaptive.
B)adaptive to social.
C)internal to external.
D)external to internal.

Question 9

When caregivers soothe a crying infant in distress:

A)they help the infant to regulate his own emotions.
B)they make the infant too dependent upon others and unable to regulate his own emotions.
C)they curtail the infant's ability to express himself during the middle childhood years.
D)the level of stress hormones is increased and mood swings are produced in the infant.

Question 10

John does not recognize when or understand why his wife gets frustrated when he leaves his dirty socks and other laundry on the bathroom floor.John is lacking:

A)self-efficacy.
B)emotional competence.
C)industry.
D)identity cohesion.

Question 11

Cherilyn's parents often ignore her emotions or try to explain that her problems should not upset her.Cherilyn's parents can be described as:

A)emotion-coaching.
B)emotion-dismissing.
C)emotion-attending.
D)emotion-scaffolding.

Question 12

Regarding the appearance and sequence of emotions in infants, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Emotions, such as fear and jealousy, appear in infants at the same time and in the same sequence.
B)The appearance and sequence of emotions varies in infants and depends on the infant's early experiences and relationships.
C)Infants experience emotions in the following sequence: joy, sadness, anger, fear.
D)Jealousy emerges at approximately 18 months of age, when most second siblings are born.

Question 13

Hannah and Sarah are arguing.Their mother sympathetically helps each girl to manage her emotions while they talk about solutions.This is an example of:

A)emotional dismissing.
B)emotional coaching.
C)helicopter parenting.
D)internal emotional regulation.

Question 14

What type of emotions are empathy, jealousy, and embarrassment?

A)regulating
B)early
C)self-conscious
D)reciprocal

Question 15

Children of emotion-coaching parents are more likely to:

A)resent parental involvement and rebel.
B)deny and try to artificially change their emotions.
C)have difficulty regulating negative affect on their own.
D)self-soothe, focus attention, regulate negative affect, and behave appropriately.

Question 16

Which of the following accounts for our diversity of emotional experiences?

A)evolution
B)culture
C)biology
D)genes

Question 17

Which type of emotions develops in the first 6 months of life and is also present in animals?

A)self-conscious
B)primary
C)secondary
D)tertiary

Question 18

Gayle insists that her daughter is being silly and should not be upset by a friend's insensitive comments.Gayle is practicing:

A)helicopter parenting.
B)emotion coaching.
C)emotion dismissing.
D)emotional self-esteem building.

Question 19

The school psychologist teaches the anger management group a three-step method to help group members manage emotions, become resilient in the face of stressful circumstances, and develop more positive relationships.She is helping the group to build:

A)emotional coaching.
B)regulation cues.
C)emotional dismissal.
D)emotional competence.

Question 20

Although she is upset, Olivia controls her emotions during a heated discussion with a coworker.Olivia has a high level of emotional:

A)dismissing.
B)coaching.
C)arousal.
D)regulation.

Question 21

The pediatrician warns a mother that responding to her baby's every cry will reward and increase crying.Which view does this doctor hold?

A)classical conditioning
B)behaviorist
C)existential
D)evolutionary

Question 22

Three-month-old Elizabeth looks at her mother and smiles.Researchers call this a(n) _____ smile.

A)trust
B)social
C)reflexive
D)attachment

Question 23

Infant Jay is crying loudly.There is a sudden long, initial loud cry, followed by a long period in which Jay holds his breath until the next crying sound comes out.This type of cry indicates that Jay is:

A)in pain.
B)tired.
C)angry.
D)hungry.

Question 24

Fifteen-month-old Teri cries when her mother drops her off at day care.Baby Teri is experiencing:

A)emotional empathy.
B)high intensity stimulus.
C)stranger anxiety.
D)separation protest.

Question 25

Stranger anxiety is positively correlated with:

A)proximity to mother.
B)unfamiliar settings.
C)familiar settings.
D)proximity to father.

Question 26

Emotions, such as fear, may appear earlier than normal in some infants due to:

A)heredity
B)reciprocal interaction
C)abuse or neglect
D)stranger anxiety

Question 27

Stranger anxiety is negatively correlated with:

A)familiar settings.
B)emotional maturity.
C)temperament.
D)age of the stranger.

Question 28

At what age do smiles coupled with the Duchenne marker (eye constriction) occur?

A)2 to 3 months
B)4 to 6 weeks
C)2 to 6 months
D)6 to 12 months

Question 29

At what age do children show fear when a new person enters their environment?

A)at birth
B)by 3 months
C)by 6 months
D)by 9 months

Question 30

Todd's infant daughter begins to cry only minutes after she goes down for a nap.According to John Watson, Todd should:

A)ignore her so that her crying won't be reinforced.
B)go immediately to his daughter to soothe her crying.
C)wait 2 minutes, then go to his daughter to soothe her crying.
D)take her out of bed.She doesn't need a nap at this time.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a factor in emotional regulation?

A)context or emotion
B)age of child
C)pride
D)ability to communicate

Question 32

Which of the following would MOST likely cause an infant to express fear?

A)stranger anxiety
B)depth perception tasks
C)unfamiliar objects
D)loud noises

Question 33

Infant Nathan is smiling and "talking" with short, loud noises.His mother responds each time Nathan expresses himself by smiling and talking.This interaction is described as:

A)high-intensity stimulus.
B)caregiver expression.
C)reciprocal or synchronous.
D)self-regulation.

Question 34

Social smiling occurs as early as _____ of age in response to a caregiver's voice.

A)4 to 6 weeks
B)6 to 8 weeks
C)3 to 4 months
D)4 to 6 months

Question 35

Baby Alex smiles mostly during sleep and not in response to his mother's kind expressions.These smiles are:

A)protested.
B)self-inhibited.
C)social.
D)reflexive.

Question 36

Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby stress that:

A)quick attention to crying results in rewarding and increasing that behavior.
B)babies can become spoiled in their first year of life.
C)quick attention to crying is important in development of a strong bond between parent and child.
D)children cannot self-regulate emotions if a parent comforts their every cry.

Question 37

Separation protest is initially displayed around 7 to 8 months and peaks at about _____ months.

A)12
B)15
C)20
D)24

Question 38

Jenna cries when her mother leaves her with the babysitter.Jenna is showing:

A)stranger danger.
B)separation protest.
C)emotional deregulation.
D)self-stimulation.

Question 39

Baby Jonah is hungry.He will alert his mother with a(n):

A)basic cry.
B)anger cry.
C)pain cry.
D)facial expression.

Question 40

The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves:

A)heredity
B)reciprocal interaction
C)abuse or neglect
D)stranger anxiety

Question 41

Baby Natalie is generally in a positive mood.She follows a regular daily routine and is calm during new situations.According to Chess and Thomas, Natalie is:

A)uninhibited.
B)slow-to-warm-up.
C)a difficult child.
D)an easy child.

Question 42

Now that Rosie is in late adulthood, the socioemotional selectivity theory predicts she will:

A)become more socially withdrawn.
B)continue to actively make new friends.
C)spend most of her time with familiar friends.
D)emotionally invest in peripheral relationships.

Question 43

Adolescents are more likely than adults to report feeling:

A)very happy only.
B)very sad only.
C)both very happy and very sad.
D)shamed.

Question 44

According to Chess and Thomas, a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays low intensity moods is characterized as:

A)uninhibited.
B)slow-to-warm-up.
C)difficult.
D)easy.

Question 45

Socioemotional selectivity affects the goals of older adults.Knowledge-related goals _____ during this time, whereas emotion-related goals _____.

A)increase; decline
B)decline; increase
C)increase; disappear
D)decline; disappear

Question 46

Which theory challenges the notion that older adults are in despair because of social isolation?

A)socioemotional selectivity theory
B)activity theory
C)disengagement theory
D)social breakdown theory

Question 47

Alan's infant daughter begins to cry only minutes after she goes down for a nap.According to John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, Alan should:

A)ignore her so that her crying won't be reinforced.
B)go immediately to his daughter to soothe her crying.
C)wait 2 minutes, then go to his daughter to soothe her crying.
D)take her out of bed.She doesn't need a nap at this time.

Question 48

Shelby's best friend didn't run up to play with her at recess and sat alone at a table.Shelby thought, "She's probably still feeling sick." This is an example of:

A)Shelby's ability to reframe a potentially stressful situation.
B)Shelby's state of denial.
C)Shelby's inability to cope with stress.
D)Shelby's emotional incompetence.

Question 49

Nora frequently socializes with her neighbors and has intense positive emotions with family members and established friends.Nora MOST likely is a(n):

A)toddler.
B)adolescent.
C)middle-aged adult.
D)older adult.

Question 50

Older adulthood emotional experience is characterized by _____ emotions.

A)more positive
B)less variety of
C)fewer negative
D)less intense

Question 51

By 10 years of age, most children are able to use cognitive strategies to manage stress.In which of the following types of families would children BEST cope with stress?

A)families that offer frequent exposure to frightening events
B)families that often experience trauma
C)families that exhibit intense emotion
D)families that reassure children of their safety and security

Question 52

Which theory explains why older adults spend most of their time with familiar individuals and family?

A)activity theory
B)socioemotional selectivity theory
C)social discontinuity theory
D)disengagement theory

Question 53

Best friends, Gina and Miranda, have infants close to the same age.Gina's daughter is generally cheerful and happy, whereas Miranda's son seems to be upset and crying much of the time.These children have different:

A)emotional competence.
B)adaptive emotional responses.
C)temperaments.
D)mood regulation.

Question 54

Kylie's mother wants to help her develop emotional competence.At 3 years old, Kylie should be able to:

A)predict how her parents and other adults will react in any given emotional situation.
B)describe her emotions and what caused them.
C)modulate her emotions through cognitive means and behavior strategies.
D)suppress negative emotional reactions.

Question 55

Temperament refers to individual differences in all of the following EXCEPT:

A)emotions.
B)behavior styles.
C)attachment.
D)response tendencies.

Question 56

Beth has fewer friends than she did when she was younger, but each relationship is deeply satisfying and enjoyable to her.This is an example of Laura Carstensen's theory of:

A)socioemotional selectivity.
B)socioecological discrimination.
C)psychosocial developmental stages.
D)generativity.

Question 57

According to Kagan, what shows considerable stability from infancy though early childhood?

A)behavioral inhibition
B)emotional competence
C)affect intensity
D)coping style

Question 58

Maria is pregnant.Statistically speaking, what Chess and Thomas temperament will her child most likely have?

A)easy
B)difficult
C)extroverted
D)slow-to-warm-up

Question 59

Which of the following is statements regarding adolescence is NOT true?

A)Adolescent girls are more vulnerable to depression than boys.
B)Moodiness is normal in adolescence.
C)The intensity of adolescent emotions may be out of proportion with the eliciting event.
D)Adolescent boys are more moody than adolescent girls.

Question 60

When Gehrig is left at preschool, he cries and will not play with the other children for some time.According to Chess and Thomas, what type of temperament does Gehrig exhibit?

A)slow-to-warm-up
B)easy
C)difficult
D)inflexible

Question 61

Twin and adoption studies have found that biology has _____ influence on temperament.

A)a large
B)a moderate
C)a minimal
D)no

Question 62

Hannah is 3 months old.To which of the following would Hannah show the most positive emotion?

A)the smiling face of a caregiver
B)the still face of a caregiver
C)the smiling face of a doll
D)a smiling person on TV

Question 63

High cortisol levels, high activity in the right frontal brain lobe, and high and stable heart rate are associated with a(n) _____ temperament.

A)uninhibited
B)deregulated
C)spoiled
D)inhibited

Question 64

What is the main problem with labeling children as "difficult"?

A)It is inaccurate, because all children can be difficult time to time.
B)It can become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C)No child is truly difficult.Some parents have unreasonably high expectations.
D)It does not take into consideration the environment in which children are being raised.

Question 65

Which of the following would inhibit an infant's ability to learn about the social world?

A)face-to-face play
B)cooperative tasks with peers
C)self-produced locomotion skills
D)infrequent visits to community parks

Question 66

Jeniel is a very active, uninhibited little girl.Her parents provide her with a stimulating environment and allow her to run and explore whenever they can.This illustrates:

A)environmental influences shaping personality.
B)secure attachment.
C)gender shaping environment.
D)goodness of fit.

Question 67

Janey is a difficult and inhibited child.As an adult, she is likely to:

A)experience marital conflict.
B)be well adjusted.
C)enter a stable job track early.
D)have a slow-to-warm child.

Question 68

A recent study involved 1- and 2-year-olds in a simple cooperative task.Which of the following accurately describes the findings of the study?

A)The 2-year-olds engaged in more actively cooperative behavior.
B)The 1-year-olds engaged in more actively cooperative behavior.
C)Both 1- and 2-year-olds engaged in actively cooperative behavior.
D)Both 1- and 2-year-olds engaged in highly competitive behavior.

Question 69

With which Rothbart and Bates's temperament classification does Kagan's inhibited category most closely coincide?

A)effortful control
B)positive affectivity
C)negative affectivity
D)extraversion/surgency

Question 70

Which of the following temperament categories coincide with each other?

A)slow-to-warm up, extraversion/surgency, inhibited
B)difficult, effortful control, uninhibited
C)easy, effortful control, inhibited
D)easy, extraversion/surgency, uninhibited

Question 71

Tricia is independent, adventurous, and likes to explore new places.Her mother, however, is overly controlling and rigid.This is an example of:

A)poor goodness of fit.
B)reactive interaction.
C)social dysfunction.
D)insecure attachment.

Question 72

With which Rothbart and Bates's temperament classification does Kagan's uninhibited category most closely coincide?

A)self-regulation
B)effortful control
C)negative affectivity
D)extraversion/surgency

Question 73

Which of the following is true of the nature/nurture argument regarding temperament?

A)Biology is the primary influence across the life span.
B)The influence of biology increases as a child becomes older.
C)Experience and environment both influence temperament across the life span.
D)Environment is the primary influence across the life span.

Question 74

The frequency of face-to-face play decreases after 7 months of age due to which of the following?

A)the infant's habituation with the caregiver's face
B)the infant's decreasing interest in locomotion
C)the infant's increased mobility
D)the infant's increasing mistrust of caregivers

Question 75

The idea that children have different temperaments should help parents realize that:

A)"self-fulfilling prophecies" are not a concern in child rearing.
B)there is little they can do to influence their children's personalities.
C)there is no single best way to raise all children.
D)conflict with their children is inevitable and normal at some point in their lives.

Question 76

Goodness of fit occurs when a child's temperament matches:

A)environmental demands.
B)the parent's temperament.
C)the parent's attachment style.
D)reciprocal interactions.

Question 77

Lena reacts to unfamiliar situations with avoidance or distress.According to Kagan, what type of inhibition to the unfamiliar does Lena have?

A)uninhibited
B)inhibited
C)deregulated
D)spoiled

Question 78

Which of the following categories do Rothbart and Bates use to classify infant temperament?

A)emotionality, social ability, and activity level
B)extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control
C)easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up
D)inhibited, intermediate inhibition, and uninhibited

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT a recommended parenting strategy to use in relation to a child's temperament?

A)expose the child to situations that make them uncomfortable so they can work on overcoming their fears.
B)be flexible in responding to the child.
C)be sensitive to the individual characteristics of the child.
D)avoid applying negative labels to the child.

Question 80

For a child with a difficult temperament, parents should be sure to:

A)ignore his undesirable behaviors.
B)punish him when he is unable to adapt to his environment.
C)provide access to experiences that foster coping and self-regulatory skills.
D)inform his teachers and other caregivers that he is "difficult."