Deck 11: The Self, Identity, and Personality

Question 1

Which of the following is the central aspect of an individual's personality?

A)self
B)identity
C)perception
D)self-assessment

Answer 1

self

Question 2

For most children, the ability to recognize oneself in the mirror occurs around _____ year(s) of age.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)5

Answer 2

2

Question 3

What individuals might become, what they would like to become, and what they dread they will become constitutes the:

A)possible self.
B)fluctuating self.
C)conscious self.
D)unconscious self.

Answer 3

possible self.

Question 4

Ted is popular because he displays an understanding of his friends' needs and communicates well.He is adept at:

A)goal directing.
B)abstraction.
C)perspective taking.
D)self-understanding.

Question 5

Twenty-month-old Michael is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose.Michael will MOST likely:

A)touch his nose in attempt to wipe off the spot.
B)touch the mirror in attempt to wipe the spot off of his nose.
C)wave and point to the child in the mirror.
D)look to his mother for assurance that the child in the mirror is okay.

Question 6

American-born youth of ethnic descent have to learn how to adapt and mesh many different worlds.This task requires considerable:

A)possible self-development.
B)self-integration.
C)idealism.
D)self-consciousness.

Question 7

Todd explains that he is different from Davion because he is tall and has blonde hair and Davion is short and has brown hair.Todd is a(n):

A)toddler.
B)preschooler.
C)elementary-aged child.
D)adolescent.

Question 8

Mary Ann wants to help her young daughter better understand what other people are feeling.What should Mary Ann say to help her daughter understand others?

A)"How do you think your friend feels because you took her toy?"
B)"Don't take her toy!"
C)"How would you feel if someone took your toy?"
D)"What if you broke your friend's toy?"

Question 9

Dewey comprehends that he is a 10-year-old boy who is: on the chess team, a member of a family, loves computer games, and hates peanut butter.This is Dewey's:

A)self-esteem.
B)personality.
C)self-understanding.
D)character.

Question 10

Being attentive and positive toward one's image in a mirror appears as early as _____ month(s) old.

A)1
B)3
C)6
D)12

Question 11

Which of the following explains why young children have unrealistically positive self-descriptions?

A)They don't yet distinguish between their desired and actual competence.
B)They don't compare their own abilities with others.
C)They don't distinguish their real from their ideal self.
D)all of these

Question 12

Jana is discovering her likes and dislikes, talents and abilities.It seems that her persona changes frequently.In the last month, she has characterized herself as a tomboy, dancer, and honor student.This is an example of Jana's:

A)abstract self.
B)real self.
C)self-consciousness.
D)fluctuating self.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of how a young child might make a self-evaluation using an unrealistically positive overestimation?

A)I am sometimes scared of the dark.
B)I know most of my ABCs.
C)I can sing part of that song.
D)I am never scared.

Question 14

When describing herself, Cali says that she is the oldest child in her family, is president of the honor society at school, has a few close friends, and is on the student council.These aspects of Cali's self-understanding are based on?

A)roles and membership categories
B)representations of the self
C)personal memories
D)self-concepts

Question 15

In general terms, the preschool child's understanding of self is:

A)physical or active.
B)abstract.
C)symbolic.
D)transitory.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of how a 5-year-old child might perceive a friend in terms of psychological traits?

A)My friend lives over there.
B)My friend has brown hair.
C)My friend is funny.
D)My friend is short.

Question 17

Kelsy wants to become a teacher, lawyer, or singer.She is a talented, intelligent girl who vows not to be satisfied in a dead end job.Kelsy is considering her:

A)fluctuating self.
B)conscious self.
C)talented self.
D)possible self.

Question 18

In a recent cross-cultural study, older children showed increased skepticism of others' self-reports concerning value-laden traits.Which of the following would a 10- to 11-year-old most likely reject?

A)claims that one never lies
B)statements about liking salsa
C)statements about failing tests
D)statements about height

Question 19

Leigh understands that she upset her brother when she lost his favorite ball and wants to replace it to make him happy.Leigh is displaying:

A)opinion understanding.
B)perspective taking.
C)shame.
D)self-evaluative emotion.

Question 20

Mariah identifies herself as a kind person, a girl scout, and the best soccer player on her team.Mariah is in:

A)adulthood.
B)adolescence.
C)early childhood.
D)middle to late childhood.

Question 21

Cross-cultural research shows which of the following about adolescents around the world?

A)Almost three-fourths of the adolescents had a healthy self-image.
B)Almost three-fourths of the adolescents were taking some form of antidepressant.
C)Less than half of the adolescents had a healthy self-image.
D)Almost one-fourth of the adolescents were narcissistic and had unrealistically positive self-images.

Question 22

At what age do infants, relying on others for signals about acceptable behavior, begin to show compliance to caregivers' demands?

A)1-6 months
B)6-12 months
C)12-18 months
D)18-24 months

Question 23

Self-esteem refers to global self-evaluation, while self-concept refers to:

A)integration of past memories with the present.
B)domain-specific evaluations of the self.
C)life review and goal setting.
D)devising possible selves.

Question 24

Low self-esteem is correlated to:

A)erratic academic performance.
B)sociability.
C)depression.
D)uninhibited temperament.

Question 25

As individuals get older, they describe _____ possible selves and portray them in more _____ ways.

A)more; abstract
B)fewer; concrete
C)fewer; abstract
D)more; concrete

Question 26

Nine-year-old Calvin's self-esteem is MOST likely:

A)narcissistic.
B)realistic.
C)negative.
D)correlated with that of his close friends.

Question 27

Self-esteem is correlated most strongly with:

A)athletic competence.
B)behavioral conduct.
C)scholastic competence.
D)physical appearance.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a strategy for increasing self-esteem?

A)Avoid problems to prevent failure or disappointment.
B)Develop competence in areas of personal interest.
C)Cultivate friendships and sources of emotional support.
D)Set realistic goals and work toward them.

Question 29

The extent to which an individual recognizes his or her personal psychological makeup is that person's:

A)identity.
B)self-concept.
C)self-esteem.
D)level of self-awareness.

Question 30

Joann is an older adult who attends a group that shares its past experiences, familiar objects, and photographs with each other.This kind of therapy is known as _____ therapy.

A)life review
B)reminiscence
C)regression
D)narcissism

Question 31

All of the following are possible reasons why older adults don't have lower self-esteem than young or middle-aged adults EXCEPT:

A)they don't interpret their "losses" negatively.
B)their emotion-related goals have increased.
C)their knowledge-related goals have increased.
D)they compare themselves with other older adults.

Question 32

Most adolescents have _____ self-esteem.

A)high
B)low
C)fluctuating
D)unhealthy

Question 33

Leslie recalls her painful divorce.At the time, she felt like a failure but now realizes that many aspects of her life improved as a result of this challenge.She is participating in a(n):

A)identity achievement.
B)identity diffusion.
C)possible self-review.
D)life review.

Question 34

At almost all ages, self-esteem is highest in:

A)males.
B)females.
C)extroverts.
D)introverts.

Question 35

Letti allows her young son to try many different activities-sports, chess, music, and so on.She wants him to discover his natural abilities and interests in order to:

A)create identity achievement.
B)decrease his self-consciousness.
C)increase his self-esteem.
D)increase his social approval.

Question 36

Self-regulation is positively correlated to:

A)obsessive-compulsive spectrum mental disorders.
B)lower achievement but high life satisfaction.
C)high achievement and high life satisfaction.
D)restrictive eating disorders.

Question 37

Which of the following is likely to improve a child's self-esteem?

A)Find out what a child values and help develop skills and competence in this area.
B)Tell a child how much he/she is liked and respected by adults.
C)Design an extrinsically rewarded behavior program to encourage academic performance.
D)Let a child tackle important personal problems without assistance and praise the result.

Question 38

Self-esteem is linked to many different factors.It is important to remember that the research is not _____, but is largely _____.

A)experimental; correlational
B)correlational; experimental
C)stable; fluctuating
D)global; domain-specific

Question 39

The ability to manage one's behavior without help from others is known as:

A)perspective taking.
B)self-regulation.
C)emotional control.
D)emotional intelligence.

Question 40

Judy reminisces about when her children were young.She reveals to her daughter that she often felt tired and discouraged during those times.Seeing her children as parents helps Judy to realize that she was and is a good mother.This is an aspect of Judy's:

A)life review.
B)identity achievement.
C)possible self-fulfillment.
D)identity diffusion.

Question 41

Which of the following might interfere with the development of self-regulation in adolescence?

A)extrinsic reward systems
B)natural abilities
C)ability to delay immediate gratification
D)feelings of invincibility and social comparison

Question 42

Scott realizes that his memory is not what it used to be.He carries a small notebook with him to write down important information that he will need to recall later.This is an example of:

A)compensation.
B)accommodation.
C)assimilation.
D)optimization.

Question 43

According to Erik Erikson, an adolescent's crisis is based on the need to:

A)form an identity.
B)develop trusting relationships.
C)be independent.
D)explore his or her sexuality.

Question 44

According to Marcia, _____ is defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives.

A)commitment
B)crisis
C)possible self-appraisal
D)idealism training

Question 45

An adolescent who is experimenting with different vocational possibilities is experiencing what psychologist James Marcia terms an identity:

A)crisis.
B)diffusion.
C)foreclosure.
D)commitment.

Question 46

Donna has congestive heart failure and is confined to a wheelchair.She remains active in the community by using email and teleconferencing software.Her 24-hour caregiver assists her with daily living tasks.Donna has learned how to effectively use _____ strategies to maintain an active, positive life.

A)selection
B)optimization
C)compensation
D)secondary control striving

Question 47

Erikson held that adolescence is a critical period for identity development and that unsuccessfully resolved crises during this time result in confusion about who one truly is.In contrast, contemporary theorists believe that identity is formed:

A)in a gradual process of discovery that occurs across the lifespan.
B)after an individual leaves home.
C)by resolving a series of crises that emerge during adolescent development.
D)through discontinuous stages throughout life.

Question 48

Thora loves to paint but realizes her fine-motor movement is not what it used to be.She now paints in the morning when she experiences fewer tremors and makes sure to go slowly working on her projects.This is an example of:

A)selection.
B)optimization.
C)accommodation.
D)assimilation.

Question 49

Paul Baltes and colleagues believe that successful self-regulation in aging is linked with which of the following factors?

A)identity foreclosure, diffusion, and achievement
B)self, identity, and personality
C)selection, optimization, and compensation
D)self-awareness, self-esteem, and self-concept

Question 50

Bill believes that he should persevere and keep trying until he reaches his goals.Bill is using a(n) _____ strategy.

A)selection
B)compensation
C)optimization
D)realistic

Question 51

Sal is 75 years old.He is most likely to personally invest in his:

A)health.
B)family.
C)friends.
D)job.

Question 52

The selective optimization with compensation model is based on the idea that older adults fare better when they:

A)ignore their increasing limitations.
B)use technology to broaden and increase their daily activities and efforts.
C)develop positive and creative coping strategies to deal with their limitations.
D)limit the scope of their social networks.

Question 53

Maria is experiencing identity confusion.Which of the following statements describes Maria?

A)She is withdrawn and isolated from her family and friends.
B)She is immersed in her friends and equates her identity with the crowd.
C)She has a sense of self that is inconsistent and generally unacceptable to others.
D)All of these are possible descriptions of an adolescent with identity confusion.

Question 54

According to Erik Erikson, the adolescent identity crisis is:

A)a natural and healthy part of development.
B)an abnormal and unhealthy state that occurs when development goes awry.
C)a simple problem to resolve for well-adjusted adolescents.
D)something that develops when parents put too much pressure on adolescents to mature.

Question 55

Curtis loves to garden, but his arthritis makes it difficult.Now he limits the plants he tends to those that do not require much maintenance.This is an example of:

A)assimilation.
B)optimization.
C)compensation.
D)selection.

Question 56

Sometimes Kianna is angry that her parents will not let her date who she pleases.Other times she is upset because they do not coddle her like they do her younger siblings.Kianna's mixed feelings are an example of Erikson's:

A)identity withdrawal.
B)psychosexual confusion.
C)psychological diffusion.
D)psychological moratorium.

Question 57

Compared to older adults, younger adults are more likely to assess their well-being in terms of:

A)physical attraction.
B)good health.
C)ability to accept change.
D)their careers.

Question 58

Erikson termed the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy:

A)psychosexual commitment.
B)psychosocial crisis.
C)psychosexual moratorium.
D)psychosocial moratorium.

Question 59

Yves had a tumultuous adolescence.As a young adult, he isolates himself from peers and family.According to Erikson, Yves emerged from his adolescent crisis as:

A)identity confused.
B)independent.
C)stagnated.
D)mistrusting.

Question 60

Which of the following includes awareness and assessment?

A)self
B)identity
C)personality
D)character

Question 61

According to Marcia, adolescents that have made a commitment without exploring meaningful alternatives are in a state of identity:

A)diffusion.
B)foreclosure.
C)moratorium.
D)achievement.

Question 62

One way researchers examine identity changes in depth is by using a technique where you ask the individual to tell their life story and evaluate how integrated that story is, this approach is known as:

A)the narrative approach.
B)the MAMA cycle.
C)a Big 5 questionnaire.
D)the contemporary life-events approach.

Question 63

Which of Marcia's identity statuses is a minority youth likely to adopt in the face of restricted occupational opportunities in a discriminating dominant culture?

A)identity diffusion
B)identity moratorium
C)identity foreclosure
D)identity achievement

Question 64

Thirteen-year-old Cody does not understand or care about how his strengths and weaknesses will guide him into different roles in the future.According to Marcia, Cody is in a state of identity:

A)achievement.
B)diffusion.
C)commitment.
D)moratorium.

Question 65

According to Cooper, mutuality and permeability are two dimensions of:

A)foreclosure.
B)achievement.
C)individuality.
D)connectedness.

Question 66

Emily pondered her major for a long time.Now, at graduation, she feels a strong sense of having made the right decision and looks forward to a long career in her chosen area.According to Marcia, Emily is in a state of identity:

A)achievement.
B)moratorium.
C)foreclosure.
D)diffusion.

Question 67

Wayne's parents insist that he become a lawyer, and he is planning to attend the law school that they have chosen for him.Marcia would say that Wayne is in a state of identity:

A)diffusion.
B)foreclosure.
C)moratorium.
D)achievement.

Question 68

As Stephanie considers the future, her mother explains that few decisions are permanent, and that Stephanie will continue to reevaluate her choices for the rest of her life.This is a description of:

A)the individual nature of identity development.
B)the "MAMA" cycle.
C)foreclosure in early adulthood.
D)identity diffusion.

Question 69

For positive identity development, a family atmosphere should promote:

A)individuality.
B)connectedness.
C)both individuality and connectedness.
D)career development through the exploration of possible talent areas.

Question 70

After considerable debate, Drew proposed to his girlfriend.As the wedding date approached, he was overcome with doubt and considered calling it off.He did not cancel the wedding and is happily married today.Drew's experience is an example of:

A)identity diffusion.
B)identity foreclosure.
C)the "MAMA" cycle of identity development.
D)the values-conflict tension in identity development.

Question 71

According to Marcia, adolescents who have explored alternatives and have made a commitment are in a state of identity:

A)diffusion.
B)foreclosure.
C)moratorium.
D)achievement.

Question 72

According to Marcia, adolescents who have not explored meaningful alternatives or made any commitments are in a state of identity:

A)diffusion.
B)foreclosure.
C)moratorium.
D)achievement.

Question 73

According to Marcia, the part of identity development in which individuals show personal investment in what they are going to do is known as:

A)possible self-appraisal.
B)crisis.
C)commitment.
D)idealism narrowing.

Question 74

An assignment in Chad's career development course has reopened the issue of choosing a major.According to Marcia, Chad is in a state of identity:

A)diffusion.
B)foreclosure.
C)achievement.
D)moratorium.

Question 75

The "MAMA" cycle is:

A)the phenomenon in which young adults look to their parents to make difficult decisions for them in various areas of identity.
B)the possibility that an individual may work through crisis and commitment in any given area of identity more than once.
C)direct coercion or subtle pressure from parents for an individual to make a particular identity choice.
D)the phenomenon in which young adults do not feel pressure to make identity choices and remain in a state of identity diffusion for long periods of time.

Question 76

According to Cooper, self-assertion and separateness are two dimensions of:

A)foreclosure.
B)achievement.
C)individuality.
D)connectedness.

Question 77

Maria is a family therapist.She encourages her clients to recognize and respect other's points of view and be open to different ideas.Maria is fostering a sense of:

A)harmony.
B)connectedness.
C)individuality.
D)achievement.

Question 78

According to Marcia, adolescents who are in the midst of a crisis and whose commitment levels are either absent or only vaguely defined are in a state of identity:

A)diffusion.
B)foreclosure.
C)achievement.
D)moratorium.

Question 79

According to Marcia, the extent of an individual's crisis or commitment in the process of developing a self is called:

A)stagnation.
B)identity status.
C)possible self-appraisal.
D)possible self-narrowing.

Question 80

Kristina is looking forward to participating in the mock election debate at school.She has strong opinions on school issues and feels confident that she can communicate her stance to others.Kristina has a sense of:

A)commitment.
B)achievement.
C)connectedness.
D)individuality.