Deck 3: Models of Abnormality

Question 1

Which of the following psychological difficulties is reported most often by American Indians?

A) "serious psychological distress"
B) "extreme sadness"
C) "constant nervousness"
D) "constant restlessness"

Answer 1

"constant restlessness"

Question 2

Cybertherapy raises concerns about all of the following EXCEPT:

A) legal obligations to pay for services.
B) lack of training.
C) quality of care.
D) confidentiality.

Answer 2

legal obligations to pay for services.

Question 3

According to _____, human beings are driven to self-actualize, or to fulfill their natural potential for goodness and growth.

A) humanists
B) existentialists
C) gestalt
D) socioevolutionary

Answer 3

humanists

Question 4

According to Aaron Beck's cognitive theory, one illogical thought process regularly found in depression is _____, the drawing of broad negative conclusions on the basis of a single insignificant event.

A) dichotomous thinking
B) catastrophizing
C) selective abstraction
D) overgeneralization

Question 5

Albert Bandura argued that to feel happy and function effectively, people must develop a positive sense of:

A) ego.
B) self-efficacy.
C) self-actualization.
D) transference.

Question 6

Some research has suggested that _____ has been linked to exposure to certain viruses during childhood or before birth.

A) bipolar disorder
B) dissociative identity disorder
C) schizophrenia
D) depression

Question 7

According to the psychodynamic model, someone who refuses to fully participate in therapy is said to be demonstrating:

A) repression.
B) regression.
C) resistance.
D) reaction formation.

Question 8

Which is NOT a current major model of mental abnormality?

A) biological
B) sociocultural
C) evolutionary
D) behavioral

Question 9

The _____ helps to regulate emotions and memory.

A) basal ganglia
B) hippocampus
C) corpus callosum
D) thalamus

Question 10

Psychotropic medications were developed in the _____ and since then have greatly changed the outlook for a number of mental disorders. Today they are used widely, either alone or with other forms of psychotherapy.

A) 1930s
B) 1950s
C) 1970s
D) 1990s

Question 11

A behavioral treatment in which clients with phobias gradually learn to react calmly instead of with intense fear of objects they dread is known as:

A) self-actualization.
B) flooding.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) catharsis.

Question 12

_____ therapy suggests that people have two options with their lives-to face up to our own "being" and to give meanings to our lives or to shrink and hide from that responsibility.

A) Humanistic
B) Existential
C) Gestalt
D) Client-centered

Question 13

Behavioral therapists base their explanations and treatments of mental abnormality on principles of:

A) relationships.
B) ego development.
C) dream analysis.
D) learning.

Question 14

In 1996, when a 3-year-old boy climbed over a barrier at the Brookfield Zoo in Illinois and fell into a gorilla compound, clinical theorists had a field day interpreting which event that took place after the boy fell?

A) The gorillas all fled from the boy, as they recognized that going near him would lead to being shot with a tranquilizer dart.
B) The boy was severely injured as the gorillas attacked what they interpreted to be a predator.
C) A 160-pound gorilla picked up the boy, protected him, and carried him to rescue workers unharmed.
D) The gorillas in the compound all fought over who would get to "claim" the boy as their offspring, and it took weeks before the boy could safely be rescued.

Question 15

According to Freud, the _____ is the psychological force that represents a person's conscience.

A) moral compass
B) superconscience
C) superego
D) ego

Question 16

The tiny space between the nerve ending of one neuron and the dendrite of the other is the:

A) receptor.
B) nucleus.
C) synapse.
D) transmitter.

Question 17

Which is the type of prevention that seeks to provide effective treatment as soon as it is needed so that moderate or severe disorders do not become long-term problems?

A) primary prevention
B) secondary prevention
C) tertiary prevention
D) florid prevention

Question 18

According to Freud, _____ is a condition in which the id, ego, and superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development.

A) fixation
B) overcompensation
C) sublimation
D) displacement

Question 19

One of the main differences between group therapy and a self-help group is the presence in group therapy of:

A) more than one person.
B) more than one therapist.
C) a professional therapist.
D) people who are related by marriage or other familial connection.

Question 20

Which is NOT described by your text as being a part of the cerebrum?

A) hypothalamus
B) hippocampus
C) amygdala
D) corpus callosum

Question 21

What is the main difference between group therapy and a self-help group?

A) Group therapy is less expensive than a self-help group because the members have a set time and place where they are going to meet.
B) In group therapy there is a trained therapist who leads the interaction, while a self-help group is conducted by people who share a similar problem without the help of a professional clinician.
C) Group therapy must be conducted by a person who shares the same problem as the group members, while a self-help group is run by a therapist who has no involvement in the problem that the other group members face.
D) Self-help groups provide far more confidentiality to the group members than a group therapy situation.

Question 22

According to Carl Rogers, a child who did not receive unconditional positive regard in early life is likely to acquire:

A) schizophrenia.
B) conditions of worth.
C) self-actualization.
D) phobias.

Question 23

Which is NOT one of the three types of biological treatments used today?

A) drug therapy
B) insulin coma
C) psychosurgery
D) electroconvulsive therapy

Question 24

Cognitive therapists guide clients to challenge their own dysfunctional:

A) dreams.
B) behaviors.
C) thoughts.
D) emotions.

Question 25

_____ theorists believe that people are motivated mainly by a need to have relationships with others and that severe problems in the relationships between children and their caregivers may lead to abnormal development.

A) Ego
B) Self
C) Behavioral
D) Object relations

Question 26

_____ are chemicals released into the bloodstream.

A) Genes
B) Synapses
C) Neurotransmitters
D) Hormones

Question 27

Depression has been linked to low activity of the neurotransmitters _____ and _____.

A) dopamine; endorphin
B) GABA; EDTA
C) serotonin; norepinephrine
D) cortisol; MDMA

Question 28

The example of a young boy developing a fear of sand because there is a sandbox in the yard where a dog barks and lunges demonstrates a principle of:

A) operant conditioning.
B) modeling.
C) classical conditioning.
D) transference learning.

Question 29

According to psychodynamic theorists, when people behave with their therapist the way they interacted with their parents, they are demonstrating:

A) resistance.
B) catharsis.
C) transference.
D) fixation.

Question 30

Huntington's disease has been traced to a loss of cells in the:

A) hippocampus.
B) basal ganglia.
C) hypothalamus.
D) forebrain.

Question 31

In which of the paradigms of abnormal psychology is the role of the therapist thought to be that of a teacher?

A) the biological model
B) the existential model
C) the multicultural model
D) the behavioral model

Question 32

Which model of abnormality rests on the deterministic assumption that no symptom or behavior is "accidental" and that all behavior is determined by past experiences?

A) the psychodynamic model
B) the cognitive model
C) the sociocultural model
D) the feminist model

Question 33

Which contemporary psychodynamic approach holds that therapists are key figures in the lives of patients-figures whose reactions and beliefs should be included in the therapy?

A) gestalt psychodynamic therapy
B) short-term psychodynamic therapy
C) object relations therapy
D) relational psychoanalytic therapy

Question 34

In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as:

A) paradigms.
B) organizers.
C) categories.
D) denominations.

Question 35

The oldest and most famous of the modern psychological models is the _____ model.

A) behavioral
B) eclectic
C) cognitive
D) psychodynamic

Question 36

Gestalt therapy was developed by:

A) Carl Rogers.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Albert Bandura.
D) Frederick (Fritz) Perls.

Question 37

Which is an inaccurate statement about the role of genes in abnormal behavior?

A) Genes probably play no part in mental disorders.
B) The Human Genome Project, completed in 2000, helped identify the precise contribution of various genes to mental disorders.
C) Each human cell contains about 30,000 genes, some of which may contribute to mental disorders.
D) In most cases, several genes combine to help produce dysfunctional behavior.

Question 38

Individuals in which minority group in the United States are more likely to stop therapy sooner than white Americans?

A) American Indians
B) Asian Americans
C) Hispanic Americans
D) All of these groups are likely to stop therapy sooner than white Americans.

Question 39

According to Freud, the id operates in accordance with the _____ principle.

A) morality
B) reality
C) pleasure
D) constriction

Question 40

The basic premise of family therapy is:

A) the entire family is viewed as the unit of treatment, even if only one of the members receives a clinical diagnosis.
B) each of the family members must be diagnosed if an insurance company is to pay for the treatment.
C) it is far easier to bring about change in family therapy as the therapist can side with the parents and convince the child of the need to fix his or her own problem.
D) parents are usually the problem, and the therapist can only prove that point with them in the therapy room.

Question 41

The model or paradigm an investigator uses influences:

A) the symptoms of a particular disorder.
B) the treatment that is most effective for a disorder.
C) the questions and observations the investigator uses.
D) the culture in which the disorder is found.

Question 42

Huntington's disease, which has psychological as well as physical aspects, results from loss of cells in the:

A) corpus callosum.
B) basal ganglia.
C) hippocampus.
D) amygdala.

Question 43

"Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality." Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent?

A) behavioral
B) psychodynamic
C) cognitive
D) humanistic-existential

Question 44

The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the:

A) behavioral model.
B) sociocultural model.
C) psychodynamic model.
D) humanistic-existential model.

Question 45

The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the:

A) cognitive model.
B) sociocultural model.
C) psychodynamic model.
D) humanistic-existential model.

Question 46

One who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that:

A) genome mapping is a waste of time.
B) the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different.
C) at one time what is now often seen as abnormal helped us survive.
D) people can inherit physical but not mental capacities.

Question 47

Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of:

A) hormones.
B) neurotransmitters.
C) neurons.
D) genes.

Question 48

Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called:

A) dendrites.
B) axons.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) synapses.

Question 49

Critics of the evolutionary perspective of abnormal behavior cite all of the following EXCEPT:

A) It is difficult to research this perspective.
B) The perspective is overly precise.
C) It requires leaps of faith to believe in this perspective.
D) The perspective rests on an interaction of genes and environment.

Question 50

Depression has been linked to which neurotransmitter abnormality?

A) low activity of GABA
B) absence of dopamine
C) low activity of serotonin
D) excessive activity of norepinephrine

Question 51

In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as:

A) facts.
B) theories.
C) paradigms.
D) hypotheses.

Question 52

The model of abnormality that focuses on learning is the:

A) behavioral model.
B) sociocultural model.
C) psychodynamic model.
D) humanistic-existential model.

Question 53

"Abnormal behaviors-indeed, all behaviors-are acquired through learning." Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent?

A) behavioral
B) psychodynamic
C) cognitive
D) humanistic-existential

Question 54

Identifying which genes help cause various human disorders rests with the ability to:

A) clone individuals.
B) map or sequence genes.
C) insert RNA into genes.
D) control mutations.

Question 55

One who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which of the following paradigms?

A) sociocultural
B) biocultural
C) psychocultural
D) cognitive-cultural

Question 56

The paradigm or model adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior would have been:

A) sociocultural.
B) biological.
C) cognitive.
D) demonological.

Question 57

The model of abnormality that concentrates on thinking is the:

A) cognitive model.
B) behavioral model.
C) sociocultural model.
D) psychodynamic model.

Question 58

Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Which would be a part of your paradigm?

A) the humanistic-existential model
B) the family-social perspective
C) the cognitive model
D) the psychodynamic model

Question 59

The model of abnormality that cites physical processes as being the key to behavior is the:

A) biological model.
B) sociocultural model.
C) psychodynamic model.
D) humanistic-existential model.

Question 60

The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the:

A) cognitive model.
B) behavioral model.
C) sociocultural model.
D) psychodynamic model.

Question 61

You blame your poor performance on a test that you didn't study for on all the other work you had to do. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is:

A) denial.
B) rationalization.
C) intellectualization.
D) sublimation.

Question 62

Barney's mother is taking cookies out of the oven. Which statement would suggest most strongly that the id is firmly in control of Barney's behavior?

A) Barney grabs some of the cookies and runs.
B) Barney wants the cookies desperately but asks his mother for a couple.
C) Barney waits for his mother to leave the room, takes a few cookies, and runs away.
D) Barney asks for some cookies in a whiney voice and, when he is denied, throws a tantrum.

Question 63

During the pre-clinical phase of a drug study, researchers are:

A) figuring out safe dosages of the drug in people.
B) looking for long-term and unexpected side effects.
C) submitting the drug to the FDA for approval.
D) testing the drug on animals.

Question 64

Determinists assume that abnormal behaviors:

A) are learned.
B) are not accidental.
C) have physiological bases.
D) are due to unconscious conflicts.

Question 65

Infants tend to do things that feel good. This is in accord with what Freud called:

A) reflex.
B) the pleasure principle.
C) primary process thought.
D) secondary process thought.

Question 66

According to Freud, a woman's pleasure from nursing her baby is reflected in which part of the personality?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) ego ideal

Question 67

According to psychoanalysis, which statement is true of psychological conflicts?

A) They are always sexual in nature.
B) They are tied to experiences early in life.
C) They are only a problem when they reach consciousness.
D) They are unconscious, and therefore not a factor in conscious experience.

Question 68

What we would call "conscience" is MOST like what Freud would call the:

A) defense mechanism.
B) superego.
C) ego.
D) erogenous zone.

Question 69

The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle.

A) id
B) superego
C) erogenous zone
D) ego

Question 70

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of:

A) schizophrenia.
B) anxiety disorders.
C) depression.
D) bipolar disorder.

Question 71

Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were the:

A) instincts, the ego, and the self.
B) biological forces, culture, and learning.
C) consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts.
D) instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards.

Question 72

What is libido?

A) the same as the id
B) the source of pleasure
C) the sexual energy of the id
D) the sum of the id's instinctual needs

Question 73

A man has cheated on his wife and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying how his wife has nagged him for years. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is:

A) rationalization.
B) denial.
C) regression.
D) projection.

Question 74

An important factor to consider in using drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that:

A) some people do not benefit from drug treatments.
B) drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment.
C) drugs are not very effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.
D) drugs should not be used unless surgery has been unsuccessful.

Question 75

Freud believed that the source of energy that fuels the id:

A) is defense mechanisms.
B) is the libido.
C) is conscious.
D) is learned.

Question 76

When a subject is participating in the final testing phase of a drug study, which of the following is taking place?

A) The drug is being tested on animals.
B) The subject is being asked about any unexpected long-term effects.
C) The safety of the drug is being assessed by the subject.
D) The subject is helping to determine the drug's efficacy and side effects.

Question 77

According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that is the conscience is the:

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) ego ideal.

Question 78

A patient's initial reaction to being told she has an STI is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is:

A) regression.
B) sublimation.
C) denial.
D) rationalization.

Question 79

The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the:

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) libido.

Question 80

Current research suggests that schizophrenia may be related to:

A) bacterial infections at the time of puberty.
B) a resistance to antibiotics.
C) viral infection in utero.
D) hormonal imbalances.