Deck 3: Social Transitions

Question 1

Dr. Jones argues that adolescence is primarily a social invention rather than a biological or cognitive phenomenon. Her view that the broader environment influences our conception of adolescence is most in line with the:

A) Piagetian perspective.
B) psychometric perspective.
C) inventionist perspective.
D) contextual perspective.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The universal process through which an individual's position or status is changed by society is called:

A) collective efficacy.
B) social redefinition.
C) social specification.
D) self-image stability.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is not one of the areas of fundamental change in adolescence?

A) biological
B) social
C) conceptual
D) cognitive

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Before industrialization, the term youth referred to:

A) all children.
B) ages 12-24.
C) ages 10-18.
D) ages 3-12.

Question 5

Which of the following was not an outcome of the Industrial Revolution?

A) a shortage of job opportunities
B) the lengthening of schooling for adolescents
C) an increase in crime
D) increased opportunities for adolescents in the workplace

Question 6

Today, adolescence has been redefined as a time of _____, rather than _____.

A) participation; preparation
B) preparation; participation
C) working; schooling
D) apprenticeship; autonomy

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the inventionist perspective is true?

A) Adolescence is a separate period that has been largely determined by the broader social environment.
B) Adolescence is driven by the physiological changes of puberty.
C) The cognitive advances of adolescence are what make this period distinct from all others.
D) Adolescence is not a distinct period in the life cycle and should not be regarded as such.

Question 8

Notable contributing factors to the elongation of adolescence compared to previous eras include all except which of the following?

A) earlier onset of puberty
B) later entry into adult work roles
C) later entry into adult family roles
D) later development of emotional maturity

Question 9

Which of the following contributed to the invention of the teenager?

A) industrialization
B) economic freedom
C) higher education
D) student activism

Question 10

The status of adolescents as full-time students arose as a result of:

A) the Industrial Revolution.
B) increases in scientific knowledge.
C) political changes resulting from the Civil War.
D) the advent of technical careers.

Question 11

Today, people go through ______ earlier than 100 years ago, but tend to stay in ______ longer.

A) puberty; school
B) marriage; school
C) school; puberty
D) school; marriage

Question 12

Compared to 100 years ago, the adolescent period has been _____ and the transition into adulthood _____.

A) shortened; abbreviated
B) lengthened; prolonged
C) shortened; more continuous
D) lengthened; abbreviated

Question 13

Before the Industrial Revolution, the term child referred to:

A) ages 3-12.
B) ages 5-10.
C) anyone under age 18 or 21.
D) ages 3-25.

Question 14

According to the inventionist theory, adolescence was not considered a distinct transitional period until:

A) the publication of Seventeen magazine.
B) the creation of child labor laws.
C) the Industrial Revolution.
D) It has always been recognized as a distinct part of development.

Question 15

Jacob is looking forward to the upcoming presidential election because he is now able to cast his vote. Based on your knowledge of the social redefinition of adolescence, what has Jacob attained?

A) emerging adulthood
B) juvenile attainment
C) quincea-era
D) the age of majority

Question 16

Among those who study adolescence, an inventionist is one who:

A) develops new products aimed predominantly at the adolescent population.
B) argues that adolescence as a period in the life cycle is mainly a social invention.
C) believes that many of the problems in adolescence are merely invented by the popular press.
D) believes that adolescents need to be kept away from the labor force for their own safety.

Question 17

The term adolescent became widely used at what time?

A) since the 15th century
B) since the 18th century
C) since the 19th century
D) during the 20th century

Question 18

In contemporary America, the process of social definition, which typically begins at age 15 or 16, is something that occurs over:

A) a relatively long period of time.
B) a few days.
C) a few days for males and a relatively longer time for females.
D) a relatively short period of time.

Question 19

Kaji, a 16-year-old male, has gone through the rite of passage and is now considered a warrior by his tribesmen. This change in Kaji's role and status may be referred to as:

A) status offense.
B) scarification.
C) social redefinition.
D) inventionist.

Question 20

In the 19th century, what distinguished children from adults?

A) what job they performed
B) whether they owned property
C) marital status
D) religious confirmation

Question 21

Research described in the textbook indicates all of the following except which one?

A) Juveniles are less likely than adults to understand their rights when being questioned by the police.
B) Juvenile are more likely than adults to confess to a crime than remain silent.
C) Juveniles are less likely than adults to discuss disagreements with their attorneys.
D) Nearly all juveniles under 15 years old are competent to stand trial in a criminal proceeding.

Question 22

Compared to a child, an older adolescent is likely to:

A) experience more stress and less happiness.
B) face a range decisions that may have serious long-term consequences.
C) have fewer long-term possibilities.
D) have an identity crisis.

Question 23

Adolescents who are convicted of crimes become part of the _________ justice system, whereas adults convicted of the same crimes are part of the ________ justice system.

A) child; adult
B) status; majority
C) criminal; adult
D) juvenile; criminal

Question 24

All of the following are true regarding the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood except which one?

A) The legal boundary between childhood and adulthood is very clear and consistent.
B) There are many inconsistencies in the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood.
C) Once an adolescent is designated as an adult, she or he is also subject to a new set of laws and will be treated differently.
D) In some instances, attaining adult status brings with it more lenient treatment under the law, whereas in others, it
May be associated with harsher treatment.

Question 25

Late 19th-century adolescents spent _____ time working with their parents and _____ with their peers, being educated or prepping for the future.

A) less; more
B) less; less
C) more; less
D) more; more

Question 26

Legal decisions have tended to support adolescent autonomy when the behavior at issue is:

A) viewed as potentially dangerous.
B) supported by the adolescents' parents.
C) also legal for adults.
D) viewed as having potential benefit.

Question 27

Popularized about 50 years ago, this expression refers to young people in a more frivolous and lighthearted manner than the term adolescent.

A) youngster
B) youth
C) teenager
D) punk

Question 28

Recent research on psychological well-being in emerging adulthood suggests:

A) it is a time of positive and improving mental health for most people.
B) it is a time of increasing stress caused by financial instability.
C) it is a time of decreasing mental health for most people.
D) no research has yet examined this question with emerging adults.

Question 29

Which group of individuals is likely to describe themselves as individuals who are in many ways more mature than adolescents, but not as mature as adults?

A) teenagers
B) college students
C) individuals in their 20s
D) emancipated minors

Question 30

During the industrial revolution, child protectionists argued that:

A) a separate justice system must exist for juveniles.
B) adolescents needed parental permission to marry.
C) young people needed to be kept away from the labor force for their own good.
D) adolescent music was too controversial and needed to be censored.

Question 31

Which of the following did not contribute to the redefinition of the term youth?

A) increased materialism among college students
B) a growing college population
C) a rise in student activism
D) changes in attitudes and values among college students

Question 32

Jeffrey Arnett, the psychologist who created the term emerging adulthood, believes that the developmental period between adolescence and adulthood (emerging adulthood):

A) exists in all cultures.
B) exists in almost every culture.
C) exists in very few cultures.
D) exists wherever there is a large discrepancy between the rich and the poor.

Question 33

The Boy Scouts is an example of an organization that grew out of the _____ school of thought.

A) revolutionary
B) Piagetian
C) child protectionist
D) inventionist

Question 34

Psychologist Jeffery Arnett has suggested that 18- to 25-year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in "emerging adulthood," which is characterized by all but which of the following?

A) functioning as an independent person
B) exploring possible identities before making permanent choices
C) the subjective feeling of emotional immaturity
D) the subjective feeling that life is full of possibilities

Question 35

Which of the following was not a result of industrialization?

A) new patterns of work
B) less time in school
C) increased school preparation
D) less time working with family members

Question 36

A double shift in social status takes place during adolescence with an increase in both _________ and ___________.

A) privileges; expectations
B) school work; discipline
C) discipline; restrictions
D) restrictions; expectations

Question 37

Jennifer, who is 16, ran away with her friend Tonya, who is 18. The police, however, only arrested Jennifer for running away because for a minor, running away is considered:

A) the age of majority.
B) extrusion.
C) a status offense.
D) juvenile truancy.

Question 38

Which of the following would not be considered an initiation ceremony?

A) graduating from high school
B) a quinceanera
C) a Bat Mitzvah
D) obtaining a driver's license

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true about Arnett's concept of emerging adulthood?

A) It is seen more commonly among politically conservative youth.
B) Not all people in their mid-20s fit the profile.
C) It is positively associated with economic pressures to support a family.
D) It exists in all cultures.

Question 40

One finding that emerged from the competence to stand trial research described in the textbook was that:

A) about 1/5 of 14- and 15-year-olds are not competent to stand trial.
B) about 1/10 of 14- and 15-year-olds are not competent to stand trial.
C) almost all youths are competent to stand trial.
D) nearly 75% of youths under the age of 15 are competent to stand trial.

Question 41

Which of the following is not an example of the contemporary version of scarification?

A) brushing teeth
B) using makeup
C) shaving face or legs
D) ear piercing

Question 42

The Bat Mitzvah, the confirmation, and the quinceanera are all examples of:

A) graduations.
B) inventionism.
C) initiation ceremonies.
D) universal rites of passage.

Question 43

Charles feels older than most of the other kids in his grade. He is more likely to engage in all of the following activities except:

A) spending more time with opposite-sex peers.
B) greater achievement in school.
C) feeling more autonomous.
D) engaging in problem behavior.

Question 44

In some cultures (and in earlier American cohorts), the accentuation of differences between sexes during the social redefinition of adolescence occurs partly because of:

A) the physical changes of puberty.
B) adult work roles are highly sex-differentiated.
C) adult family roles are highly sex-differentiated.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 45

Typically, the social redefinition of young people occurs in groups of peers who are approximately the same age, known as:

A) cohorts.
B) age groups.
C) longitudinal groups.
D) quincea-era groups.

Question 46

In Marley's society, adolescents are expected to attain adult roles at a certain age; however, they are provided with little training for such responsibilities. Additionally, adolescents tend to be segregated from the workforce and receive little training in school for the types of jobs they will hold as adults. What type of society does Marley most likely belong to?

A) traditional
B) contemporary
C) child protectionist
D) non-industrialized

Question 47

Compared to when adults are interrogated by the police, juveniles are:

A) more likely to understand their rights.
B) less likely to confess to a crime than remain silent.
C) more likely to discuss disagreements with their attorney.
D) None of these are true.

Question 48

Social scientists believe that the transition from adolescence into adulthood in contemporary society is:

A) too rocky.
B) too vague.
C) too long.
D) All of these responses are true.

Question 49

The Bar Mitzvah and Bat Mitzvah are contemporary examples of traditional society's practice of:

A) extrusion.
B) the accentuation of male and female differences.
C) cohorts.
D) counterculture.

Question 50

For Sally's 13th birthday, her mother has agreed to let her get her ears pierced. In traditional societies, this type of body ritual may be equated to:

A) epiphysis.
B) extrusion.
C) voodoo.
D) scarification.

Question 51

Which of the following themes is generally not a universal element in the process of social redefinition?

A) the accentuation of physical and social differences between males and females
B) the real or symbolic separation of the adolescent from his or her parents
C) the separation of adolescents experiencing menarche from elder members of the community
D) the passing on of cultural, historical, and practical information

Question 52

One discrepancy in the way that society treats adolescents is that courts have ruled that teenagers have the right to obtain ________; however, the courts have also upheld laws forbidding adolescence to obtain _____.

A) cigarettes; contraceptives
B) vulgar magazines; contraceptives
C) contraceptives; cigarettes or vulgar magazines
D) vulgar magazines; cigarettes

Question 53

All of the following are aspects of social redefinition described in the textbook except:

A) the passing on of information from the older generation.
B) the accentuation of differences between males and females.
C) the real or symbolic separation from parents.
D) the completion of formal schooling.

Question 54

What is the most striking aspect of the transition into adulthood for contemporary adolescents?

A) The extended amount of time between pubertal onset and the achievement of adult work and family roles.
B) The discontinuity in the transition into adulthood.
C) The expanded range of opportunities for today's adolescents.
D) Feeling more mature than adolescents, but less mature than adults.

Question 55

Based on Grisso and colleague's competency study, should we assume a 15-year-old is definitely more competent than a mentally ill adult who has been found not competent to stand trial? What about a 13-year-old?

A) No, about 1/5 of 14- to 15-year-olds and about 1/3 of 13 and younger children are likely to be found to be as impaired in their abilities to stand trial as mentally ill adults who have been determined to be not competent to stand trial.
B) The 15-year-old is definitely more competent to stand trial than a mentally ill adult; however, it is likely that the 13-year-old would be as impaired in her ability as a mentally ill adult.
C) Both adolescents are likely to be more competent than a mentally ill adult who has been determined to be not competent.
D) The results from the Grisso study cannot be used to predict whether a 15- or 13-year-old would be competent to
Stand trial.

Question 56

What might explain why adolescence has been elongated?

A) the delayed onset of puberty
B) recent brain imaging studies that have indicated that the prefrontal cortex is still developing until the age of 25
C) the failure of young adults to settle down in marriage-like relationships
D) the increased importance of formal education in making a successful transition into adult roles

Question 57

The messages that contemporary society sends adolescents are:

A) full of sexual innuendos.
B) unclear and inconsistent.
C) outdated.
D) inappropriate for young people.

Question 58

Changes in social definition also bring changes in:

A) adolescents' identities.
B) responsibilities.
C) changes in relationships with others.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 59

According to the textbook, in non-Western cultures, there is huge discrepancy in the extension of privileges to males and females. In general, girls' behavior is more _____, whereas boys are given more ____.

A) subject to the control of adults; responsibilities
B) subject to the control of adults; freedom and autonomy
C) likely to be regulated by community standards; family-level rules
D) likely to be watched and scrutinized; privacy

Question 60

Which of the following Supreme Court cases demonstrated the Court's belief that adolescents may be less blameworthy than adults?

A) Roper v. Simmons
B) Hodgson v. Minnesota
C) Board of Education v. Mergens
D) Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier

Question 61

The current transition into adult occupations in America is considered a:

A) functional transition.
B) discontinuous transition.
C) continuous transition.
D) consonant transition.

Question 62

Some researchers have suggested that ______ in contemporary society has (have) caused difficulties for many of today's youth, especially poor or minority youth.

A) the discontinuous and prolonged nature of the transition from adolescence to adulthood
B) the hormonal changes associated with puberty
C) the overwhelming of adolescents with adult responsibilities
D) the practice of youth apprenticeships

Question 63

In contemporary society, the transition into adult work roles is fairly:

A) discontinuous.
B) continuous.
C) smooth.
D) None of these are correct.

Question 64

Compared to 100 years ago, contemporary adolescents take on full-time employment _____ and live under adult supervision _____ than adolescents in earlier times.

A) later; more
B) later; less
C) earlier; more
D) earlier; less

Question 65

Initiation ceremonies for young women in traditional societies most often coincide with:

A) marriage.
B) menarche.
C) scarification.
D) the completion of formal schooling.

Question 66

The transition into adulthood 50 or 60 years ago was characterized by _____ prior preparation for family roles and _____ prior preparation for work roles.

A) more; less
B) more; more
C) less; more
D) less; less

Question 67

Dr. Ramirez believes that the passage into adulthood is a gradual process in which the adolescent assumes the roles and status of adulthood bit by bit. This view is most closely associated with the:

A) continuous transition.
B) discontinuous transition.
C) longitudinal perspective.
D) abstemious approach.

Question 68

Since Mark was 5 years old, he has been helping his father maintain the family farm. Now, 30 years later, Mark owns the farm and is teaching his own son how to manage it. Based on your knowledge about the continuity of adolescence, how would you describe Mark's transition?

A) attenuated
B) longitudinal
C) discontinuous
D) continuous

Question 69

Why is it so difficult to draw a legal boundary between when someone should be treated like a child and when someone is ready to be treated like an adult?

A) Development is so rapid and so variable between individuals.
B) It is difficult to predict when individuals will go through puberty.
C) These laws have been in place for hundreds of years and they are difficult to change.
D) Most adolescents look older than they feel.

Question 70

Changes in social definition will likely have profound effects on developments in the domains of:

A) achievement, spirituality, and identity.
B) achievement, sexuality, and autonomy.
C) sexuality, achievement, and identity.
D) sexuality, autonomy, achievement, and identity.

Question 71

According to the textbook, today, about _____ of American adolescents are from ethnic minority groups; and, by the end of this century, it is estimated that nearly _____ of American adolescents will be non-White.

A) 45%; 1/3
B) 10%; 2/3
C) 10%; 1/3
D) 45%; 2/3

Question 72

Individuals who were adolescents in the late 1950s and 1960s are known as members of the:

A) Leave It to Beaver generation.
B) baby-boom generation.
C) "Free Love" generation.
D) Great Depression generation.

Question 73

Among American adolescents, the most frequently mentioned criterion for being an adult is ________; among Inuit adolescents in the Canadian Arctic, the most important is ________.

A) getting married; accepting responsibility for oneself
B) moving in with a prospective mate; supporting oneself financially
C) accepting responsibility for oneself; the establishment of a marriage-like relationship
D) being able to support oneself financially; becoming a parent

Question 74

Approximately what percentage of American 18- to 24-year-olds live with or are supported financially by their parents?

A) 90%
B) 15%
C) 55%
D) 70%

Question 75

In 1960, the average age of marriage for women was _____; today it is _____.

A) 20; 27
B) 26; 20
C) 30; 27
D) 20; 20

Question 76

Research has established that circumcision is associated with:

A) negative outcomes for both males and females.
B) positive outcomes for both males and females.
C) negative outcomes for males but not for females.
D) negative outcomes for females but not for males.

Question 77

Compared to the situation 50 or 60 years ago, today's transition to adulthood is:

A) short and smooth.
B) short and rocky.
C) long and disorderly.
D) long and smooth.

Question 78

Societies in which hunting, fishing, and farming are the primary work activities tend to exhibit a more _____ transition between adolescence and adulthood.

A) continuous
B) discontinuous
C) exaggerated
D) protracted

Question 79

Dr. Goodrich believes that the passage into adulthood is a sudden change in which adult roles and statuses are abruptly assumed. This view is most closely associated with the:

A) continuous transition.
B) discontinuous transition.
C) longitudinal perspective.
D) abstemious approach.

Question 80

According to the textbook, all of the following statements about female circumcision are true except which one?

A) Although the risks are well-known, the prevalence of circumcision in the United States has grown to 18% of female adolescents.
B) Female circumcision carries zero health benefits.
C) Female circumcision can cause infection and chronic pain during urination, menstruation, and sexual intercourse.
D) After circumcision, it is virtually impossible for a woman to achieve an orgasm during sex.