Deck 3: Forming a New Life: Conception,heredity,and Environment

Question 1

Bronfenbrenner's _____ approach examines the layers of social systems and how these layers interact.

A)interactionist
B)bioecological
C)behaviorist
D)cognitive

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The _____ is the basic unit that determines inherited characteristics.

A)zygote
B)gene
C)follicle
D)gamete

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Sperm are produced in the _____ at a rate of several hundred million a day and are ejaculated in the semen during sexual climax.

A)ovary
B)cervix
C)testes
D)uterus

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Infertility is the inability to conceive after _____ months of trying to have a baby.

A)3 to 6
B)6 to 9
C)9 to 12
D)12 or more

Question 5

In fertilization,the male and the female gametes combine to create a single cell called a(n)_____,which then duplicates itself again and again to become a baby.

A)zygote
B)ovum
C)sperm
D)follicle

Question 6

The science of genetics focuses on the

A)inherited factors that affect development.
B)effects of environmental influences on phenotypic development.
C)development of abnormal,rather than normal,behaviors and traits.
D)processes involved in fertilization.

Question 7

The most common cause of infertility in men is

A)low sperm production.
B)impotence.
C)use of over-the-counter medications.
D)premature ejaculation.

Question 8

The union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote is known as

A)the two-seed theory.
B)ovulation.
C)attachment.
D)fertilization.

Question 9

Fred and Wilma have discovered that their infertility is due to Fred's extremely low sperm count.In an attempt to get pregnant,Wilma has a doctor inject a collection of her husband's sperm directly into her cervix.This procedure is called

A)in vitro fertilization.
B)sperm transfer.
C)artificial insemination.
D)ovum transfer.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT true about infertile couples?

A)A common cause in females is blockage of the fallopian tubes.
B)Drug therapy can sometimes correct the problem.
C)Hormone treatment may raise a man's sperm count.
D)Surgical treatments are ineffective.

Question 11

Daniel and Nellie are hoping to maximize Nellie's chances of becoming pregnant.When should they have intercourse?

A)between the 6^th and 21^st days of the menstrual cycle
B)5 days after the onset of ovulation
C)14 days after the onset of menstruation
D)28 days after the onset of menstruation

Question 12

Which of the following factors can have vast consequences on a child's development?

A)Whether the birth comes about through normal or extraordinary means
B)Whether the birth is welcome or unwanted
C)How old the parents are when the child is conceived or adopted
D)All of the above

Question 13

Ovulation refers to the

A)fertilization of an ovum by a sperm.
B)expulsion of an ovum from the ovary.
C)passage of an ovum through the vagina and out of the woman's body.
D)absorption of an ovum by the woman's white blood cells.

Question 14

Fertilization usually takes place in the _____ as the ovum make the trip from the ovary to the uterus.

A)womb
B)fallopian tube
C)ovaries
D)cervix

Question 15

The chemical that carries inherited instructions for the development of all cellular forms of life is called

A)a teratogenic substance.
B)adenosine monophosphate.
C)arachidonic acid.
D)deoxyribonucleic acid.

Question 16

Dan and Fiona have decided to utilize technology to overcome their infertility problems.They opt for a procedure in which a mature ovum is surgically removed,fertilized in a laboratory dish,and then implanted in the woman's uterus.This technique is called

A)artificial insemination.
B)in vitro fertilization.
C)gamete intrafallopian transfer.
D)zygote intrafallopian transfer.

Question 17

Stacy wants to learn more about the sequence of base parts within DNA that determine inherited characteristics.Stacy is interested in

A)autosomes.
B)multifactorial transmission.
C)genome imprinting.
D)the genetic code.

Question 18

______ suggested that the production of male babies was the natural order of things and that a female came about only if development was disturbed.

A)Bronfenbrenner.
B)Aristotle.
C)Skinner.
D)Mendel.

Question 19

A common female cause of infertility is

A)underproduction of ova.
B)abnormal ova.
C)blockage of the fallopian tube.
D)disease of the uterine lining,which prevents implantation of the fertilized ovum.

Question 20

Medical technology is now able to offer couples several methods of bypassing the normal process of conception.These methods include

A)ovum transfer.
B)artificial insemination.
C)in vitro fertilization.
D)all of the above.

Question 21

Meiosis

A)results in two cells,each with 46 chromosomes.
B)reduces the number of chromosomes by half.
C)refers to the addition of an extra 21^st chromosome.
D)is the process by which the egg and sperm combine.

Question 22

How many pairs of chromosomes does a typically developing human being have?

A)22
B)23
C)44
D)46

Question 23

According to Mendel's findings,

A)genes occur singly,never in pairs.
B)genes do not have fixed positions on chromosomes.
C)individual traits blend into one another.
D)hereditary traits are transmitted separately.

Question 24

The X and Y chromosomes are referred to as the

A)sex chromosomes.
B)autosomes.
C)DNA.
D)meiotic autosomes.

Question 25

During the 1860s,Gregor Mendel conducted experiments that laid the foundation for understanding

A)patterns of inheritance.
B)intelligence.
C)meiosis and mitosis.
D)prenatal development.

Question 26

Lewis has wanted a son for as long as he can remember.He has put a great deal of pressure on his pregnant wife.She constantly reminds him that that the sex of the child was determined at conception by the

A)genotype of the autosomes of the ovum.
B)genotype of the sex chromosomes of the ovum.
C)genotype of the sperm that fertilized the ovum.
D)phenotype of the sperm that fertilized the ovum.

Question 27

The sex of a child is determined by the sex chromosomes of

A)the mother.
B)the father.
C)both the mother and the father.
D)neither the mother nor the father.

Question 28

The process of cell division that produces copies of cells with 46 chromosomes is called

A)diffusion.
B)meiosis.
C)translocation.
D)mitosis.

Question 29

Harry's wife is pregnant with a child whose sex chromosome is XY.Harry and his wife are

A)heterozygous.
B)having a girl.
C)having a boy.
D)homozygous.

Question 30

Genes that produce alternative expressions of a trait are called

A)gametes.
B)alleles.
C)autosomes.
D)karyotypes.

Question 31

Matu received identical genes for hair color from each of his parents.We would say that Matu is _____ for that trait.

A)homozygous
B)monozygous
C)heterozygous
D)dizygous

Question 32

Which of the following are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)?

A)Gametes
B)Gymnosperm
C)Androsperm
D)Genes

Question 33

Child A's sex chromosomes are XX,and Child B's sex chromosomes are XY.Child A is a(n)______ and Child B is a(n)_______.

A)identical twin;fraternal twin
B)fraternal twin;identical twin
C)boy;girl
D)girl;boy

Question 34

Each ovum possesses _____ chromosomes,and each sperm possesses _____ chromosomes.

A)23 ;46
B)46 ;23
C)23 pairs of ;26 pairs of
D)23 ;23

Question 35

If Darla has albinism but neither of her parents exhibit this inherited condition,the trait must be _____ and Darla's genotype for this trait is _____.

A)dominant;homozygous
B)recessive;homozygous
C)dominant;heterozygous
D)recessive;heterozygous

Question 36

If Carol and Robert both pass on the gene for red hair,their child will have red hair.This is an example of _____ inheritance.

A)dominant
B)recessive
C)sex-linked
D)multiple-allele

Question 37

The chromosomes that do NOT determine sex are called

A)zygotes.
B)genes.
C)gametes.
D)autosomes.

Question 38

A cell that has divided through mitosis possesses _____ chromosomes,whereas a cell that has undergone meiosis possesses _____ chromosomes.

A)23 pairs of ;23
B)46 pairs of ;46
C)23 ;46
D)23 chromosomes;23 pairs of

Question 39

If Ekaterina is homozygous for a particular trait,what will she pass on to her offspring?

A)only one kind of gene for that trait
B)either of two kinds of genes for that trait
C)a sex-linked gene for that trait
D)no gene for that trait

Question 40

Ulrich is heterozygous for a trait;therefore,he displays the _____ trait in his phenotype.

A)recessive
B)dominant
C)dominant-recessive
D)genotypic

Question 41

Louise's blue eyes and petite frame are observable characteristics and are part of her

A)alleles.
B)genetic imprint.
C)phenotype.
D)genotype.

Question 42

An individual's _____ consists of that individual's observable traits;an individual's _____ is his/her underlying genetic pattern.

A)dominant inheritance;heterozygosis
B)dominant inheritance;homozygosis
C)genotype;phenotype
D)phenotype;genotype

Question 43

Permanent genetic alterations that may produce harmful characteristics are called

A)transmissions.
B)mutations.
C)dominant-recessive alterations.
D)selective alterations.

Question 44

John has hemophilia,a sex-linked,blood-clotting disorder transmitted by a recessive gene.Neither his mother nor his father has symptoms of this disease.What can we conclude about the genetic makeup of John's parents?

A)Both of his parents have the faulty gene.
B)The mother is a carrier of hemophilia,but the father does not have the gene.
C)The mother is homozygous for the faulty gene,whereas the father is heterozygous.
D)The father has the faulty gene,whereas the mother does not.

Question 45

Brooklyn has curly hair but carries a gene for straight hair.Her phenotype is

A)curly hair.
B)straight hair.
C)unknown.
D)her total genetic makeup.

Question 46

Which birth defect afflicts African Americans more than it does other ethnic groups?

A)Tay-Sachs disease
B)sickle-cell anemia
C)cystic fibrosis
D)Cooley's anemia

Question 47

Petra would like to replicate herself.However,she needs to realize that,although cloning can produce identical _____,it cannot produce identical _____.

A)phenotypes;genotypes
B)heredity;environments
C)genotypes;phenotypes
D)genotypes;alleles

Question 48

Melvin grew up near the Three Mile Island nuclear plant when the meltdown occurred.An analysis of his genetic material indicates changes that are consistent with radiation exposure.The term that describes such genetic or chromosomal alteration is called

A)mutation.
B)transmission.
C)transduction.
D)selective alteration.

Question 49

Suzanne has brown eyes but also carries a gene for blue eyes.Suzanne is _____ for the trait of eye color.

A)homozygous
B)unizygous
C)monozygous
D)heterozygous

Question 50

Arnold underwent genetic testing to determine whether he has the gene for Huntington's disease.The test confirmed that he does have it.This is an example of transmission by _____ inheritance.

A)recessive
B)dominant
C)sex-linked
D)multifactorial

Question 51

When both parents carry an abnormal recessive gene,such as the gene for cystic fibrosis,each of their children has 1 chance in:

A)2 of being a carrier.
B)4 of being a carrier.
C)2 of receiving two abnormal recessive genes.
D)2 of receiving two normal genes.

Question 52

Gerald suffers from hemophilia,a blood-clotting disorder.He understands that the gene responsible for this disorder is carried by females but usually affects only males.This is an example of _______ inheritance.

A)heterozygous
B)dominant
C)sex-linked
D)recessive

Question 53

Krystal was ill as a baby,and before she was a year old,she was diagnosed with _____,a genetic defect that causes thick mucus to clog the breathing passages and the digestive system.

A)cystic fibrosis
B)Down syndrome
C)neural tube defect
D)Huntington's disease

Question 54

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of multifactorial transmission?

A)One or two genes determine many obvious psychological characteristics,such as intelligence.
B)Offspring with multiple recessive genes often do not survive to transmit those genes.
C)The environment and many different genes interact to determine most psychological traits.
D)The expression of dominant genes is solely influenced by hereditary factors,whereas the expression of recessive genes is strongly influenced by environmental factors.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT true about epigenetics?

A)It is a mechanism that turns genes on or off.
B)It refers to chemical molecules attached to a gene that "reads" the gene's DNA.
C)Its name is derived from the prefix meaning "on or above" the genome.
D)Epigenetic changes are hereditary not environmental.

Question 56

Baby Shanna has been diagnosed with Tay-Sachs disease.However,neither of her parents has shown symptoms of this disease.What can we conclude from this information?

A)Shanna is heterozygous for the Tay-Sachs gene.
B)Shanna's parents are homozygous for the Tay-Sachs gene.
C)Shanna is homozygous for the Tay-Sachs gene.
D)One of Shanna's parents is a carrier of Tay-Sachs,the other is not.

Question 57

The differential expression of certain genetic traits is known as

A)genome imprinting.
B)genome splitting.
C)chromosome imprinting.
D)chromosome splitting.

Question 58

When the police ask you to give a description of an assailant and you say that she is tall with black,curly hair,you are describing the assailant's

A)incomplete dominance.
B)genetic pattern.
C)phenotype.
D)genotype.

Question 59

A pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring is called ______ inheritance.

A)recessive
B)dominant
C)multifactorial
D)sex-linked

Question 60

Sex-linked traits

A)are usually passed from father to son.
B)are never manifested in females.
C)can be carried by females who do not display them.
D)are carried by dominant genes.

Question 61

Which of the following most clearly demonstrates the influence of environment?

A)Georgio,who was adopted at birth,and died at the same age as his biological father did
B)Sally,who was adopted at the age of 2,and walks like her adoptive mother
C)Bill and Jim,identical twins who were separated at birth,and are both overweight
D)Ann and Jennie,fraternal twins who were reared apart,only Ann has high blood pressure

Question 62

Despite many variations in environmental conditions and rearing practices,most children learn to walk at about the same time and in the same sequence.We would say that walking is a ______ trait.

A)recessive
B)dominant
C)monozygotic
D)canalized.

Question 63

Brynn carries the gene for heart disease.She now believes that no matter what steps she takes to protect her health,she will have a heart attack in the future.Brynn's misconception is known as

A)genetic variability.
B)genetic determinism.
C)biological destiny.
D)a false positive.

Question 64

Doug has been recruited for a family study looking at the heritability of personality traits.Who else will most likely be included in the study?

A)Doug's brother or sister
B)Doug's spouse
C)Doug's closest friends
D)Doug's first cousins

Question 65

Although Roberto's adoptive parents are short in stature,he is growing to be tall like his biological mother.What might we conclude about Roberto's height?

A)It is influenced primarily by environmental factors.
B)It is influenced primarily by hereditary factors.
C)Nutrition did not contribute to his height.
D)It is primarily a result of independent segregation.

Question 66

A karyotype is a(n)

A)abnormal genotype.
B)abnormal phenotype.
C)photographic chart of chromosomal abnormalities.
D)test of developing fetal cells.

Question 67

Depending on environmental conditions,the potential variability in the expression of a hereditary trait is called

A)canalization.
B)genetics.
C)reaction range.
D)environmental interaction.

Question 68

Which of the following statements about the influences of heredity and environment is correct?

A)A person's height is determined by his or her genes.
B)A person's potential range of height is genetically determined,but actual height may be influenced by nutrition.
C)The genetic upper limit or range of height can be increased by improved nutrition.
D)Nutrition is more important than are genetic limits or range.

Question 69

Scientists generally accept that

A)human development is determined almost entirely by heredity.
B)human development is determined almost entirely by environment.
C)heredity and environment constantly interact to shape human development.
D)hereditary and environmental influences on human development are impossible to identify.

Question 70

Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome are caused by abnormalities of the

A)autosomes.
B)sex chromosomes.
C)teratogens.
D)phenotypes.

Question 71

It eventually may be possible to treat inherited diseases by repairing or replacing abnormal genes through

A)genetic counseling.
B)gene therapy.
C)genome replication.
D)phoneme therapy.

Question 72

In attempting to study the degree to which genetics influences activity levels in newborns,a researcher compares monozygotic and dizygotic twins for their level of similarity on that trait.This research is attempting to determine the _____ of the trait activity levels.

A)phenotype
B)genotype
C)karyotype
D)heritability

Question 73

A chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-to-severe mental retardation and a downward-sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes is called

A)cystic fibrosis.
B)Tay-Sachs disease.
C)Down syndrome.
D)sickle-cell anemia.

Question 74

Susan and Betty are monozygotic twins,whereas Ming and Li are dizygotic twins.If a particular trait is determined primarily by hereditary factors,what would be the relative degree of concordance in these two twin pairs?

A)Ming and Li are more concordant than are Susan and Betty.
B)Susan and Betty are more concordant than are Ming and Li.
C)Given similar environments,the two sets of twins are equally concordant.
D)It is not possible to determine concordance from studying twins.

Question 75

A statistical estimate of how much heredity influences individual differences in a specific trait at a certain time within a given population is referred to as

A)inheritance.
B)heritability.
C)heredity.
D)genetics.

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT the responsibility of a genetic counselor?

A)Taking a family history of prospective parents
B)Making clients aware of the statistical probabilities of certain genetic conditions
C)Presenting options of alternative courses of action
D)Advising clients on which course of action to take

Question 77

The misconception that individuals with a specific gene are destined to inherit that disease is called

A)gene mapping.
B)human genome.
C)genetic engineering.
D)genetic determinism.

Question 78

Which child is likely to exhibit the smallest reaction range for the trait of intelligence?

A)A child born with severe brain damage
B)A child born to parents with low intelligence
C)A child born to parents with normal intelligence
D)A child born to parents with extremely high intelligence

Question 79

Which of the following statements regarding Down syndrome is FALSE?

A)The vast majority of genetic abnormalities are associated with the mother's ovum.
B)There is no connection to paternal genetic abnormalities.
C)Down syndrome is also called trisomy-21.
D)The risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases with parental age.

Question 80

The quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior is called

A)genetic testing.
B)qualitative genetic research.
C)cognitive genetics.
D)behavioral genetics.