Deck 10: Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Piaget discussed the limitations of thought that are attributed to the preoperational stage.Which of the following is NOT a limitation?

A)Centration
B)Induction
C)Focusing on states
D)Irreversibility

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Derek's parents are happy to be buying a new car,but he is not enthusiastic.He tells his parents that it is not fair that they are getting rid of the old car after all the car has done for them.Derek is demonstrating _____ in his thinking.

A)centration
B)conservation
C)animism
D)irreversibility

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following involves the use of the symbolic function?

A)Deferred imitation
B)Pretend play
C)Language
D)All of these

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Between the ages of 2 and 7,children enter Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development.

A)operational
B)deferred imitation
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor

Question 5

According to Piaget,a mental representation to which a person has attached meaning is called a(n)

A)symbol.
B)operation.
C)function.
D)transformation.

Question 6

The preoperational stage of cognitive development marks a major qualitative leap in thinking because it ushers in

A)object permanence.
B)logical reasoning.
C)the use of symbolic thought.
D)transductive reasoning.

Question 7

Renee pours a glass of milk for her doll,telling her mother that her doll is very thirsty.The attribution of life to a nonliving object is called

A)conservation.
B)centration.
C)egocentrism.
D)animism.

Question 8

Which of the following scenarios does NOT exemplify the symbolic function?

A)While Arthur's father is brushing his sister's hair,Arthur brushes his toy dog.
B)On Sunday morning,Betsy watched her father make pancakes.On Tuesday,she made pancakes with modeling clay.
C)Carmen uses an overturned pot as a drum and two wooden spoons as drumsticks.
D)Riding a bus with his mother,Darren suddenly announces,"I want some alphabet soup!"

Question 9

Gannon and Cole ride their bikes around the driveway making train sounds.They tell their parents that they are train conductors.They are engaging in what kind of play?

A)Pretend play
B)Symbolic play
C)Fantasy play
D)All of the above

Question 10

Children often do not use deductive or inductive reasoning;they just jump from one idea to another and see causes where none exist.This is referred to as _____.

A)egocentrism
B)animism
C)irreversibility
D)transductive reasoning

Question 11

Four-year-old Karl tells his father,"I told the wind to blow,so it made my kite fly." This is an example of

A)animism.
B)irreversibility.
C)conservation.
D)centration.

Question 12

Tatiana's older sister,Jenny,wore a witch costume for Halloween.Even though Jenny looked like a witch,Tatiana understood that she was really her sister.This achievement of preoperational thought requires

A)the use of symbols.
B)the understanding of identities.
C)the understanding of cause and effect.
D)empathy.

Question 13

Four-year-old Lenny is playing outside in the snow when he suddenly asks his father for a cup of hot chocolate.According to Piaget,Lenny's ability to think about hot chocolate,even though there is none around,shows that he is capable of

A)transductive reasoning.
B)symbolic function.
C)delayed gratification.
D)operational thought.

Question 14

In Piaget's theory,a symbol refers to a(n)_____.

A)mental representation
B)physical object
C)inanimate object
D)written word

Question 15

_____ is the preoperational child's tendency to mentally link particular experiences with or without a logically causal relationship.

A)Theory of mind
B)Egocentrism
C)Transduction
D)Animism

Question 16

Many children can classify by two criteria,such as color and shape,by the age of

A)12 months.
B)18 months.
C)2 years.
D)4 years.

Question 17

Preoperational children tend to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others,leading to illogical conclusions.Piaget called this tendency

A)egocentrism.
B)classification.
C)centration.
D)transduction.

Question 18

Three-year-old Austin is playing with his cars.He puts all the red cars in one area and the rest of the cars in another area.This is an example of

A)classification.
B)conservation.
C)irreversibility.
D)theory of mind.

Question 19

According to Piaget,which of the following characteristics is NOT part of preoperational thought?

A)Egocentrism
B)Reversibility
C)Centration
D)Transductive reasoning

Question 20

Sarah was mean to her brother,Adam.When Adam got sick,Sarah concluded that she made her brother sick.This is an example of

A)irreversibility.
B)transductive reasoning.
C)egocentrism.
D)animism.

Question 21

Recent studies on children's theory of mind suggest that

A)Piaget was right in concluding that children younger than age 6 cannot distinguish between thoughts or dreams and real physical entities.
B)most 3-year-olds can tell the difference between a boy who has a cookie and a boy who is thinking about a cookie;they know which boy can touch,share,and eat the cookie.
C)young children realize that the mind is continuously active.
D)the understanding that other people can have false beliefs does not develop for most children until middle childhood.

Question 22

A disorder in which children lack a theory of mind is

A)Down syndrome.
B)autism.
C)Klienfelter's.
D)Angelman's syndrome.

Question 23

Callie does not realize that she needs to turn the book so that her father can see it.She can see it just fine.This is an example of

A)the theory of mind.
B)transductive reasoning.
C)egocentrism.
D)the dual-representation hypothesis.

Question 24

Piaget tested children's egocentrism by using the _____ task.

A)clay
B)animism
C)conservation-of-liquid
D)three-mountains

Question 25

Timothy does not understand that transforming the shape of a liquid (by pouring it from one container into another)does not change the amount of liquid.This represents which limitation in preoperational thought?

A)Transductive reasoning
B)Egocentrism
C)Animism
D)Conservation

Question 26

According to Piaget,children do not develop an understanding of their own mental processes until they are _____ years old,though more recent research sets the average age lower.

A)2
B)6
C)7
D)11

Question 27

_____ is the ability to understand that others have mental states,and the ability to judge others' feelings and intentions.

A)Empathy
B)False beliefs
C)Fast mapping
D)Social cognition

Question 28

Compared to children who have no imaginary companions,children who do have imaginary companions

A)are usually socially isolated.
B)have fewer friends at preschool.
C)are more fluent with language.
D)do not like playing with real friends.

Question 29

Information-processing theorists refer to the process of putting information into memory as

A)retrieval.
B)storage.
C)encoding.
D)recognition.

Question 30

Emma,age 3,runs into the room to show her parents a picture she has drawn.While holding the paper with the drawing facing her,she says,"See my picture?" Her parents,able to see only the back of the paper,ask to see the drawing.Emma just holds the paper closer to them without turning it around.Emma's behavior demonstrates

A)a focus on states.
B)transductive reasoning.
C)animism.
D)egocentrism.

Question 31

Ivan watches his mother take some clay from a small box.She rolls the clay into a long,thin shape.Ivan says,"But,Mommy,now the clay will not fit back in the box!" Ivan's statement illustrates

A)decentration.
B)irreversibility.
C)egocentrism.
D)ordinality.

Question 32

Which of the following statements regarding theory of mind is FALSE?

A)Children with strong social skills are better able to recognize false beliefs.
B)Children with siblings are better able to recognize false beliefs.
C)Theory of mind is mostly influenced by environmental experiences.
D)Empathy usually arises earlier in children whose families talk a lot about feelings and emotions.

Question 33

Around the ages of 9 to 11 months,children develop the concept of more or less and bigger and smaller.This concept is called

A)conservation.
B)centration.
C)transduction.
D)ordinality.

Question 34

Andrew is listening to some music through headphones,and no one else can hear it.When his mother walks into the room he says,"Mommy,do you like this song?" Andrew's question indicates _____ thinking.

A)presymbolic
B)egocentric
C)animistic
D)irreversible

Question 35

According to Piaget,children first understand the distinction between appearance (what seems to be)and reality (what is)at about the age of _____ years.

A)1 to 2
B)3 to 4
C)5 to 6
D)7 to 8

Question 36

When information is needed,David searches his mind looking for the answer and then writes it down.David's search is referred to as

A)retrieval.
B)storage.
C)encoding.
D)recognition.

Question 37

Sheena knows what her mother will think when she comes into the room and sees the mess that she and her friends have made.Sheena's awareness of her mental processes and those of other people is called _____.

A)egocentrism
B)decentering
C)theory of mind
D)conservation

Question 38

Young children are unable to see things from another's point of view.Piaget calls this limitation

A)transductive reasoning.
B)egocentrism.
C)decentration.
D)irreversibility.

Question 39

At preschool,Ms.Thomas often feels as though she has spent the morning with twice the number of students that she actually has.It seems that everyone has invited their imaginary friend to spend the morning.Which of the following statements regarding imaginary companions is FALSE?

A)Imaginary companions are more common among first-born and only children.
B)Boys are more likely than girls to have imaginary companions.
C)Girls' imaginary playmates are usually other children,whereas boys' are more often animals.
D)Children with imaginary companions are more likely to engage in pretend play than those who do not have imaginary companions.

Question 40

Ms.Wang is working with her first-grade students on a math problem.She asks them who has more crayons: Jamie who has five crayons or Juan who has seven.Ms.Wang assumes that her students have acquired _____.

A)ordinality
B)conservation
C)centration
D)animism

Question 41

Compared with intelligence tests for infants and toddlers,tests for preschoolers take on a new dimension as emphasis is placed on assessing

A)social skills.
B)verbal skills.
C)gross motor skills.
D)sensory and motor coordination.

Question 42

One of the differences that was identified when children of different cultures were asked to remember an experience was that

A)American children were guided more with leading questions than Chinese children.
B)Chinese children's accounts were very long,detailed,and self-guided.
C)American and Chinese children left out many important facts.
D)Chinese mothers tended to ask more leading questions.

Question 43

_____ is the ability to identify something encountered previously,and _____ is the ability to reproduce knowledge from memory.

A)Recall;recognition
B)Recollection;recognition
C)Recognition;recall
D)Recognition;recollection

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a test used to measure the intelligence of children?

A)Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
B)Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
C)Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
D)Gardner-Denver Test of Multiple Intelligences

Question 45

Autobiographical memory

A)is the first type of memory to form.
B)is personal and best constructed alone.
C)is a type of episodic memory.
D)helps children recall insignificant events.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is NOT true of socioeconomic status and IQ?

A)Family income is associated with cognitive development.
B)The correlation between SES and IQ is not well-documented.
C)Economic circumstances affect health,stress,parenting practices,and home environment.
D)Regardless of income,genetic and environmental factors are both at play when it comes to intelligence.

Question 47

Because of its lack of reliability,_____ memory has become an important issue in lawsuits involving charges of child abuse.

A)episodic
B)autobiographical
C)generic
D)implicit

Question 48

Three-year-old Molly's family took her to the circus six months ago,and she still remembers meeting the clowns.Which type of memory is Molly demonstrating?

A)Recognition
B)Episodic
C)Generic
D)Scripts

Question 49

Which type of childhood memory begins at about age 2 and involves the use of scripts?

A)Autobiographical
B)Generic
C)Episodic
D)Implicit

Question 50

_____ is memory that produces a script of familiar routines to guide behavior.

A)Generic memory
B)Recall and recognition
C)Autobiographical memory
D)Episodic memory

Question 51

Which of the following is the best example of the social interaction model of memory?

A)Tommy remembers his experience on a roller coaster.
B)Tommy remembers riding with his mother on a roller coaster.
C)Because of a frightening ride,Tommy hates roller coasters.
D)After Tommy and his mother rode the roller coaster,they talked about the experience and now he remembers it well.

Question 52

Recognition memory is

A)better developed than is recall memory in early childhood.
B)the ability to reproduce knowledge from memory.
C)more efficient in early childhood than in middle childhood,when recall memory takes over.
D)fully developed by the age of 3.

Question 53

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development describes scaffolding as

A)temporary parental support provided to a child as he/she attempts to complete a task.
B)support most needed by children of low ability.
C)a technique that reflects parental sensitivity to children's competence.
D)all of the above.

Question 54

According to the social interaction model for memory retention,which of these statements is FALSE?

A)A highly elaborative style elicits more detailed information.
B)The social interaction model holds that children collaboratively construct autobiographical memories.
C)Low elaborative style allows children to embellish more and they are therefore better able to recall detailed memories.
D)Elaborative talk provides verbal labels for events,giving memories orderly structure for children.

Question 55

Studies of autobiographical memory indicate that

A)it typically begins before 3 years of age.
B)it is dependent on the development of language.
C)social interaction has little to do with its development.
D)firstborns develop autobiographical memory more slowly than their siblings.

Question 56

Parents show a great deal of concern about their children's intellectual development very early on.Which of the following statements regarding early childhood and intelligence tests is FALSE?

A)Because children at this stage are more proficient with language,a large number of verbal items appear on intelligence tests.
B)Verbal tests are more reliable than nonverbal tests.
C)A common misconception is that IQ scores represent a fixed quantity of inborn intelligence.
D)Culture has little influence on IQ scores and other tests designed to measure intelligence.

Question 57

The idea that children construct autobiographical memories through conversations with adults about shared events is called the _____ model.

A)shared memory
B)social interaction
C)cognitive memory
D)script

Question 58

Danielle is 7-years-old and is beginning to develop memories that will form her personal life history.These memories are specific and long lasting.They are _____ memories.

A)episodic
B)autobiographical
C)implicit
D)generic

Question 59

Information being encoded or retrieved is kept in a short-term "storehouse," which is referred to as

A)working memory.
B)permanent storage.
C)sensory memory.
D)recognition.

Question 60

Jeremy has memorized the route that his bus takes to school.He can describe it in detail to his father.This is an example of

A)prospective memory.
B)generic memory.
C)recognition.
D)episodic memory.

Question 61

When children talk aloud to themselves with no intent of communicating with anyone else,their speech is referred to as _____.

A)infantile
B)private
C)social
D)abnormal

Question 62

Annie was delayed in acquiring language as a child.Which of the following factors could have played a role in this delay?

A)She may have had a hearing problem.
B)She may not have experienced much linguistic input at home.
C)She may have a cognitive limitation.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 63

To understand what is on the printed page,children first need to master certain pre-reading skills.The development of these skills is called

A)language acquisition.
B)emergent literacy.
C)phoneme-grapheme correspondence.
D)word transfer.

Question 64

Ena is an average 3-year-old.By this age,we would expect her to be able to use about _____ different words.

A)100 to 500
B)900 to 1,000
C)3,000 to 6,000
D)12,000 to 20,000

Question 65

Vygotsky viewed private speech as

A)a rare occurrence among normal preschool-age children.
B)egocentric and self-centered.
C)a critical component of language during the sensorimotor stage.
D)a tool important to the transition between early social speech and thinking in words.

Question 66

Yesterday,5-year-old Josh heard his father say,"Water accumulates on the roof when it rains." It was the first time he had ever heard the word "accumulate." Today,Josh told his mother,"My toys accumulate in my room." Josh is exhibiting _____.

A)egocentrism
B)social speech
C)fast mapping
D)syntax

Question 67

Language development is delayed in about _______ percent of preschool-aged children.

A)5-8
B)10-15
C)15-20
D)20-22

Question 68

_____ refers to the practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes.

A)Pragmatics
B)Social speech
C)Grammar
D)Private speech

Question 69

First-grade teachers have found that by the age of 6,their students typically have a spoken vocabulary of _____ words.

A)900 to 1,000
B)2,600
C)12,000
D)20,000

Question 70

Speech intended to be understood by a listener is called _____ speech.

A)inner
B)one-on-one
C)formative
D)social

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT an effective way to help preschool children become literate?

A)Avoid using new and unfamiliar words.
B)Focus dinner-table talk on the day's activities.
C)Talk with children about books.
D)Read to children.

Question 72

A child's ability to understand what a new word means,despite hearing it only once or twice,is called _____.

A)transduction
B)insight
C)pragmatics
D)fast mapping

Question 73

Jimena is a typical 3-year-old.Like most of her preschool playmates,she can correctly use

A)complex,multi-clause sentences.
B)plurals,past tense,and pronouns such as "I," "you," and "me."
C)20 or more words in a sentence.
D)and understand compound sentences.

Question 74

Which of the following statements about delayed language development is FALSE?

A)Many children who speak late eventually catch up with their peers.
B)It is often unclear why some children speak later than others.
C)Children with delayed language development almost always lack linguistic input at home.
D)Children with delayed language development may have problems with fast mapping.

Question 75

Sebastian,a 4 year-old male,is at the pool when he sees a large woman wearing a black and white bathing suit.He yells "Orca!" as she gets in the pool.This demonstrates issues in what area of spoken language?

A)Phenomes
B)Syntax
C)Semantics
D)Pragmatics

Question 76

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development could also be called the zone of _____.

A)potential development
B)achievement
C)achieved aptitude
D)prescribed development

Question 77

Preschools in China emphasize _____ more than preschools in the United States.

A)social development
B)emotional growth
C)physical development
D)academic preparation for schooling

Question 78

At age _____,children's language first becomes more adult-like as they incorporate compound and complex sentences,employ all parts of speech,and use prepositions and articles.

A)3 to 4
B)5 to 7
C)8 to 9
D)10 to 12

Question 79

Which of the following statements regarding fast mapping is FALSE?

A)Names of actions seem to be easier to fast map than names of objects.
B)It takes several exposures to a word's use before a child absorbs its meaning.
C)Linguists are not sure how fast mapping works.
D)Fast mapping explains how children expand their vocabularies so quickly.

Question 80

Abdul is growing up in a family where humor is important.He always tries to participate by telling his own jokes.They invariably lack humor and timing,but the family laughs along with him regardless.One day at the dinner table,Abdul tells a joke successfully for the first time,using intonations,timing,and humor.It appears that Abdul is developing _____.

A)grammar
B)private speech
C)pragmatics
D)syntax