Deck 6: Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

Question 1

Baby Arnold first learned to hold up his head,then to raise his shoulders,and then to push with his feet.Which of the following principles of development does this sequence demonstrate?

A)proximodistal
B)lateralization
C)maturational
D)cephalocaudal

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Baby Miley first learned to wave her arms,then to move her hands toward objects,and finally to use her fingers.This sequence exemplifies which of the following principles of development?

A)maturational
B)cephalocaudal
C)proximodistal
D)environmental science

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Breast milk is almost always the best food for newborns and is recommended for at least the first _____ months.

A)3
B)6
C)14
D)12

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following statements about obesity is true?

A)The age of an overweight child is a poor indicator for obesity in adulthood.
B)Overweight has increased in infancy as in all age groups in the United States.
C)An overweight child with only one obese parent is not likely to become obese later in life.
D)Infants and toddlers in the United States tend to eat much less than required.

Question 5

Babies can switch to full-fat cow's milk after age _____.

A)2 years
B)1 year
C)8 months
D)6 months

Question 6

According to the cephalocaudal principle,

A)upper body parts develop before lower parts.
B)lower body parts develop before upper parts.
C)upper and lower body parts develop simultaneously.
D)the order of development depends on environmental influences.

Question 7

One-year-old Samantha and Edwin are fraternal twins.At a recent checkup,the doctor said that the twins were normal for their age in terms of height and weight.Which of the following statements is most likely to be true in this case?

A)Samantha is taller than Edwin.
B)Both Samantha and Edwin are below average in height and weight.
C)Edwin is slightly larger than Samantha.
D)Samantha weighs more than Edwin.

Question 8

A child's rate of growth is most rapid during _____.

A)infancy
B)early childhood
C)late childhood
D)adolescence

Question 9

Luci can control her shoulder muscles well enough to move her arms in the general direction of a toy,but she has trouble using her hands to grasp it.When she is older,she will be able to control her hands and grasp the toy.This sequence illustrates the _____ principle of development.

A)proximodistal
B)cephalocaudal
C)evolutionary
D)information-processing

Question 10

Which of the following statements about breastfeeding is correct?

A)Pediatric experts recommend only breast milk for babies until they are 10 months of age.
B)The American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding recommends that babies be exclusively breast-fed for 4 months.
C)Nutritionally speaking,breast-feeding is almost always best for infants,as well as mothers.
D)Breast-feeding should begin during the third month after birth and should continue for at least 1 year.

Question 11

Why are babies' heads so large in proportion to their body size?

A)The head widens the birth canal so the rest of the body can pass easily.
B)The baby's brain and head are more developed than are other parts of the body.
C)The brain is surrounded by a large volume of fluid that gradually subsides after birth.
D)The head has excess fat at birth to protect it during passage through the birth canal.

Question 12

Baby Kevin can accurately reach for a toy bat and grasp it in his hands,although he cannot yet stand on his feet.Only when he is older will he be able to control his legs well enough to stand.This pattern of development illustrates the _____ principle.

A)proximodistal
B)cephalocaudal
C)centrifugal
D)longitudinal

Question 13

Children's most rapid physical growth takes place during the _____ year of life.

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth

Question 14

The _____ principle states that development proceeds from the central part of the body to the outer parts.

A)centrifugal
B)cephalocaudal
C)neurological
D)proximodistal

Question 15

Mothers can expect their babies' first tooth to erupt

A)during the first month.
B)between 5 and 9 months.
C)between 2 and 4 months.
D)after the tenth month.

Question 16

According to the proximodistal principle,

A)growth occurs from the center of the body outward.
B)growth occurs from top down.
C)upper and lower body parts develop simultaneously.
D)the order of development depends on environmental influences.

Question 17

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants be given

A)cow's milk for the first 4 months after birth.
B)skim milk rather than whole milk,to prevent obesity.
C)breast milk exclusively for six months.
D)baby food during the first 2 months to help them sleep through the night.

Question 18

Eric is celebrating his first birthday.Since birth,Eric's weight has likely

A)increased by 25 percent.
B)doubled.
C)tripled.
D)quadrupled.

Question 19

Sensory and motor development of babies proceeds according to the _____ principle.

A)proximodistal
B)lateralization
C)cephalocaudal
D)maturational

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true of babies' growth patterns during the first three years?

A)Children grow faster,especially during the second year of life.
B)On average,baby girls are slightly larger than baby boys.
C)Teething in babies usually begins around 3 or 4 months after birth.
D)The first tooth usually arrives at the end of the first year.

Question 21

The brain and the spinal cord together form the _____ nervous system.

A)autonomic
B)peripheral
C)parasympathetic
D)central

Question 22

Breast-feeding mothers

A)take more time to recover from childbirth.
B)are less likely to return to their prepregnancy weight.
C)have a higher risk of postpartum bleeding.
D)report feeling more confident and less anxious.

Question 23

Pediatric experts recommend that iron-enriched solid foods be introduced gradually between ages ___ and ____ months.

A)2;4
B)3;5
C)6;12
D)12;16

Question 24

The process of coating neurons with a fatty substance to enable faster communication between cells is called

A)integration.
B)differentiation.
C)neuron lubrication.
D)myelination.

Question 25

All of the following illnesses are prevented or minimized by breast-feeding EXCEPT

A)diarrhea.
B)diabetes.
C)asthma.
D)measles.

Question 26

Fetal nervous system development begins at about ___ weeks.

A)3
B)9
C)12
D)20

Question 27

Which of the following brain structures has its major growth period before birth and is responsible for basic bodily functions such as breathing and heart rate?

A)Brain stem
B)Cerebellum
C)Cerebrum
D)Frontal lobe

Question 28

Which of the following is a primary function of the left hemisphere of the brain?

A)Visual and spatial functions
B)Language and logical thinking
C)Motor skills and locomotion
D)Vision and hearing

Question 29

The tendency for the brain's hemispheres to have specialized functions is termed _____.

A)compartmentalization
B)specialization
C)lateralization
D)departmentalization

Question 30

Which of the following regions of the brain is the largest and is divided into two halves or hemispheres?

A)Cerebellum
B)Brain stem
C)Spinal cord
D)Cerebrum

Question 31

Breast-fed babies are

A)more likely to need braces.
B)less likely to become obese.
C)more likely to contract infectious illnesses such as diarrhea.
D)less likely to develop osteoporosis.

Question 32

The function of the corpus callosum is to

A)join the two hemispheres of the brain.
B)control breathing in newborns.
C)maintain balance and motor coordination.
D)maintain body temperature in infants.

Question 33

The brain is composed of

A)white and gray cells.
B)neurons and protoneurons.
C)neurons and glia.
D)positive and negative cells.

Question 34

The occipital lobe is primarily concerned with

A)making mental associations.
B)abstract thought processes.
C)visual processing.
D)planning and problem solving.

Question 35

To which of the following women is breast-feeding inadvisable?

A)Carol,who is overweight
B)Ellen,who drinks 3 cups of coffee per day
C)Cindy,who has only a three-week maternity leave
D)Alison,who has AIDS

Question 36

Which of the following is a part of the brain that maintains balance and motor coordination?

A)Cerebellum
B)Brain stem
C)Spinal cord
D)Cerebrum

Question 37

Which of the following statements about the cerebral hemisphere is true?

A)The cerebral cortex is the inner layer of the cerebrum.
B)The temporal lobes are involved with a variety of higher-order processes.
C)The occipital lobe is the largest of the four lobes.
D)The parietal lobe is involved with integrating sensory information from the body.

Question 38

_____ cells of the brain nourish and protect the neurons.

A)Glial
B)Nerve
C)Synaptic
D)Stem

Question 39

The brain's growth occurs in fits and starts called brain _____.

A)cognitive bursts
B)developmental drifts
C)growth spurts
D)neurological regressions

Question 40

The part of the brain that maintains balance and motor coordination grows fastest

A)during the 1^st year of life.
B)between 3 and 5 years of age.
C)during middle childhood.
D)during the first few weeks after conception.

Question 41

A generalization about brain development that has emerged from animal research is that plasticity

A)is evident only during the first trimester of gestation.
B)is evident only during the period immediately after birth.
C)tends to occur more in female brains than in male brains.
D)tends to be evident throughout life.

Question 42

Which of the following statements is true of cell death in brain development?

A)Cell death ends after birth.
B)Cell death leads to physical and cognitive delays.
C)Cell death helps to create an efficient nervous system.
D)Cell death begins after birth.

Question 43

_____ describes the process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups.

A)Integration
B)Differentiation
C)Consolidation
D)Lateralization

Question 44

_____ bridge the gaps between synapses.

A)Axons
B)Dendrites
C)Neurotransmitters
D)Neurons

Question 45

_____ are cells in the brain that send and receive information.

A)Axons
B)Dendrites
C)Neurons
D)Glia

Question 46

An automatic,involuntarily,innate reaction to stimulation is called a(n)

A)unconditioned response.
B)reflex.
C)neutral response.
D)conditioned response.

Question 47

Three-month-old Eddie extended his arms automatically in an attempt to break a fall,when his mom tilted him downward to pose for a picture.Eddie's automatic response to movement is an example of a _____ reflex.

A)primitive
B)postural
C)Babinski
D)locomotor

Question 48

Which of the following reflexes tends to remain throughout one's lifetime?

A)Blinking
B)Rooting
C)Grasping
D)Babinski

Question 49

Which of the following statements about the components of a neuron is true?

A)Axons receive incoming messages from dendrites.
B)Synapses are the nervous system's communication links.
C)Glial cells are narrow,branching,fiber-like extensions.
D)Dendrites send signals to other neurons.

Question 50

Jenna's pediatrician recommends that her newborn son receive lots of sensory stimulation.The doctor tells her to stimulate the sense that is the most developed.Which of the following techniques should Jenna use?

A)Play classical music softly.
B)Give her newborn a massage.
C)Turn the lights on and off.
D)Show the infant complex pictures.

Question 51

During brain development,through differentiation

A)the neurons that control various groups of muscles coordinate their activities.
B)each neuron takes on a specific,specialized structure and function.
C)the multiplication of dendrites and synaptic connections takes place.
D)each neuron releases chemicals called neurotransmitters.

Question 52

The first sense to develop is the sense of _____.

A)smell
B)touch
C)sight
D)hearing

Question 53

Which of the following was NOT an observation made about the children discovered in Romanian orphanages?

A)Many of the children were passive and emotionless.
B)Most 2- and 3-year-olds did not talk or walk.
C)PET scans showed regular brain activity in the temporal lobes.
D)The older children played aimlessly.

Question 54

The most mature sensory system for the first few months of life is the sense of _____.

A)taste
B)smell
C)touch
D)sight

Question 55

Toy manufacturers know that during the early years of life,a child's brain can be "molded" by experience.This capacity,known as _____,encourages companies to develop new and more enriching types of toys.

A)plasticity
B)programmability
C)functionality
D)flexibility

Question 56

By examining an infant's reflex behaviors,we can assess

A)neurological development.
B)intelligence.
C)handedness.
D)personality development.

Question 57

Based on experiments conducted with animals,which of the following statements about environmental influences on brain development is correct?

A)Early experiences can result in actual physical changes in brain functioning.
B)Early experiences can affect cognitive and social functioning but cannot bring about actual physical changes.
C)Early experiences have minimal effect on brain development.
D)Early experiences are less influential than later experiences.

Question 58

Rooting for the nipple is an example of a _____ reflex.

A)Babinski
B)primitive
C)postural
D)Moro

Question 59

The tiny gaps that are the communication links in the nervous system are called

A)axons.
B)neurons.
C)dendrites.
D)synapses.

Question 60

_____ is a term that explains how humans who grow up in a high-quality environment generally thrive better than those who grow up in deprived environments.

A)Flexibility
B)Malleability
C)Neurological sensitivity
D)Plasticity

Question 61

During the first two months of life,a baby's visual abilities include all of the following EXCEPT

A)blinking at bright lights.
B)20/20 visual acuity.
C)the ability to follow a moving target.
D)color perception.

Question 62

The American Academy of Pediatrics now maintains that anesthesia is _____ during circumcision.

A)preferred
B)essential
C)not required
D)ineffective

Question 63

Binocular vision usually does not develop until _____ months of age.

A)2 or 3
B)4 or 5
C)7 or 8
D)9 or 10

Question 64

Vision becomes more acute during the first year,reaching the 20/20 level by about the _____ month.

A)second
B)fourth
C)sixth
D)eighth

Question 65

Tina has just begun to walk regularly and steadily without assistance.If Tina is an "average" child,she is approximately _____ months old.

A)8
B)12
C)20
D)24

Question 66

A study of infants' hearing suggests that infants identify new speech sounds from those they have heard before

A)as early as 3 days after birth.
B)at about 2 weeks after birth.
C)at about 4 weeks after birth.
D)as early as 10 days after birth.

Question 67

Which of the following motor skills is present at birth?

A)The ability to lift the head while lying on the stomach
B)The ability to hold the head erect while being held
C)The ability to grasp with the thumb and index finger
D)The ability to roll over purposefully

Question 68

Baby Eddie is developing normally.At what age will Eddie be able to assume a sitting position and remain in that position without help while a photographer takes his picture?

A)2 months
B)5 months
C)8 months
D)11 months

Question 69

Babies begin using different forms of locomotion such as scooting,crawling,and standing

A)between 2 and 4 months.
B)between 6 and 10 months.
C)during the 5^th month.
D)from 11 months on.

Question 70

Physical skills that involve the large muscles are called _____ motor skills,and physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination are called _____ motor skills.

A)gross;fine
B)large;gross
C)fine;large
D)fine;gross

Question 71

Which of the following milestones of motor development,when achieved,has striking cognitive and psychosocial benefits?

A)Ability to hold the head erect
B)Sitting without support
C)Emergence of self-locomotion
D)Development of pincer grasp

Question 72

To observe the development of a child's fine motor skills,a psychologist would ask the child to

A)draw with a crayon.
B)read a children's book.
C)throw a baseball.
D)kick a football.

Question 73

Which of the following liquids would a newborn most likely prefer?

A)Water
B)Sugar solution
C)Unsweetened lemonade
D)Salt water

Question 74

Which of the following principles does motor development in infancy follow?

A)Cephalocaudal
B)Proximodistal
C)Simple-to-complex
D)All of these

Question 75

Barbara is delighted that her 4-month-old son Matt is developing normally.At this age,Matt should be able to

A)roll over.
B)sit unsupported.
C)pick up small objects.
D)stand while holding on.

Question 76

When interpreting the Denver Developmental Screening Test,"average" refers to skills exhibited by _____ percent of all children at a given age.

A)25
B)50
C)75
D)90

Question 77

Which of the following refers to a baby's ability to pick up tiny objects using the thumb and the index finger?

A)Pincer grasp
B)Raking grasp
C)Palmar grasp
D)Grasp reflex

Question 78

The Denver Developmental Screening Test assesses all of the following EXCEPT

A)gross motor development.
B)social skills.
C)temperament.
D)language skills.

Question 79

Increasingly complex combinations of skills that permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment are called

A)cephalocaudal skills.
B)systems of action.
C)proximodistal skills.
D)centrifugal movements.

Question 80

Newborns have an innate preference for _____ tastes.

A)bitter
B)sour
C)sweet
D)salty