Deck 4: Techniques of Criminal Investigation: Profiling, Psychological Autopsies, Hypnosis, and Lie Detection

Question 1

What is hypnotizability and how is it assessed?

Answer 1

no answer

Question 2

Distinguish among three approaches to criminal profiling.

Answer 2

no answer

Question 3

What are some incorrect stereotypes about the nature of criminals who commit certain types of crimes (for example,political assassinations or embezzlement)?

Answer 3

no answer

Question 4

What are some criticisms of the polygraph,as it is typically used?

Question 5

Distinguish between an organized and a disorganized murderer.

Question 6

Describe procedures used by the police and the FBI in criminal profiling.

Question 7

What are the guidelines about the use of hypnosis that are specified in the New Jersey State v.Hurd decision?

Question 8

Describe the U.S.S.Iowa case as an example of a psychological autopsy.

Question 9

What is involved in a criminal profile?

Question 10

Describe the use of hypnosis with Kenneth Bianchi,the "Hillside Strangler."

Question 11

Describe the analyses of the MMPI profiles of various types of offenders.

Question 12

Why is a psychological autopsy done?

Question 13

Does the scientific community support the use of the lie detector in criminal investigations?

Question 14

Describe Martin Reiser's position regarding the use of hypnosis in criminal investigations.

Question 15

What is the purpose of the polygraph technique in a criminal investigation?

Question 16

Is criminal profiling an art,a science,or is it or a combination of both?

Question 17

How is hypnosis used in criminal investigations? Is it effective? What are some dangers in its use?

Question 18

How effective is criminal profiling?

Question 19

Distinguish between an M.O.and a criminal's signature.

Question 20

What is the position of the courts on the admissibility of hypnotically refreshed memories?

Question 21

Why did the court rule to exclude the testimony of profiler John Douglas in State of Ohio v.Lowe?

A)Douglas did not have the proper experience to do a criminal profile.
B)The State did not follow correct procedure in introducing the testimony.
C)The testimony was deemed irrelevant to the case.
D)It did not have the scientific reliability to be considered evidence.

Question 22

A study by Ressler,Burgess,and Douglas showed that approximately ____ of murderers have IQ scores above 120.

A)10%
B)20%
C)30%
D)50%

Question 23

Charles Whitman,the Texas Tower shooter,is best described as a_______________.

A)mass murderer
B)serial murderer
C)spree murderer
D)family murderer

Question 24

What is the difference between the Control Question Technique (CQT) and the Relevant-Irrelevant Test?

Question 25

Of the following,which was described by Walter Langer as being unable "to develop an intimate relationship with others that sustained adversity becausehe saw others as untrustworthy?"

A)Julius Caesar
B)Josef Stalin
C)Adolf Hitler
D)Saddam Hussein

Question 26

Because physical qualities and demographics are also important in identifying criminals,some investigators prefer to use the term _________profile.

A)psychic
B)holistic
C)sociopsychological
D)hierarchical

Question 27

Which of the following did Heilbronner (1993) describe as an immensely sexual process for the perpetrators?

A)Serial rape
B)Serial homicide
C)Serial arson
D)Stalking

Question 28

Do physical or mental counter measures work when a suspect is taking a polygraph examination?

Question 29

Typically,a profiler will typically

A)select one clue from a crime scene for the basis of a criminal's profile.
B)analyze all clues from a crime scene.
C)use clues to generate a hypothesis about the typical criminal.
D)be successful in analyzing all types of crimes.

Question 30

Seeking out consistencies in the personalities,backgrounds,and behaviors of offenders who commit similar crimes describes what approach to criminalprofiling?

A)Distinguishing the evil person
B)Extracting specific characteristics
C)Personality analysis
D)Determining common characteristics

Question 31

Robert R.Hazelwood (1993) interviewed 41 men who had each committed rape at least 10 times.How many of the men reported beingsexually abused as children?

A)6
B)17
C)31
D)40

Question 32

Jerrold M.Post's personality profile of Saddam Hussein revealed that he is

A)impulsive,psychologically unstable,and often delusional.
B)patient,aggressive,and paranoid.
C)suffering from a psychotic disorder.
D)likely to commit suicide if faced with a loss of power.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a reason why criminal profiling is considered separate from forensic psychology?

A)Training in criminal profiling has historically been controlled by the FBI.
B)There are more jobs than applicants to fill the positions.
C)Most profilers have not done graduate study in psychology.
D)Even experienced profilers acknowledge that profiling is more art than science.

Question 34

What percentage of murderers who have committed sexually oriented homicides report having been sexually abused as children?

A)10%
B)25%
C)50%
D)75%

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a step taken in generating a criminal profile?

A)A comprehensive study of the crime and they types of people who commit that crime
B)A detailed analysis of the crime scene
C)In-depth examination of the background of the victim
D)Formulation of predictions of the sites for future crimes

Question 36

Which of the following best describes a killer who has murdered on at least two separate occasions,with no cooling-off periods between homicides?

A)Mass murderer
B)Serial murderer
C)Spree murderer
D)Family murderer

Question 37

Testimony on crime scene analysis is usually admitted into court only when

A)the analysis has been confirmed by outside laboratories.
B)no one challenges the reliability and validity of the techniques used.
C)the same techniques have been used for a minimum of 5 years.
D)the testimony has been agreed upon by both the defense and the prosecution.

Question 38

Describe two types of studies used to evaluate the accuracy of the polygraph.

Question 39

Describe the facts and the decision in the case of United States v.Scheffer on the admissibility of polygraph evidence at trial.

Question 40

Unique,personal aspects of a criminal act,often the reflection of a need to express violent fantasies,are a criminal's _____________.

A)signature
B)sociological makeup
C)M.O.(modus operandi)
D)demographics

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT used as a counter-measure to "fool" the polygraph?

A)Suppressing responses to relevant or incriminating questions
B)Augmenting physiological responses to control questions
C)Altering patterns of speech in response to relevant questions
D)Mentally dissociating and distracting one's attention

Question 42

The per se exclusionary rule

A)allows hypnotically-assisted testimony in all relevant cases.
B)prohibits hypnotically-assisted testimony by prosecution witnesses.
C)prohibits hypnotically-assisted testimony by defense witnesses.
D)prohibits hypnotically-assisted testimony in all cases.

Question 43

In the Control Question Technique of polygraph examination,a(n)______________will respond_________to control questions as/than crime-related questions.

A)innocent person;as much
B)innocent person;less
C)guilty person;less
D)guilty person;more

Question 44

In the Control Question Technique of the polygraph examination,responses to control questions

A)help put the subject at ease between critical questions.
B)are more extreme in guilty subjects.
C)provide a baseline for the subject's reactivity.
D)are those which always elicit the most arousal.

Question 45

In 1989,federal agents stopped 600 people matching the profile of a drug courier.How many were arrested?

A)10
B)50
C)200
D)300

Question 46

A study conducted by Pinizzotto and Finkel (1990) found that predictions made by professional profilers were

A)no different from nonprofessionals.
B)better than nonprofessionals.
C)worse than nonprofessionals.
D)better than students and the same as psychologists.

Question 47

When did Martin Reiser,a psychologist with the Los Angeles Police Department,establish the Law Enforcement Hypnosis Institute to train hypno-technicians?

A)1950s
B)1960s
C)1970s
D)1980s

Question 48

Some states,plus the federal courts,consider whether administrative procedures were acceptable and if proper safeguards were met.If they were,then they admit hypnotically-assisted testimony.This is called the

A)McNaughten standard.
B)fair-use test.
C)totality of circumstances test.
D)per se exclusionary rule.

Question 49

Under hypnosis induced by Martin Orne,Kenneth Bianchi (a suspect in the Hillside Strangler murders).

A)provided key evidence exonerating himself of the crime.
B)engaged in behavior suggesting he was malingering.
C)regressed to a past life for an explanation of his crime.
D)provided evidence that convinced Orne that Bianchi had multiple-personality disorder.

Question 50

The basic purpose of a _________________ is to certify whether a death could be reliably classified as natural,accidental,suicidal,or homicidal.

A)licensed mortician
B)forensic detective
C)medical examiner
D)criminal profiler

Question 51

Which of the following was the clearest conclusion of a meta-analysis conducted by Steblay and Bothwell (1994)?

A)Hypnotized subjects are less confident about the accuracy of their memories than non-hypnotized subjects.
B)Hypnotized subjects are more confident about the accuracy of their memories than non-hypnotized subjects.
C)Hypnotized subjects recall significantly more details than non-hypnotized subjects.
D)Hypnotized subjects are less suggestible than non-hypnotized subjects.

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of an organized serial murderer?

A)A plan
B)Gaining control by manipulation or threat
C)Use of a car or truck
D)Keeping the body

Question 53

Regarding hypnotically-refreshed memories,the scientific community

A)is in consensus that they are completely reliable.
B)thinks the use of them should be discouraged in court.
C)thinks the benefits of them outweigh the costs.
D)is evenly divided over the use of them in court.

Question 54

In 1995,special prosecutor Kenneth Starr reopened some aspects of the investigations of Vincent Foster's death.What were his conclusions,reportedin 1997?

A)Foster had been drugged.
B)Foster had indeed committed suicide.
C)Foster had been murdered and his body had been moved.
D)He drew no conclusions regarding the mode of death.

Question 55

Several studies conducted by David Lykken (1985) showed that 84% of guilty subjects were successfully identified by polygraph examination.Whatpercentage of innocent subjects were successfully identified?

A)26%
B)53%
C)72%
D)87%

Question 56

In U.S.v.Scheffer,what was the ruling with regard to polygraph evidence?

A)The results were ruled admissible only for the defense.
B)The results were ruled admissible only for the prosecution.
C)The results were ruled inadmissible because of their unreliability.
D)The results were ruled inadmissible because of police misconduct.

Question 57

Why is the case of the Boston Strangler of interest to forensic psychologists?

A)Profiling predictions proved that there were actually two killers.
B)The psychiatric profile was almost completely inaccurate.
C)The psychiatric profile for the case helped track down a serial killer in New York,as well.
D)It was the first time psychiatric profiling had been used.

Question 58

Research counter-measures done to "fool" the polygraph shows

A)people need training to be successful at them.
B)people simply need to be told about them to be successful at them.
C)concentrating on one counter measure will result in more success.
D)counter-measures are easily detected.

Question 59

Ted Bundy planned his abductions,carefully selected his victims,and used verbal manipulation to gain their trust.He murdered on many separateoccasions,with cooling-off periods between homicides.Which of the followingbest describes him?

A)Organized spree murderer
B)Disorganized spree murderer
C)Organized serial murderer
D)Disorganized serial murderer

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a disorganized serial murderer?

A)Leaves the weapon at the crime scene
B)Repositions the dead body
C)Performs sexual acts with live victims
D)Tries to depersonalize the body