Deck 14: Disorders of Childhood

Question 1

Which of the following distinguishes children with ADHD from other children?

A)extreme distractibility.
B)anxiety.
C)problems only in classroom.
D)poor social understanding.

Answer 1

extreme distractibility.

Question 2

As compared to developmentally normal levels of hyperactivity,diagnosable hyperactivity

A)impairs the child's functioning.
B)negatively affects the child's ability to mature appropriately.
C)is treatable only with medication.
D)All of the above are true.

Answer 2

impairs the child's functioning.

Question 3

Girls with ADHD

A)are more likely to be depressed than girls without ADHD.
B)show deficits in planning and problem-solving.
C)were likely to have symptoms of an eating disorder by adolescence.
D)All of the above choices are correct.

Answer 3

All of the above choices are correct.

Question 4

When children with ADHD reach adolescence,

A)their ADHD symptoms typically remit.
B)other psychiatric disturbances are more prominent than the ADHD.
C)the severity of symptoms may be reduced,but they continue to meet criteria for the disorder.
D)their academic performance greatly improves.

Question 5

Which of the following statements are true?

A)Heritability estimates for ADHD are quite low.
B)A single gene,such as the dopamine receptor gene DRD4,is most likely responsible for ADHD.
C)Serotonin has been found to be associated with ADHD etiology.
D)Several genes interacting with various environmental factors most likely explains the cause of ADHD.

Question 6

In a recent study of instant messaging and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),children with ADHD were more likely to IM statements that were _____________ than were children without ADHD.

A)hostile and off the topic
B)hostile and inappropriate
C)aggressive and nonsensical
D)aggressive and inappropriate

Question 7

When diagnosing a child,it is most important to consider the child's

A)intelligence.
B)ethnicity.
C)gender.
D)age.

Question 8

The genetic factors that are inherited by children with ADHD are

A)brain function and structure.
B)neurotransmitter function and specificity.
C)appetitive and metabolic functions.
D)All of the above are correct.

Question 9

Epidemiological studies indicate that ADHD

A)is about equally common in boys and girls.
B)is more common in boys.
C)is more common in girls.
D)is more common in girls with conduct disorder but in boys with oppositional defiant disorder.

Question 10

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A)poor academic work.
B)shyness.
C)difficulty getting along with peers.
D)distractibility.

Question 11

Studies of the persistence of ADHD into adulthood indicate that

A)adults who were diagnosed with ADHD as children are less likely to marry.
B)adults who were diagnosed with ADHD as children usually completely outgrow their symptoms.
C)the rates of ADHD vary considerably depending on the assessment method employed.
D)the rates of ADHD appear to increase in adulthood because so many adults seek out diagnosis in order to obtain prescriptions for stimulants like Ritalin.

Question 12

Externalizing problems are more frequent in _____,and internalizing problems are more frequent in ______,regardless of culture.

A)boys;girls
B)girls;boys
C)boys;boys
D)Gender distribution varies widely in different cultures.

Question 13

Research on subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder indicates that those with both attentional and hyperactive problems

A)have equivalent outcomes to those with only attentional problems.
B)are more likely to be placed in special education classes than children with only attentional problems.
C)usually learn better than children with only attentional problems.
D)are more likely to have a behavioral,rather than a neurological,basis for their problems.

Question 14

The worst prognosis is for those children who have

A)only ADHD.
B)only conduct disorder.
C)both ADHD and conduct disorder.
D)ADHD Predominantly Inattentive-type.

Question 15

Investigations of the causes of ADHD have found that environmental toxins,such as food additives and lead

A)do not explain more than a small percentage of cases.
B)are usually the cause of the disorder in those children with an organic basis to their ADHD.
C)are more likely to cause attentional problems without hyperactivity,but not in those children with both attentional problems and hyperactivity.
D)cause subtle attentional problems,but not to the degree of ADHD.

Question 16

You witness a child in the grocery store kicking and screaming because his mother won't buy him candy.Which of the following DSM-IV-TR disorders would apply to the child?

A)conduct disorder
B)oppositional defiant disorder
C)It depends on the mother's response;if she gives in,the behavior is probably not a disorder,but the result of poor parenting strategies.
D)There is not enough information provided to make a diagnosis.In addition,it depends on the child's age.

Question 17

Abnormal behavior in children

A)is based upon destructiveness at any given age.
B)is developmentally determined;that is,normal behavior at one age is abnormal at another.
C)can be reliably determined across age groups.
D)is typically associated with a lack of control.

Question 18

Results from a recent follow-up study of behavior problems in Thai and U.S.cultures suggest that

A)U)S.children are referred to clinics more often for internalizing problems than externalizing problems.
B)Thai children exhibit more externalizing behaviors.
C)internalizing and externalizing behaviors are fairly comparable across cultures,but specific behaviors within these domains are not.
D)behaviors should not be separated into internalizing and externalizing behaviors because a behavior that is viewed in one culture as internalizing may not be viewed the same way in a different culture.

Question 19

Although low birth weight is a predictor of the development of ADHD,_________ has been shown to help reduce the impact of low birth weight on later symptoms of ADHD.

A)vitamin C
B)maternal warmth
C)nicotine
D)breast-feeding

Question 20

In recent molecular genetic studies,genes associated with the neurotransmitter _______________ have been linked to ADHD.

A)dopamine
B)serotonin
C)norepinephrine
D)GABA

Question 21

Research on the role of genetics in conduct disorder has found that

A)conduct disorder is primarily genetically determined.
B)the different behaviors of conduct disorder reflect differential genetic influences.
C)the concordance rates of MZ twins are not appreciably different from DZ twins.
D)biological factors play a more prominent role in late-onset antisocial behavior than early-onset antisocial behavior.

Question 22

Stimulant drugs have which of the following effects on hyperactive children?

A)increased activity level
B)immediate and steady improvement in academic achievement
C)short-term improvements in attention,goal-directed activity and behavior
D)addiction to the medication

Question 23

According to learning theorists,aggressive behavior is

A)both modeled and rewarded in society.
B)is modeled,but not rewarded in society.
C)is not modeled,but is rewarded in society.
D)is neither modeled,nor rewarded in society.

Question 24

Shannon,a junior in high school,was recently suspended from school for stealing money from ninth-graders,writing graffiti on the bathroom walls,and beating up another student.Shannon's teacher reports that she has very few friends.The most likely diagnosis for Shannon would be

A)attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
B)antisocial personality disorder.
C)oppositional defiant disorder.
D)conduct disorder.

Question 25

Conduct disorder in childhood may lead to which adult disorder?

A)schizophrenia.
B)sadistic personality disorder.
C)antisocial personality disorder.
D)paranoid personality disorder.

Question 26

In the treatment of conduct disorder,the most promising approaches focus on the

A)individual.
B)family.
C)school.
D)legal system.

Question 27

According to Dodge and Frame (1982),aggressive children demonstrate cognitive biases in situations

A)in which peers act aggressively.
B)in which peers act in a prosocial manner.
C)which are ambiguous.
D)in which they are rejected.

Question 28

Sociocultural perspectives on conduct disorder suggest

A)disadvantaged children are very likely to become antisocial.
B)disordered thinking is a result of exposure to antisocial acts among disadvantaged groups.
C)early antisocial behavior in combination with socioeconomic disadvantage leads to conduct problems.
D)there are established ethnic differences in antisocial behavior.

Question 29

Which of the following has NOT been investigated regarding peers and antisocial behavior?

A)Competitiveness with peers
B)Acceptance by peers
C)Rejection by peers
D)Affiliation with deviant peers

Question 30

The association between nicotine and ADHD is that

A)children's smoking can cause attention problems.
B)maternal smoking can cause hyperactivity in offspring.
C)nicotine in pill form reduces the side effects of Ritalin.
D)the combination of Ritalin and nicotine has been shown to cause dangerous synergistic effects in adults with ADHD.

Question 31

Stimulant medications such as Ritalin

A)have not been shown to be effective for improving long-term academic achievement.
B)have been shown to have equal effectiveness to behavioral training alone.
C)have been shown to be more effective in white children than Latino or African American children.
D)All of the above choices are correct.

Question 32

Which of the following factors were found to be predictive of conduct disorder in a large scale research study on children from New Zealand?

A)being maltreated as children and low birth weight
B)presence of low MAOA activity
C)low birth weight and being male
D)both maltreatment and low MAOA activity

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of oppositional-defiant disorder?

A)extreme physical aggressiveness
B)temper tantrums
C)refusing to follow directions
D)annoying others deliberately

Question 34

Which of the following has been shown to be a promising treatment for conduct disorders?

A)medication
B)covert desensitization
C)parent-management training
D)juvenile justice programs

Question 35

Which of the following BEST explains the fact that ADHD children and their parents typically struggle with discipline and obeying rules?

A)ADHD children are often noncompliant and negative in interactions with their parents.
B)Parents of ADHD children are demanding and disapproving.
C)Most parents of ADHD children also have ADHD and are therefore also noncompliant and negative.
D)ADHD children do not understand verbal instructions.

Question 36

Sam is a 16-year-old adolescent who feels that he is unable to be an adult,despite the fact that he's nearly 6 feet,3 inches tall and has grown a beard.Although he led a "normal" childhood,when he was about 11,he began to get into frequent fights at school and has had trouble with the law ten times.According to Moffitt,Sam would be categorized as having

A)life-course persistent conduct problems.
B)adolescence-limited conduct problems.
C)antisocial development disorder.
D)explosive personality disorder.

Question 37

Compared to children with ADHD,children with oppositional defiant disorder

A)are more impulsive.
B)are more deliberate in their unruly behavior.
C)are more likely to be male.
D)have more attentional deficits.

Question 38

The difference between conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder is

A)still a matter of debate.
B)devious,sneaky,behaviors associated with conduct disorder.
C)the onset of conduct disorder is earlier.
D)conduct disorder is often comorbid with ADHD,while oppositional defiant disorder is not.

Question 39

Both ______________ and ______________ theories of the etiology of conduct disorder have empirical support.

A)genetic;environmental
B)behavioral;psychoanalytic
C)biochemical;behavioral
D)labeling;biological

Question 40

Neuropsychological findings from research on conduct disorder children suggests impairment in all of the following areas EXCEPT

A)memory.
B)problem-solving.
C)focused attention.
D)verbal skills.

Question 41

John was diagnosed as having selective mutism.This means that he

A)has a communication disorder which makes him unable to talk.
B)refuses to speak in unfamiliar social circumstances.
C)communicates to his parents and other family members with gestures only.
D)has created his own language;this disorder is common in twins.

Question 42

Penelope is a 9-year-old girl who has had the following symptoms for the past month: lack of interest in her friends,loss of appetite and weight,tearfulness,and difficulty concentrating.Which of the following treatments would most likely be effective in treating her problem?

A)antidepressant medication and cognitive-behavioral therapy
B)multisystemic treatment
C)social skills training
D)psychodynamic psychotherapy

Question 43

Head Start

A)is a federally funded program to prepare low-income children to succeed in the regular school setting.
B)uses medical and psychological interventions only.
C)is targeted towards children with developing conduct disorder and ADHD.
D)provides meals to needy children.

Question 44

Depressed children and adults both exhibit which of the following symptoms?

A)suicide attempts and guilt
B)fatigue and suicidal ideation
C)loss of appetite and early morning depression
D)delusions

Question 45

Generally speaking,children exposed to trauma

A)do not re-experience the traumatic events or avoid trauma-related situations like adults do.
B)almost always develop PTSD.
C)rarely develop PTSD.
D)experience the same symptoms as adults exposed to trauma.

Question 46

Children with learning disabilities typically have ________ intelligence.

A)severely deficient
B)slightly below average
C)average to above-average intelligence
D)None of the above;learning disabilities are equally distributed across all levels of intelligence.

Question 47

Multisystemic therapy

A)focuses solely on the conduct disordered child.
B)is based upon intervention in ecologically valid settings such as home,school or peer group.
C)is a combination of medication and individual therapy.
D)is multifaceted in the sense that multiple approaches to family intervention are applied.

Question 48

Relative to other disadvantaged children who attended a different pre-school or no preschool,Head Start children

A)had significantly improved social-cognitive abilities and motor impulsivity.
B)had significantly higher overall IQ's.
C)were less socially proactive.
D)had similar impulsivity problems.

Question 49

Which of the following symptoms manifest in children with PTSD,but usually not in adults with PTSD?

A)sleep-problems
B)agitation
C)flashbacks
D)hopelessness

Question 50

Depressed children and their parents

A)tend to avoid conflict.
B)have more negative interactions.
C)have less supportive relationships,but are generally free of conflict.
D)frequently have overinvolved relationships.

Question 51

Ten-year-old Sharita has appeared sad and tearful much of the time over the past three weeks.She shows little interest in playing the games she used to enjoy,rarely feels like eating,frequently complains of stomachaches,and lies awake at night,unable to fall asleep.Which of the following DSM-IV-TR diagnoses would best fit Sharita?

A)dysthymic disorder
B)major depression
C)separation anxiety disorder
D)depressive reaction of childhood

Question 52

Children with reading disorder,better known as dyslexia,

A)have global difficulties with reading.
B)primarily struggle with proper orientation of letters.
C)do not have the disorder as adults.
D)often cannot achieve academically.

Question 53

Sixteen-year-old Chris had a history of trouble with the law since age 10;most recently,he was picked up by the police because he was truant from school and was vandalizing a bus stop with several friends.He was court-ordered to Dr.Henggeler's program for multisystemic treatment.Which of the following was probably a part of the treatment?

A)medication to reduce Chris' impulsivity
B)separating Chris from the damaging effects of his current peer system
C)conducting therapy at Chris' home or school
D)All of the above choices are correct.

Question 54

Dyslexia refers to significant difficulty in

A)reading.
B)writing.
C)arithmetic.
D)speaking.

Question 55

In comparing adolescent boys and girls with depression,it appears

A)girls are more likely to be depressed.
B)boys are more likely to be depressed.
C)the rates for boys and girls are the same in adolescence,although in adulthood more women are depressed.
D)girls tend to experience more cognitive symptoms of depression,whereas boys tend to experience more psychomotor symptoms of depression.

Question 56

School phobia in young children is most often associated with

A)fear of being away from parents.
B)fear of humiliation by peers.
C)fear of academic demands.
D)fear of the unknown.

Question 57

Research on the role of parenting in the etiology of anxiety disorders in youth suggest

A)parenting is crucial in determining anxiety in children.
B)over-controlling parenting almost always results in social phobia in children.
C)parenting practices play a small role in childhood anxiety.
D)how parents discipline their children has a strong effect on the development of childhood anxiety.

Question 58

Studies of treatment for childhood fears and phobias suggest that the best treatment is

A)based on exposure methods.
B)relaxation.
C)insight-oriented therapy.
D)parent training.

Question 59

In a recent fMRI study examining three different types of readers,adults who had trouble learning to read early in school

A)showed less activation in the areas of the brain linked to reading than adults who never had any trouble with reading.
B)showed the same activation in the areas of the brain linked to reading as adults who never had any trouble with reading.
C)showed more activation in the areas of the brain linked to reading than adults who never had any trouble with reading.
D)showed no activation on the right side of the brain.

Question 60

A recent randomized clinical trial comparing Prozac,CBT and both for teenagers with depression found that

A)Prozac alone was most effective in reducing depressive symptoms.
B)CBT alone was more effective in reducing depressive symptoms.
C)CBT alone resulted in more suicide attempts.
D)combined treatment was most effective in reducing depressive symptoms.

Question 61

Wanda,a 12-year-old girl with severe mental retardation,was taught to dress herself using the following approach: First,her teacher broke down the behavior of getting dressed into a number of smaller steps,like pulling the neck hole over her head,putting her arm into a shirt sleeve,and then putting the other arm in.Each step was then demonstrated to Wanda,and she was rewarded for each small movement toward the goal.This approach is called

A)behavioral rehearsal.
B)applied behavior analysis.
C)self-instructional training.
D)behavior contracting.

Question 62

Down syndrome is the result of

A)environmental insult,usually during the birth process.
B)a recessive-gene disease.
C)a specific chromosomal abnormality.
D)None of the above;the cause is unknown

Question 63

Typical treatment of learning disabilities consists of

A)specialized diet and medication to improve brain functioning.
B)individualized instruction and practice in the deficient skill.
C)systematic reinforcement of the desired academic behavior.
D)instruction in other skills that compensate for the deficiency.

Question 64

The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities recommends an individualized assessment

A)in terms of overall ability to function in society.
B)using tests free of cultural/ethnic bias.
C)of a person's specific skills and needs across many areas.
D)in coordination with parents and teachers.

Question 65

Which of the following is a learning disability?

A)pervasive developmental disorder
B)mental retardation
C)mathematics disorder
D)attention deficit disorder

Question 66

Which of the following has NOT been hypothesized to cause mental retardation in children?

A)meningitis
B)lead-based paint
C)malnutrition
D)near-drowning experiences

Question 67

Which of the following problems are common in people with Down syndrome?

A)violent outbursts
B)heart problems
C)phenylketonuria
D)autism

Question 68

Which of the following may explain why an fMRI study examining Chinese children with dyslexia failed to find problems in the temporoparietal area of the brain during reading tasks?

A)This study only evaluated 10 children.
B)Because of the differences between Chinese and English languages.
C)The study examining Chinese children used older fMRI techniques.
D)The Chinese language relies on less visual processing than does English.

Question 69

Five-year-old Jake has an IQ of 68.He has not yet learned to count and does not know the names of all the colors,but he can tie his shoes without help,loves to tell stories and jokes,and helps his mother with cooking.Which of the following diagnoses would fit Jake?

A)mild mental retardation
B)moderate mental retardation
C)severe mental retardation
D)None of the above are correct.

Question 70

A diagnosis of mental retardation may not be made if the problem begins

A)after age 6.
B)after age 12.
C)after age 18.
D)after age 21.

Question 71

Mildly retarded individuals have IQs between about

A)70 and 85.
B)50 and 70.
C)40 and 55.
D)30 and 60.

Question 72

"Fragile X" is commonly due to

A)a mutation in the X-chromosome.
B)a fragile psychological state that leads to mental retardation.
C)a brief period where there was limited exposure to oxygenated air.
D)a metabolic disorder.

Question 73

Phenylketonuria (PKU)is the result of a(n)

A)infectious disease during pregnancy.
B)specific chromosomal abnormality.
C)recessive-gene.
D)fragile X syndrome.

Question 74

Mental retardation is diagnosed based on

A)parent and teacher reports.
B)psychological test scores.
C)measures of sensory-motor abilities by a pediatrician.
D)a psychiatrist's evaluation.

Question 75

In its classification system,the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities focuses on

A)categorizing levels of mental retardation by IQ and adaptive functioning level.
B)categorizing subtypes of mental retardation based on etiology.
C)reducing the stigmatizing effects of labeling by describing only strengths and no weaknesses.
D)determining what resources would maximize a person's functioning.

Question 76

The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales are used for diagnosing

A)learning disabilities.
B)conduct disorders.
C)mental retardation.
D)adjustment disorder.

Question 77

Gretchen is mentally retarded.She is 18 years old,but her academic skills are at about the 1st grade level despite many years of specialized schooling.She has an IQ of 45.She lives with her family and walks each day to a school program where she works on self-care and social skills.Gretchen has some trouble with both fine and gross motor skills,but enjoys playing active games with her brothers and sisters.What level of mental retardation does Gretchen exhibit?

A)mild
B)moderate
C)severe
D)profound

Question 78

The DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of mental retardation requires both low intellectual functioning and

A)poor social skills.
B)poor adaptive skills.
C)poor academic achievement.
D)inability to hold a job.

Question 79

It is recommended that people with phenylketonuria (PKU)

A)be kept on a special diet to prevent mental retardation.
B)be educated at home since the disease is highly infectious.
C)not marry,since their offspring will almost certainly be mentally retarded.
D)undergo frequent blood tests to determine whether their lithium levels are within safe limits.

Question 80

If a pregnant woman is exposed to an infectious disease,

A)the fetus will only be affected if the mother is symptomatic while pregnant.
B)the mother's immune system will protect the fetus.
C)the child has a greater chance of developing Down syndrome.
D)the consequences of the disease are most serious during the first trimester.