Deck 7: Technology, Trade, and Exchange

Question 1

____________,which dominated the human toolkit around 10,000 years ago,are tiny stone tools that were probably used as barbs on composite implements

A)Eoliths
B)Microliths
C)Cores
D)Phytoliths
E)Otoliths

Answer 1

Microliths

Question 2

We tend to forget that different societies value different goods.For example,while the Conquistadors valued the gold of the New World,the Aztec valued __________ more highly than metal

A)iron
B)cattle
C)wheat beer
D)chariots
E)feathers

Answer 2

feathers

Question 3

For many years,archaeologists puzzled over the method used to create the flute or channel on Folsom points,a Paleo-Indian tool of North America.Based on textual observations and experimentation,it was determined that the flute was created by

A)the block-on-block technique
B)pressure flaking using a small,pointed tool
C)an antler billet
D)pressure flaking using a T-shaped crutch,placed against the chest
E)an unknown process

Answer 3

pressure flaking using a T-shaped crutch,placed against the chest

Question 4

Most stone tools are made by removing _________ from a __________

A)cores from a flake
B)megaliths from a quarry
C)flakes from a core
D)hand-axes from a chopper
E)choppers from a hand-axe

Question 5

The primary goal of characterization is to

A)reveal information about the character of the person who made it
B)mimic how objects were used in the past
C)assign objects to standard categories so they can be stored properly
D)discover the source of the material an object is made out of
E)all of the above

Question 6

Study of the patterns of wear or damage on the edges of stone tools that can provide useful information on a particular tool's function is known as

A)refitting
B)microwear analysis
C)scanning electron analysis
D)plating
E)none of the above

Question 7

From about 2.5 million years ago until 14,000 BC at the earliest,the archaeological record is dominated by artifacts made out of

A)bone
B)ceramic
C)stone
D)metal
E)plant remains

Question 8

The alloying of copper with tin produces

A)gold
B)bronze
C)silver
D)aluminum
E)iron

Question 9

When a thin-section of an object is prepared for study,it is made thin enough to ______________ so that specific minerals can be seen in it through the use of a light microscope

A)transmit light
B)fold and bend
C)block light
D)allow water to pass through it
E)none of the above

Question 10

Analytical methods for characterization are varied.For pottery,a reliable technique for determining the source is

A)heavy mineral analysis
B)studies of temper or exclusions
C)thin section analysis
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 11

Volcanic glass which is used to make chipped stone tools is a particularly good material to perform trace-element analysis on.Another word for Volcanic glass is

A)temper
B)petroglyph
C)obsidian
D)mineral glass
E)none of the above

Question 12

All of the following are examples of synthetic materials except

A)pottery
B)glass bottles
C)iron weapons
D)bronze shields
E)stone hand-axes

Question 13

_________,or conjoining,is the attempt to put stone tools,flakes,and cores back together again,providing information on the stages in producing the tools and reconstructing the process of the knapper's craft.

A)Refitting
B)Annealing
C)Filigree
D)Microwear analysis
E)Alloying

Question 14

The technique of stone tool manufacture that involved knapping a core in such a way that large flakes could be removed and shaped into tools is called

A)the Oldowan industry
B)refitting
C)cold hammering
D)the Champollion technique
E)the Levallois technique

Question 15

Inclusions in the clay used to make pottery that act as a filler,creating strength and counteracting cracking and shrinkage during firing,are known as

A)slag
B)temper
C)microliths
D)faience
E)debitage

Question 16

The intentional use and control of fire by humans is known as

A)pyrotechnology
B)pyromania
C)metallurgy
D)smelting
E)pyroxia

Question 17

Isotopic analysis of lead is not only used on objects made of pure lead,but on artifacts made out of ___________ as well

A)copper
B)glass
C)bronze
D)silver
E)all of the above

Question 18

The technique of mixing two or more metals to create a new material,such as copper and tin to make bronze,is known as

A)ascribing
B)annealing
C)bifurcating
D)conjoining
E)alloying

Question 19

__________ did not exist anywhere in the New World until after European contact

A)The potter's wheel
B)Agriculture
C)Weaving
D)Writing
E)Corn

Question 20

A massive amount of information about how commodities were traded in the Mediterranean around 1300 came from the site of Uluburun which is a

A)barrow cemetery
B)location mentioned in the Iliad
C)volcano in the Andes
D)shipwreck
E)site preserved in volcanic ash

Question 21

The one thing that all synthetic materials have in common is that they have never been exposed to heat.

Question 22

A distribution map

A)is the most natural and obvious way to plot distribution
B)can be used to find important centers of consumption
C)may not always be the best way to study distribution in a given situation
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 23

Iron was not used in the New World before European contact.

Question 24

It is impossible to study any form of trade or exchange in non-literate societies.

Question 25

The materials that most cultures consider to be valuable

A)are made out of gold
B)meet a basic human need like food or shelter
C)often have no use at all beyond display
D)are the ones that are most abundant in their territory
E)none of the above

Question 26

In describing mechanisms of exchange,"direct access" is used to describe situations where

A)the consumer is able to buy whatever they want
B)goods are bought from independent middlemen
C)trading is done through emissaries who represent a state
D)the user goes to the source material without the intervention of an exchange mechanism
E)none of the above

Question 27

The manufacture of stone heads at Easter Island is less mysterious than most people think: several statues there have even been found unfinished and in quarries.

Question 28

The introduction of pottery in an area tends to correspond with the adoption of a sedentary way of life.

Question 29

While interaction,in the archaeological sense,does involve the exchange of goods,it does not involve the exchange of information.

Question 30

Although quite advanced,the Andean cultures of South America were particularly poor at textile manufacture and never developed any advanced forms of weaving.

Question 31

All of the following are examples of unaltered materials except

A)stone
B)wood
C)antler
D)copper
E)plant and animal fibers

Question 32

Archaeologists know for sure that stone was the most important material to people of the Paleolithic;they never made wood or bone implements.

Question 33

The introduction of pottery generally seems to coincide with the adoption of a more sedentary way of life.Paleolithic people may not have created pottery because

A)they were not really very smart
B)mobile hunter-gatherers would not want to carry heavy fired clay containers around
C)clay sources were difficult to find during the Paleolithic because they were often buried under glaciers and ice
D)mobile hunter-gatherers were generally too busy hunting to make pottery
E)none of the above

Question 34

Because pottery is still widely made around the world,it is a particularly good focus area for ethnoarchaeological research.

Question 35

Non-ferrous metal is metal that does not contain

A)iron
B)gold
C)lead
D)copper
E)zinc

Question 36

_____________ were a significant development in pyrotechnology during the Neolithic in the Near East around 8000 bc

A)Furnaces for iron smelting
B)Furnaces for bronze smelting
C)Ovens for bread baking
D)Ovens for making faience
E)none of the above

Question 37

The study of traded goods is an important part of the investigation of

A)exchange
B)our hominin ancestors
C)the development of agriculture
D)long-term climate change
E)none of the above

Question 38

Observing the wear patterns on ancient stone tools is an aspect of microwear analysis;experimental archaeology provides added information on the specific activities the tools might have been used for by

A)using modern copies of stone tools in a variety of specific tasks
B)studying the traces of polish on modern copies of tools after use
C)creating categories of tool use according to wear patterns created on modern copies
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 39

It is not easy to identify the intentions of the people in the past that left behind hoards,which are usually characterized by a substantial assemblage of goods found in an archaeological deposit.

Question 40

The idea that the quality of materials tends to decline as the distance from the source of those materials increases is the basic tenant behind

A)The Wheeler box grid
B)thin-section analysis
C)emissary trading
D)geomorphology
E)fall-off analysis

Question 41

A major interaction sphere between societies of equal status is competition.Discuss some of the ways that different societies interact through competition.

Question 42

Discuss the evolution of stone tool manufacture.What were the earliest stone tools? What were the major changes in the manufacture of the subsequent tool forms? Include in your answer the specific names of the techniques,the characteristics of each,and significance of each.

Question 43

Most cultures have materials of prestige value but not all cultures value the same materials.Discuss why this might be the case.Be sure to include examples.