Deck 4: Descriptive Methods

Question 1

Which of the following is FALSE?

A)Naturalistic observation involves observing humans or other animals behave in their natural setting.
B)Naturalistic observation increases the ecological validity of a study.
C)Laboratory observation involves observing behavior in a more contrived situation.
D)Laboratory observation increases the ecological validity of a study.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Studies in which the participants are unaware that the researcher is observing their behavior utilize _____ observation.

A)nonparticipant
B)participant
C)disguised
D)undisguised

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Studies in which the researcher actively participates in the situation in which the research participants are involved utilize _____ observation.

A)nonparticipant
B)participant
C)disguised
D)undisguised

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The influence of the researcher's expectations on the outcome of the study refers to

A)reactivity.
B)expectancy effects.
C)ecological validity.
D)both reactivity and expectancy effects.

Question 5

Doug is conducting a study of gender differences in conversation dyads.He decides to sit in the student center and watch male/male dyads versus female/female dyads.He believes that the distance between the female/female dyads will be much smaller than that between the male/male dyads.When collecting the data,he notes all cases that fit his hypothesis but tends to "miss" most cases that do not fit his hypothesis.Doug's data collection behavior illustrates the pitfall of

A)expectancy effects.
B)reactivity.
C)expectancy syndrome.
D)experimenter blindness.

Question 6

The _____ method involves describing data that existed before the time of the study.

A)case study
B)naturalistic observational
C)laboratory observational
D)archival

Question 7

_____ is/are more of a concern when using _____ observation.

A)Reactivity; disguised
B)Reactivity; undisguised
C)Expectancy effects; disguised
D)Expectancy effects; nonparticipant

Question 8

Per the text,Jean Piaget began his study of cognitive development by conducting _____ of his own three children.

A)survey studies
B)observational studies
C)case studies
D)narrative records

Question 9

Researchers often prefer _____ observation because it increases _____ validity.

A)laboratory; construct
B)laboratory; ecological
C)naturalistic; ecological
D)naturalistic; content

Question 10

The extent to which research can be generalized to real-life situations is known as

A)reactivity.
B)ecological validity.
C)research validation.
D)experimenter effects.

Question 11

Studies in which the researcher does not participate in the situation in which the research participants are involved utilize _____ observation.

A)nonparticipant
B)participant
C)disguised
D)undisguised

Question 12

_____ is/are a lesser concern when using _____ observation because the observations are made in an _____ manner.

A)Reactivity; undisguised; obtrusive
B)Expectancy effects; undisguised; unobtrusive
C)Reactivity; disguised; unobtrusive
D)Expectancy effects; disguised; obtrusive

Question 13

Lack of flexibility is to _____ observation as lack of control is to _____ observation.

A)laboratory; naturalistic
B)naturalistic; laboratory
C)disguised; undisguised
D)undisguised; disguised

Question 14

A tally sheet on which attributes that will not change are recorded is to _____ as a tally sheet used to note the presence or absence of behaviors is to _____ items.

A)static; action
B)action; static
C)narrative; non-narrative
D)non-narrative; narrative

Question 15

_____ reliability should be established when using the data collection method of _____.

A)Test/retest; checklists
B)Test/retest; narrative records
C)Interrater; narrative records
D)Interrater; checklists

Question 16

Studies in which the participants are aware that the researcher is observing their behavior utilize _____ observation and studies in which the researcher does not participate in the situation in which the research participants are involved utilize _____ observation.

A)nonparticipant; undisguised
B)undisguised; nonparticipant
C)undisguised; participant
D)disguised; nonparticipant

Question 17

A subjective means of collecting data is to _____ as a more objective means of collecting data is to _____.

A)checklists; narrative records
B)a static checklist; an action checklist
C)narrative records; checklists
D)an action item; a static item

Question 18

Jill collects data on the participants in her study by writing down a full narrative description of everything they do.Jill is using a(n)

A)narrative record.
B)action record.
C)checklist.
D)static checklist.

Question 19

A tally sheet on which the researcher records attributes of the participants and whether particular behaviors were observed is a(n)

A)narrative record.
B)action record.
C)checklist.
D)narrative list.

Question 20

_____ observation affords _____ control,but increases the chance of _____.

A)Naturalistic; more; reactivity
B)Naturalistic; less; experimenter effects
C)Laboratory,less; experimenter effects
D)Laboratory; more; reactivity

Question 21

Which of the following is FALSE?

A)A loaded question is a question including non-neutral or emotionally laden terms.
B)A leading question is a question that sways the respondent to answer in a desired manner.
C)A closed-ended question is a question for which participants formulate their own responses.
D)A double-barreled question is a question on which more than one thing is asked.

Question 22

Rich is conducting a survey of student opinion of the dining hall at his university.In order to make sure that students from each major are adequately represented he should use the _____ sampling technique.

A)random
B)cluster
C)stratified random
D)convenience

Question 23

In order to generate a sample of students from her institution,Julie selected every 10^th name off of the registrar's alphabetical list of all students enrolled at her school.Julie is using the _____ sampling technique.

A)random
B)cluster
C)stratified random
D)convenience

Question 24

The tendency to consistently give the same answer to almost all of the items on a survey is known as

A)response bias.
B)sampling bias.
C)experimenter effects.
D)interviewer bias.

Question 25

Rich is conducting a survey of student opinion of the dining hall at his university.Rich decided to conduct his survey using students enrolled in introductory psychology classes.The type of sampling technique that Rich is using is

A)random sampling.
B)cluster sampling.
C)stratified random sampling.
D)representative sampling.

Question 26

Consider the following survey question: "Do you consider a microwave to be fast and convenient?" This is an example of a _____ question.

A)leading
B)loaded
C)rating scale
D)double-barreled

Question 27

A tendency for one group to be overrepresented in a study is known as

A)response bias.
B)sampling bias.
C)experimenter effects.
D)interviewer bias.

Question 28

A multiple-choice question is to a(n)_____ question and a short answer question is to a(n)_____ question.

A)leading; loaded
B)loaded; leading
C)open-ended; closed-ended
D)closed-ended; open-ended

Question 29

Mail surveys have the concern of _____ but have the advantage of _____.

A)low return rate; eliminating interviewer bias
B)interviewer bias; high return rate
C)sampling bias; interviewer bias
D)increasing socially desirable responses; high return rate

Question 30

Questions for which participants formulate their own responses are _____ questions.

A)leading
B)open-ended
C)closed-ended
D)loaded

Question 31

Questions for which participants choose from a limited number of alternatives are _____ questions.

A)leading
B)open-ended
C)closed-ended
D)loaded

Question 32

Which of the following is not a type of qualitative research?

A)case study
B)action research
C)archival research
D)survey research

Question 33

Mail surveys are to _____ as personal interviews are to _____.

A)good response rate; interviewer bias
B)interviewer bias; good response rate
C)poor response rate; interviewer bias
D)sampling bias; poor response rate

Question 34

Questions that ask for basic information such as age,gender,ethnicity,or income are called _____ questions and should be placed at the _____ of a survey.

A)demographic; end
B)demographic; beginning
C)double-barreled; end
D)double-barreled; beginning

Question 35

A numerical scale on which survey respondents indicate the direction and strength of their response is a

A)Likert scale.
B)rating scale.
C)nominal scale.
D)a Likert scale and a rating scale.

Question 36

A question including non-neutral or emotionally laden terms is to a _____ question as a question that sways the respondent to answer in a desired manner is to a _____ question.

A)loaded; leading
B)leading; loaded
C)double-barreled; leading
D)leading; double-barreled

Question 37

In order to generate a _____ sample,Pam selected every 10^th name off of the registrar's alphabetical list of all students at her university.All of the students at the university represent the _____ and Pam used the _____ sampling technique.

A)random; sample; random
B)representative; population; random
C)representative; sample; cluster
D)representative; population; cluster

Question 38

_____ sampling is a sampling technique in which each member of the population has a known likelihood of being selected to be part of the sample.

A)Quota
B)Representative
C)Probability
D)Nonprobability

Question 39

Telephone surveys have the concern of _____ but have the advantage of _____.

A)socially desirable responses; possible question clarification
B)lack of question clarification; possible question clarification
C)lack of question clarification; increased response rate over mail surveys
D)interviewer bias; socially desirable responses

Question 40

Marnie keeps answering the questions on the survey she is taking as she thinks most others in society would answer them,rather than with her true responses.Marnie's answers illustrate

A)interviewer bias.
B)sampling bias.
C)experimenter effects.
D)socially desirable responses.

Question 41

Explain the difference between a loaded question and a leading question.

Question 42

What are expectancy effects?

Question 43

Explain what demographic questions are and why it is recommended that they appear at the end of the survey.

Question 44

What are the problems with the following survey questions?

Question 45

_____ sampling is a sampling technique that involves ensuring that the sample is like the population on certain characteristics but uses convenience sampling to obtain the participants.

A)Quota
B)Random
C)Stratified random
D)Cluster

Question 46

Explain how sampling bias,interviewer bias,and socially desirable responses are problematic for survey research.

Question 47

Explain the difference between naturalistic observation and laboratory observation,noting advantages and disadvantages of each.

Question 48

Identify and briefly describe probability sampling versus nonprobability sampling.

Question 49

Explain how the terms nonparticipant,participant,disguised,and undisguised relate to observational research.

Question 50

Briefly describe the differences in mail,telephone,and personal interview surveys.In addition,note advantages and disadvantages of each method.

Question 51

Imagine that you are writing a survey on student perceptions of the food in the dining hall.Write one open-ended,one closed-ended,and one partially open-ended question concerning quality of the food in the dining hall.

Question 52

Explain the difference between using narrative records versus checklists for data collection.What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method?

Question 53

What is a static item versus an action item?

Question 54

Explain the relationship between the terms population,sample,representative sample,random,selection,and random sample.

Question 55

How does the case study method differ from the observational method?