Deck 2: Theories and Causes

Question 1

An organizational view of development implies a(n)_____________ process.

A)static
B)unchanging
C)dynamic
D)fixed

Answer 1

dynamic

Question 2

Brain maturity occurs in a(n)_____________ fashion.

A)disorganized
B)organized
C)hierarchical
D)organized and hierarchical

Answer 2

organized and hierarchical

Question 3

Which of the following statements about neural development is true?

A)Major restructuring of the brain in relation to puberty occurs between 6 and 9 years of age.
B)The brain stops changing after 3 years of age.
C)Primitive areas of the brain mature last.
D)Brain regions which govern basic sensorimotor skills undergo the most dramatic changes within the first 3 years of life.

Answer 3

Brain regions which govern basic sensorimotor skills undergo the most dramatic changes within the first 3 years of life.

Question 4

Children's development occurs in a(n)____________ manner.

A)disorganized
B)organized
C)hierarchical
D) organized and hierarchical

Question 5

The single theoretical orientation which can explain various behaviors or disorders in childhood is the ________ perspective.

A)biological
B)psychological
C)family
D)none of these

Question 6

A child's problems must be considered in relation to the influence of the:

A)individual
B)family
C)community/culture
D)all of the above

Question 7

Most often,adaptational failure is due to:

A)a single cause
B)poor relationships
C)an ongoing interaction between individual development and environmental conditions
D)poor environmental opportunities

Question 8

A central tenet of developmental psychopathology is that to understand maladaptive behavior it is necessary to consider:

A)one's genetic predisposition
B)how problematic behaviors develop over time
C)the child's familial history for maladjustment
D)what is normative for a given period of development

Question 9

Which of the following statements about neural development is false?

A)Most developing axons reach their destination even before a baby is born.
B)Synapses both proliferate and disappear in early childhood.
C)The connections in the brain are relatively pre-determined and the environment cannot change their course.
D)Primitive areas of the brain develop first.

Question 10

Children's early caretaking experiences play an important role in designing parts of the brain that involve:

A)planning and complex processes
B)problem solving skills
C)emotion,personality,and behavior
D)fine motor skills

Question 11

The developmental psychopathology approach to studying childhood disorders emphasizes the importance of:

A)developmental disruptions
B)developmental processes and tasks
C)developmental regressions
D)developmental obstacles

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT an underlying assumption regarding abnormal child behavior?

A)Abnormal development is multiply determined.
B)The child and the environment are interdependent.
C)Abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities.
D)All of these are underlying assumptions.

Question 13

Because development is ____________,sensitive periods play a meaningful role in any discussion of normal and abnormal behavior.

A)disorganized
B)organized
C)hierarchical
D)organized and hierarchical

Question 14

Windows of time during which environmental influences on development are enhanced are called:

A)sensitive periods
B)critical periods
C)crucial periods
D)necessary periods

Question 15

Isabella is three years old and she frequently demands attention,overreacts,and refuses bedtime.These behaviors are considered:

A)common due to her age
B)diagnosable as clinical disorders
C)signs of an overly sensitive child
D)early warning signs of future difficulties

Question 16

Etiology refers to the ___________ of childhood disorders.

A)causation
B)treatments
C)correlates
D)prevention

Question 17

The failure to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones is referred to as:

A)adaptational failure
B)developmental disintegration
C)discontinuity
D)dysregulation

Question 18

The dynamic interaction of child and environment is referred to as:

A)mutuality
B)etiology
C)transaction
D)continuity

Question 19

Victor is fearful of approaching new situations and often appears inhibited.Victor's mother reported that she struggles with similar difficulties.This is an example of:

A)emotional influences
B)biological influences
C)cognitive influences
D)behavioral influences

Question 20

Which of the following statements about genetics is false?

A)Genes determine behavior.
B)Genes are composed of DNA.
C)Genes produce proteins.
D)The expression of genes is influenced by the environment.

Question 21

___________ serve(s)as a filter for organizing large amounts of new information and avoiding potential harm.

A)Cognitions
B)Emotions
C)The HPA axis
D)Benzodiazepine-GABA

Question 22

Epinephrine is also known as:

A)dopamine
B)serotonin
C)cortisol
D)adrenaline

Question 23

The _________ gives us the distinct qualities that make us human and allows us to think about the future,to be playful,and to be creative.

A)cerebral cortex
B)limbic system
C)basil ganglia
D)hippocampus

Question 24

The problem with family aggregation studies is that they:

A)are difficult to carry out
B)do not control for environmental variables
C)only tell us about the influence of the environment
D)only tell us about chromosomal abnormalities

Question 25

____________ has been implicated in several psychological disorders,especially those connected to a person's response to stress and ability to regulate emotions.

A)The HPA axis
B)BZ-GABA
C)Norepinephrine
D)Dopamine

Question 26

The ___________ gland produces epinephrine in response to stress.

A)hypothalamus
B)thyroid
C)adrenal
D)pituitary

Question 27

The neurotransmitter implicated in regulatory problems,such as eating and sleep disorders is:

A)Norepinephrine
B)Serotonin
C)Benzodiazepine-GABA
D)Dopamine

Question 28

The neurotransmitter,which is not directly involved in specific disorders but is more generally involved in emotional and behavioral regulation is:

A)Serotonin
B)Benzodiazepine-GABA
C)Dopamine
D)none of the above

Question 29

The part of the brain that regulates our emotional experiences,expressions,and impulses is the:

A)hypothalamus
B)hindbrain
C)basal ganglia
D)limbic system

Question 30

____________ acts like a "switch" in the brain,turning on various circuits associated with certain types of behavior.

A)Serotonin
B)Benzodiazepine-GABA
C)Norepinephrine
D)Dopamine

Question 31

The _________ lobes contain the functions underlying much of our thinking and reasoning abilities.

A)temporal
B)frontal
C)parietal
D)occipital

Question 32

_____________ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces overall arousal and levels of anger,hostility,and aggression.

A)Serotonin
B)Benzodiazepine-GABA
C)Norepinephrine
D)Dopamine

Question 33

A child who cannot control his temper has problems in emotion __________.

A)sensitivity
B)reactivity
C)regulation
D)deregulation

Question 34

The part of the brain that is implicated in disorders affecting motor behavior is the:

A)hypothalamus
B)hindbrain
C)basal ganglia
D)limbic system

Question 35

Emotions serve what purpose?

A)to serve as internal monitoring systems which appraise events as beneficial or dangerous
B)to provide motivation for action
C)both a and b
D)none of the above

Question 36

Behavioral geneticists have concluded that:

A)many psychological disorders can be accounted for by an individual gene
B)much of our development and behaviors are influenced by a small number of genes
C)genetic contributions to psychological disorders come from many genes,which each make a small contribution
D)behavior is largely influenced by the environment

Question 37

The ___________ gland oversees the body's regulatory functions by producing several hormones,including estrogen and progesterone.

A)pineal
B)pituitary
C)thyroid
D)adrenal

Question 38

The glands located on top of the kidneys are important because they produce hormones that:

A)orchestrate the body's regulatory functions
B)control the entire HPA axis
C)energize us and get our bodies ready for possible threats in the environment
D)all of the above

Question 39

James often appears to be in a bad mood and he is easily frustrated when given challenging tasks.His temperament would be considered:

A)angry and intense
B)negative affect or irritability
C)fearful or inhibited
D)positive affect and approach

Question 40

The ___________ gland plays a role in energy metabolism and growth,and is implicated in certain eating disorders.

A)hypothalamus
B)thyroid
C)adrenal
D)pituitary

Question 41

Today's research and thinking accepts the notion that many childhood disorders:

A)cannot be overcome
B)are treatable with the use of medications
C)receive too much media attention
D)share many clinical features and causes

Question 42

_______ relates to how children think about themselves and others,resulting in mental representations of themselves,relationships,and their social world

A)Social cognition
B)Observational learning
C)Cognitive mediation
D)Cognitive development

Question 43

Brofenbrenner's (1977)model does not include a consideration of:

A)the child in isolation
B)the child's family members
C)the society in which the child lives
D)the model includes a consideration of all of these

Question 44

Infants that are wary of new situations and strangers and who often cannot be comforted by the caregiver are likely to have a(n)____________ attachment pattern.

A)secure
B)anxious-avoidant
C)anxious-resistant
D)disorganized

Question 45

_________ problems refer to weak or absent control structures,whereas _________ problems mean that existing control structures operative in a maladaptive way.

A)Regulation,dysregulation
B)Dysregulation,regulation
C)Reactivity,regulation
D)Regulation,reactivity

Question 46

This term describes a child's model of relationships involving what the child expects from others and how the child relates to others.

A)internal working model
B)external working model
C)internal attachment model
D)external attachment model

Question 47

Infants that explore the environment with little affective interaction with the caregiver are likely to have a(n)____________ attachment pattern.

A)secure
B)anxious-avoidant
C)anxious-resistant
D)disorganized

Question 48

Temperament:

A)refers to the child's organized style of behavior that appears very early in development
B)shapes the child's approach to the environment and vice versa
C)is considered one of the building blocks of personality
D)all of these

Question 49

The attachment pattern that has been linked to phobias and anxiety problems is:

A)secure
B)anxious-avoidant
C)anxious-resistant
D)disorganized

Question 50

The process of attachment typically begins between _________ of age.

A)0-2 months
B)6-12 months
C)12-18 months
D)18-24 months

Question 51

__________ models portray the child's environment as a series of nested and interconnected structures.

A)Environmental
B)Ecological
C)Societal
D)Macroparadigm

Question 52

___________ theorists argue that a child's behavior can only be understood in terms of relationships with others.

A)Cognitive
B)Behavioral
C)Family systems
D)Genetic

Question 53

________________ describes the "slow-to-warm-up child",who is cautious in approaching novel or challenging situations.

A)Positive affect and approach
B)Fearful or inhibited
C)Negative affect or irritability
D)Adaptive with negative mood

Question 54

__________ explain the acquisition of problem behavior on the basis of paired associations between previously neutral stimuli (e.g. ,homework),and unconditioned stimuli (e.g. ,parental anger).

A)Operant models
B)Classical conditioning models
C)Social learning models
D)Social cognition models

Question 55

___________ theorists emphasize attributional biases,modeling,and cognitions in their explanation of abnormal behavior.

A)Behavior
B)Psychodynamic
C)Social learning
D)Biological

Question 56

The attachment pattern that has been linked to conduct problems and aggressive behavior is:

A)secure
B)anxious-avoidant
C)anxious-resistant
D)disorganized

Question 57

Individual differences in emotion __________ account for differing responses to a stressful environment.

A)affectivity
B)sensitivity
C)reactivity
D)regulation

Question 58

The __________ view of child development recognizes the importance of balancing the abilities of individuals with the challenges and risks of their environments.

A)health promotion
B)family systems
C)attachment
D)psychopathological

Question 59

Attachment theory considers crying (in an infant)to be a behavior that:

A)serves to keep predators away
B)stimulates the immune system
C)irritates others
D)enhances relationships with the caregiver

Question 60

ABA involves the examination of:

A)behavior
B)antecedents
C)consequences
D)all of the above