Deck 13: Carbohydrates

Question 1

The breakdown of glucose to chemical energy for the cells to do work is an example of ________.

A)oxidation
B)respiration
C)reduction
D)anabolism
E)mutarotation

Answer 1

oxidation

Question 2

Which of the following compounds is chiral?

A)H ∣
H - C - H
∣
H
B)H ∣
HO - C - OH
∣
H
C) ∣
HO - C - H
∣
Cl
D)Br ∣
H - C - OH
∣
H
E)Cl ∣
Br - C - Cl
∣
Br

Answer 2

∣
HO - C - H
∣
Cl

Question 3

A monosaccharide that consists of 5 carbon atoms,one of which is in a ketone group,is classified as a(n)________.

A)aldotetrose
B)aldopentose
C)aldohexose
D)ketotetrose
E)ketopentose

Answer 3

ketopentose

Question 4

Stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other are known as ________.

A)enantiomers
B)achiral isomers
C)superimposable isomers
D)anomers
E)Fischer projections

Question 5

Which group of carbohydrates cannot be hydrolyzed to give simpler carbohydrates?

A)monosaccharides
B)disaccharides
C)trisaccharides
D)tetrasaccharides
E)polysaccharides

Question 6

In the carbon cycle,carbon dioxide and water are converted to glucose and oxygen by ________.

A)large animals
B)insects
C)mushrooms
D)green plants
E)earthworms

Question 7

One difference between D-glucose and L-glucose is ________.

A)the open-chain form of L-glucose does not exist
B)it is not possible to make L-glucose
C)L-glucose has a 5-membered ring,and D-glucose has a 6-membered ring
D)only D-glucose can act as a substrate in metabolic reactions
E)L-glucose cannot form a closed structure

Question 8

How many different substituents are required on a carbon atom for it to be chiral?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four
E)Any number from 1 to 4; chiralty does not depend on substitution.

Question 9

A carbohydrate that gives two molecules when it is completely hydrolyzed is known as a ________.

A)monosaccharide
B)disaccharide
C)polysaccharide
D)starch
E)trisaccharide

Question 10

In the L- isomer of a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide,the -OH group furthest from the carbonyl is written ________.

A)on the left of the top chiral carbon
B)on the right of the top chiral carbon
C)on the left of the middle chiral carbon
D)on the left of the bottom chiral carbon
E)on the right of the bottom chiral carbon

Question 11

Chiral drugs consist of only one enantiomer.The benefits of using a pure enantiomer,rather than a mixture,include ________.

A)higher potency (lower total dose of drug)
B)elimination of side effects
C)reduced chances of drug interactions
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 12

Achiral compounds are those which ________.

A)have no "handedness"
B)have different mirror images
C)are nonsuperimposable
D)have the same formula but different structures
E)have a carbon attached to four different atoms

Question 13

Fructose does not undergo hydrolysis because it is a ________.

A)aldose
B)hexose
C)reducing sugar
D)monosaccharide
E)disaccharide

Question 14

An enantiomer is ________.

A)a stereoisomer that is not a mirror image of another molecule
B)a stereoisomer whose mirror image cannot be superimposed
C)a diastereoisomer
D)a constitutional isomer
E)a geometric isomer

Question 15

A monosaccharide that contains 4 carbon atoms,one of which is in an aldehyde group,is classified as a(n)________.

A)aldopentose
B)aldohexose
C)ketopentose
D)aldotetrose
E)ketotetrose

Question 16

A monosaccharide that contains 6 carbon atoms,one of which is in an aldehyde group,is classified as a(n)________.

A)aldopentose
B)aldohexose
C)ketopentose
D)aldotetrose
E)ketotetrose

Question 17

Chirality occurs when stereoisomers have mirror images that are ________.

A)superimposable
B)the same
C)not superimposable
D)not visible to one another
E)identical

Question 18

Photosynthesis uses ________ as an energy source.

A)glucose
B)carbon dioxide
C)chlorophyll
D)oxygen
E)sunlight

Question 19

The sugar also known as dextrose,and blood sugar is ________.

A)glucose
B)galactose
C)fructose
D)lactose
E)sucrose

Question 20

Which of the following objects is chiral? Assume that each object has no markings or printing.

A)an pencil
B)a baseball bat
C)a glove
D)a hockey puck
E)a drinking glass

Question 21

When glucose is oxidized the product is ________.

A)glucitol
B)gluconic acid
C)sucrose
D)galactose
E)maltose

Question 22

Aspartame® and Saccharin® are two examples of ________.

A)disaccharides
B)polysaccharides
C)chlorosaccharides
D)alcohol sweeteners
E)noncarbohydrate sweeteners

Question 23

The form of glucose is the ________ isomer.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)delta
D)second
E)keto

Question 24

Which of the following contains a β-1,4-glycosidic bond?

A)galactose
B)lactose
C)maltose
D)sucrose
E)amylose

Question 25

A glycosidic bond between two monosaccharides can also be classified as a(n)________.

A)double bond
B)ester bond
C)ether bond
D)achiral bond
E)alcohol bond

Question 26

Glucose can have the structure shown below.It can be classified as a(n)________.

A)ribose
B)ketose
C)disaccharide
D)monosaccharide
E)ketone

Question 27

Maltose can be classified as a(n)________.

A)disaccharide
B)polysaccharide
C)ketose
D)pentose
E)tetrasaccharide

Question 28

Which sugar is not a reducing sugar?

A)glucose
B)fructose
C)galactose
D)maltose
E)sucrose

Question 29

Refer to the disaccharide below to answer the following question(s).
In the figure above,the monosaccharide on the top is a(n)________.

A)aldopentose
B)ketopentose
C)aldohexose
D)aldoheptose
E)ketohexose

Question 30

The disaccharide above contains a(n)________-glycosidic linkage.

A)α-1,4
B)β-1,4
C)α-2,4
D)β-2,4
E)α-2,6

Question 31

Refer to the disaccharide below to answer the following question(s).
Hydrolysis of the disaccharide above gives the monosaccharides ________.

A)fructose and ribose
B)fructose and galactose
C)ribose and glucose
D)ribose and galactose
E)fructose and lactose

Question 32

Hyperglycemia is a condition in which ________.

A)the glucose level in the blood is about 100 mg/dL
B)the amount of glucose in the urine is lower than normal
C)the glucose level in the blood is higher than normal
D)the glucose level in the pancreas is lower than normal
E)the glucose level in the liver is lower than normal

Question 33

Galactose is a ________.

A)monosaccharide
B)disaccharide
C)trisaccharide
D)polysaccharide
E)phosphosaccharide

Question 34

Hypoglycemia is a condition in which ________.

A)the glucose level in the blood is about 100 mg/dL
B)the amount of glucose in the urine is higher than normal
C)the glucose level in the blood is higher than normal
D)the glucose level in the pancreas is higher than normal
E)the glucose level in the blood is lower than normal

Question 35

When glucose is reduced the product is ________.

A)glucitol
B)gluconic acid
C)sucrose
D)galactose
E)maltose

Question 36

Refer to the disaccharide below to answer the following question(s).
In the figure above,the monosaccharide on the bottom is a(n)________.

A)aldopentose
B)ketopentose
C)aldohexose
D)aldoheptose
E)ketohexose

Question 37

Maltose is a ________.

A)monosaccharide
B)disaccharide
C)trisaccharide
D)polysaccharide
E)phosphosaccharide

Question 38

Benedict's test requires an aldehyde and an adjacent ________.

A)saturated carbon
B)ketone
C)hydroxyl
D)phenyl ring
E)acid

Question 39

In a disaccharide,two monosaccharides are joined by what kind of bond?

A)double
B)anomeric
C)alcohol
D)glycosidic
E)rotational

Question 40

Galactose is a product of enzymatic hydrolysis of ________.

A)lactose
B)glucose
C)maltose
D)erythrose
E)sucrose

Question 41

State whether each of these structures is the α- or β-form.

Question 42

Identify each Fischer projection as the D- or L-isomer.

Question 43

Identify each Fischer projection as the D- or L-isomer.

Question 44

Under acid hydrolysis conditions,starch is converted to ________.

A)glucose
B)xylose
C)maltose
D)galactose
E)fructose

Question 45

Identify each Fischer projection as the D- or L-isomer.

Question 46

State whether each of these structures is the α- or β-form.

Question 47

Cellulose is not digestible by humans because it contains glucose units linked by ________-glycosidic bonds.

A)α-1,2
B)α-1,4
C)α-1,6
D)β-1,2
E)β-1,4

Question 48

Amylose is a ________.

A)monosaccharide
B)disaccharide
C)trisaccharide
D)polysaccharide
E)phosphosaccharide

Question 49

Humans cannot digest cellulose because they ________.

A)lack the necessary enzymes to digest β-glycosides
B)are allergic to β-glycosides
C)are poisoned by β-glycosides
D)have intestinal flora which use up β-glycosides
E)cannot digest chlorophyll

Question 50

Identify each Fischer projection as the D- or L-isomer.

Question 51

Amylose is a form of starch which has ________.

A)only β-1,4-bonds between glucose units
B)only α-1,4-links bonds glucose units
C)both α-1,4-and β-1,4-bonds between glucose units
D)hemiacetal links joining glucose units
E)carbon-carbon bonds joining glucose units

Question 52

Identify each Fischer projection as the D- or L-isomer.

Question 53

Cellulose is a polysaccharide which has ________.

A)only β-1,4-bonds between glucose units
B)only α-1,4-links bonds glucose units
C)both α-1,4-and α-1,6-bonds between glucose units
D)hemiacetal links joining glucose units
E)carbon-carbon bonds joining glucose units

Question 54

State whether each of these structures is the α- or β-form.

Question 55

State whether each of these structures is the α- or β-form.

Question 56

Amylose is a polysaccharide.

Question 57

State whether each of these structures is the α- or β-form.
Sucrose is a disaccharide.

Question 58

Amylopectin is a form of starch which has ________.

A)only β-1,4-bonds between glucose units
B)only α-1,4-links bonds glucose units
C)both α-1,4-and α-1,6-bonds between glucose units
D)hemiacetal links joining glucose units
E)carbon-carbon bonds joining glucose units

Question 59

Which of the following contains α-1,6-branches?

A)amylose
B)glycogen
C)cellulose
D)sucrose
E)maltose

Question 60

State whether each of these structures is the α- or β-form.

Question 61

Amylopectin is a straight-chain polysaccharide.

Question 62

In beta-glucose,the new -OH group is above the plane of the ring.

Question 63

The product of oxidation of an aldose is a carboxylic acid.

Question 64

Enantiomers may have very different tastes or smells.

Question 65

Stereoisomers are not structural isomers.

Question 66

In the Fischer projection of D-glucose,the -OH group on the chiral carbon farthest from the aldehyde is to the left.

Question 67

In the Fischer projection of D-fructose,the -OH group on the chiral carbon farthest from the ketone is to the right.

Question 68

The product of reduction of xylose is xylitol.

Question 69

Aldehydes with an adjacent alcohol give a positive Benedict's test.

Question 70

A deep blue color in Benedict's test indicates the presence of an aldehyde with an adjacent alcohol.

Question 71

A reducing sugar gives a precipitate of silver metal with Benedict's reagent.

Question 72

Sucrose is a reducing sugar.

Question 73

In glucose,the -OH group on carbon 4 is above the plane of the ring.

Question 74

Sucrose is made up of glucose units only.

Question 75

Cellulose is a monosaccharide.

Question 76

The product of reduction of mannose is mannoic acid.

Question 77

The biological activity of one enantiomers may be very different from the biological activity of the other enantiomer.

Question 78

A chiral carbon atom can have fewer than four different groups bonded to it.

Question 79

Enantiomers are mirror images of each other.

Question 80

The glucose units in cellulose are connected by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds.