Deck 5: Representation of Knowledge

Question 1

Subjects given a verbal explanation for a type of picture called a droodle:

A) found it more difficult to recall the pictures because the verbal code conflicted with the imagery code.
B) were better able to recall the pictures than those who did not get a verbal explanation.
C) had more difficulty recalling the pictures because the gist of the picture was not the same as the meaning of the verbal explanation.
D) could recall the pictures better than those who did not receive a verbal explanation,but only at a much longer latency.

Answer 1

were better able to recall the pictures than those who did not get a verbal explanation.

Question 2

In Wanner's study of warned subjects versus unwarned subjects,the:

A) warned subjects retained significantly better memory for meaning,but were actually worse on style compared with the unwarned subjects.
B) unwarned subjects could recall style changes,but not meaning changes.
C) subjects had similar recall for meaning,whether they had been warned or not.
D) warned subjects retained significantly more meaning than did the unwarned subjects.

Answer 2

subjects had similar recall for meaning,whether they had been warned or not.

Question 3

Dr.Brooks is interested in studying memory for pictures.He shows participants a picture of a woman in a flowered apron putting a roast into the oven.Then,after a delay,he shows them two new pictures and asks them to identify which one they have seen.Which picture are participants more likely to mistake for the original picture?

A) a picture of the same woman putting a cake in the oven because this is a token change
B) a picture of the same woman putting a cake in the oven because this is a type change
C) a picture of the same women dressed differently putting a roast in the oven because this is a token change
D) a picture of the same women dressed differently putting a roast in the oven because this is a type change

Answer 3

a picture of the same women dressed differently putting a roast in the oven because this is a token change

Question 4

Converting the syllable DAX to Dad is an example of:

A) the key-word method of learning.
B) perception ignoring detail.
C) bottom-up processing.
D) attaching meaning to information.

Question 5

In comparing memory for pictures with memory for sentences,we can say that subjects remember the:

A) gist of a picture,but not the minute details of a sentence.
B) gist of a sentence,but not the minute details of a picture.
C) gist,but not the minute details,of both pictures and sentences.
D) minute details,but not the gist,of both pictures and sentences.

Question 6

The major portion of memory for verbal communication probably works by:

A) encoding a verbatim duplicate of the original communication.
B) storing only the significant themes of the communication.
C) encoding a linear but hierarchical representation using subsets of the communication sequence.
D) representing the communication in terms of its feature-rich detail.

Question 7

The _____ prefrontal region is involved in processing visual information.

A) left
B) right
C) anterior
D) posterior

Question 8

Which statement is NOT evidence for propositional representations in memory?

A) Learning a second fact about a concept interferes with ability to remember the first fact.
B) Having studied "The man who was angry hit the policeman" and "The man hit the big policeman," subjects will accept "The angry man hit the policeman who was big" as one they studied.
C) For subjects having studied "Children who are slow eat bread that is cold," slow is a better clue for recall of children than it is for recall of bread.
D) Subjects can recall the meaning,but not the wording,of a sentence.

Question 9

Methods to assist or improve memory are called:

A) propositional networks.
B) mnemonic techniques.
C) encoding analogs.
D) decoding strategies.

Question 10

Suppose that after either a short or long delay,you were shown two sentences that differed in form but had the same meaning as a sentence you had seen earlier.In all likelihood,you would:

A) recall the correct form regardless of the length of delay.
B) not recall the correct form,even after a very short delay.
C) not recall the correct form after a long delay.
D) not recall the correct form,regardless of the length of delay.

Question 11

In Mandler and Ritchey's study using pictures of scenes (such as classroom scenes),the token distracter can be regarded as a difference in _____,while the type distracter can be regarded as a difference in _____.

A) meaning;style
B) detail;style
C) style;meaning
D) meaning;context

Question 12

Mandler and Ritchey used pictures of scenes (such as classroom scenes)to study picture memory.They found that subjects rejected changes in:

A) token distracters more often than type distracters,demonstrating that detail was more important than meaning.
B) type distracters more often than token distracters,demonstrating that detail was more important than meaning.
C) type distracters more often than token distracters,demonstrating that meaning was more important than detail.
D) both token distracters and type distracters,demonstrating that detail and meaning were equally important.

Question 13

Imagine that you serve as a consultant to a firm marketing a new daily-use product.The manager argues that a picture is worth a thousand words,so the instructions should be in picture form.Your advice to the manager would be:

A) to proceed since people tend to have high recall for the physical detail of pictures.
B) to revert to completely written instructions since recall of meaning is significantly higher in written than in pictorial form.
C) to use exclusively pictorial representation since people do not recall much of either form or meaning from written instructions.
D) that people will only remember the gist of the picture just as they only remember the gist of verbal instructions.

Question 14

Suppose you went to a university workshop on how to apply for financial aid and were given a short set of explicit instructions at the end.After handing out aid forms,the instructor then asked you to report how much of the verbatim instructions you recall.Which statement indicates what you probably would recall from the instructions?

A) I would probably recall the instructions verbatim.
B) I would probably recall the gist of the instructions.
C) I would probably recall both meaning and sentence structure.
D) I would probably recall the style of the message,but not the meaning.

Question 15

Evidence from studies of picture memory suggests that people:

A) encode feature-rich detail at first,but then quickly segment the picture into subsegments and store only loosely collected fragments.
B) encode virtually all the perceptual detail of the picture and retain it for many months.
C) encode many of the perceptual details at the beginning,but tend to forget this information quickly.
D) encode only small amounts of perceptual detail at the beginning and then use inferential processes to fill in the gaps later.

Question 16

Wanner warned some subjects,but not others,that they would have to recall a set of instructions.The results of the study showed that:

A) warned subjects retained a nearly verbatim copy of the instructions,while unwarned subjects had very poor memory.
B) unwarned subjects could not retain either the detail or the gist of the instructions.
C) memory is better for changes in wording that affect meaning than for changes that affect style.
D) memory for changes in wording is equally good,whether the changes affect meaning or style.

Question 17

Which statement is NOT true of propositions?

A) A proposition preserves the detail of linguistic information.
B) Propositions provide an analytic tool for understanding meaningful information.
C) Propositions represent meaningful structures in language.
D) A proposition is the smallest unit of knowledge that can stand as a separate assertion.

Question 18

Your friend has just participated in a memory experiment and tells you about it.In this experiment,your friend had to look at a number of sentences and a number of pictures.After studying the sentences and pictures,your friend was shown pairs of two pictures or two sentences and then asked to point to which picture or sentence she remembered seeing before.Which test is your friend likely to do better on?

A) She will perform better on the verbal test because memory for verbal information is better than memory for visual information.
B) She will perform better on the visual test because memory for visual information is better than memory for verbal information.
C) She will perform similarly on both tests because memory for both visual and verbal information is similar.
D) She will perform really poorly on the verbal test because the visual information will interfere too much with her memory for the verbal information.

Question 19

The _____ prefrontal region is involved in processing verbal information.

A) left
B) right
C) anterior
D) posterior

Question 20

When Shepard compared subjects' memory for sentences versus memory for pictures,he found that the subjects:

A) had a higher rate of errors in the picture condition than in the sentence condition.
B) had the same number of errors in the picture condition as in the sentence condition.
C) were able to remember not only the gist of the pictures,but the verbatim record of the sentences.
D) had a higher rate of errors in the sentence condition than in the picture condition.

Question 21

Which statement is a distinction between propositions and schemas?

A) Propositions are linearly structured;schemas are hierarchically structured.
B) Propositions encode abstract meaning;schemas encode visual detail.
C) Propositions encode precise assertions;schemas encode general features of objects and events.
D) Propositions are readily forgotten;schemas are retained indefinitely.

Question 22

Barsalou (1999)refers to all propositional representations as _____.This term is meant to denote the fact that all elements of representation are inherently nonperceptual.

A) aperceptual symbol assemblages
B) sensory agnostic networks
C) amodal symbol systems
D) higher-level information routines

Question 23

Which concept is NOT an example of a schema?

A) our concept of the order of letters in the alphabet
B) our concept of what a particular ethnic group is like
C) our concept of what is involved in going to a restaurant
D) our concept of what a game is

Question 24

Which statement is NOT true of conceptual knowledge?

A) Concepts involve categorizing properties of a class of experiences.
B) Verifying facts about a concept takes the same amount of time,even when they must be inferred.
C) Concepts are abstract representations of external reality.
D) Frequently encountered facts are stored with the related concept.

Question 25

When subjects were asked to recall pictures where the right-left orientation was reversed,they:

A) lost accuracy for both orientation and meaning.
B) quickly lost accuracy for orientation,but retained high accuracy for meaning.
C) retained high accuracy for orientation,but quickly lost accuracy for meaning.
D) retained high accuracy for both orientation and meaning.

Question 26

Hauk,Johnsrude,and Pulvermiller (2004)found that listening to the verbs lick and kick results in the activation of the:

A) amygdala.
B) hypothalamus.
C) motor cortex.
D) thalamus.

Question 27

Which statement is NOT true of semantic networks?

A) All properties relevant to a concept are stored directly at that concept's node.
B) Facts that are true of higher-level categories are also true of lower-level categories.
C) Recalling properties of a concept generally takes longer the more links one has to go through to get to the property.
D) Facts that are encountered frequently with a concept are stored directly with that concept.

Question 28

Mirror neurons in a monkey become active:

A) only when the monkey performs an action.
B) only when the monkey sees another perform an action.
C) when the monkey performs an action or sees another perform an action.
D) Monkeys do not have mirror neurons.

Question 29

Which statement is FALSE?

A) People have good memory for propositions,but not for combinations of propositions.
B) People recall the meaning of primitive propositions,but not the exact wording.
C) People are very good at distinguishing sentences that can be composed of propositions heard earlier.
D) People are fairly accurate in detecting sentences that cannot be constructed from propositions heard earlier.

Question 30

For Quillian (1966),all subordinate items in categories are linked to superordinate category headings by:

A) isa links.
B) categorical links.
C) membership links.
D) schematic links.

Question 31

In the Brewer and Treyens' office study,most subjects recalled seeing:

A) a skull that was present in the office.
B) a skull that was not present in the office.
C) books that were present in the office.
D) books that were not present in the office.

Question 32

_____ emphasizes the contribution of motor action and how it connects us to the environment.

A) Amodal symbol hypothesis
B) Embodied cognition
C) Motor theory
D) Perceptual symbol hypothesis

Question 33

In a propositional network,we can think of the nodes as _____ and the links between nodes as _____.

A) ideas;associations
B) meaning;detail
C) neural warehouses;neural pathways
D) content;form

Question 34

Statements about a university such as "A university has professors," "A university has classrooms," and "A university has students" represent:

A) a series of arguments related to university.
B) a semantic network for university.
C) a links related to university.
D) a schema for university.

Question 35

Bransford and Franks showed subjects sentences such as "The rock rolled down the mountain and crushed the tiny hut" and "The rock crushed the tiny hut by the woods." Later,their subjects thought they had heard "The rock rolled down the mountain and crushed the hut beside the woods." What does this experiment show?

A) Subjects' memory for a sentence should be modeled as a schema rather than a network.
B) Subjects' memory for a sentence should be modeled as a network rather than a linear propositional representation.
C) Subjects remembered the words,but not their combination.
D) Subjects remembered the propositional units,but not their combination.

Question 36

Which statement is NOT a primitive proposition in this sentence: "The ants in the kitchen ate the sweet jelly on the table"?

A) The ants ate the jelly.
B) The jelly was sweet.
C) The table was in the kitchen.
D) The ants were in the kitchen.

Question 37

Which statement is NOT evidence for propositional representations?

A) The meaning of a picture is remembered better than its details.
B) Pictures are remembered better than words.
C) The meaning of a sentence is remembered better than its wording.
D) In the Bransford and Franks experiment,people cannot remember exactly what they heard.

Question 38

Which statement is NOT true about verifying facts (e.g. ,robins have skin)?

A) The more frequently a fact is encountered about robin,the more quickly it will be verified.
B) It is easier to verify this general fact than a specific fact,such as robins eat worms.
C) If the fact is not directly stored with robin,it will take longer to verify.
D) If the fact is frequently encountered about robin,it will be directly stored with robin.

Question 39

The experiment conducted by Brewer and Treyens looked at memory for things in an office.What object in the office did subjects recall LEAST often?

A) a chair
B) a desk
C) a wall
D) a skull

Question 40

Suppose you were shown a picture from the scene of an accident you had witnessed several days earlier.Your memory for the scene would probably:

A) be highly accurate for meaning,as well as for minute detail.
B) sense immediately that the picture was reversed,even if the gist of events was fuzzy.
C) be inaccurate for both minute detail and meaning.
D) preserve the general meaning of the scene but miss the fact that the picture was in reverse orientation.

Question 41

A subject is shown a photograph of several different fruits.After the photograph is removed,the subject is asked to recall the fruits in the picture.Which fruit will the subject be LEAST likely to recall?

A) the apple
B) the mango
C) the tomato
D) the kiwi

Question 42

Subjects are asked to read a series of statements such as "customer pays bill," "customer orders food," "customer picks up menu," and "customer looks for table." When asked to recall these items later,most subjects would probably:

A) put about half of the events back in the order of a stereotypical restaurant script.
B) recall the items precisely in the order first presented.
C) put the items back in partially accurate script order,but only if asked explicitly to do so.
D) recall only the gist of the items without regard for the order.

Question 43

You are invited to a wedding.Script theory predicts that you will:

A) scan a propositional representation of weddings,looking for relevant detail.
B) immediately begin to plan what to wear,and remind yourself of the rules of etiquette and the sequence of events that will occur at the wedding.
C) construct a linear ordering of statements about weddings.
D) reconstruct a visual image of wedding based on encoded visual-spatial information.

Question 44

What has past research taught us about the organization of facts in semantic memory?

Question 45

Abstraction theories hold that we store:

A) a number of different instances of a category and judge new instances by degree of similarity.
B) several different instances of a category,but abstract a general model for comparison purposes.
C) a general representation of a category,but when it comes time to judge,we generate specific instances for comparison.
D) a general representation of a category and judge instances by degree of similarity.

Question 46

In what ways can schemas and scripts influence our recall of events and experiences?

Question 47

Although an ostrich cannot fly,we still recognize it as a bird.This illustrates the fact that schemas:

A) may be inaccurate and undependable in certain situations.
B) can accommodate exceptions to general rules.
C) focus on visual detail as opposed to general features.
D) encode both general information and specific features in the same slot.

Question 48

Would it be ideal if we had the capacity to remember everything? Why or why not?

Question 49

Scripts are schemas that encode:

A) an imaginal representation of an event.
B) our knowledge of a movie.
C) our knowledge of stereotypical sequences of actions.
D) amodal instances of a scheme.

Question 50

What were the results and implications of the Brewer and Treyens' (1981)office study?

Question 51

Exemplar theories hold that we store:

A) a general representation of a category and judge instances by degree of similarity.
B) several different instances of a category but abstract a general model for comparison purposes.
C) a general representation of a category,but when it comes time to judge,we generate specific instances for comparison.
D) a number of different instances of a category and judge new instances by degree of similarity.

Question 52

What is meant by embodied cognition?

Question 53

How are mirror neurons related to the concept of embodied cognition?

Question 54

In what ways is memory for verbal information similar to and different from memory for visual information?

Question 55

Wanner (1968)compared memory for exact wording with memory for meaning.Compare the results of warned participants to the results of unwarned participants.

Question 56

Farah and McClelland (1991)have shown that the dissociation between _____ and _____ in memory is due to the different features that define the two categories.

A) animals;vegetables
B) nouns;verbs
C) living things;artifacts
D) places;objects

Question 57

When Bower,Black,and Turner asked subjects to judge whether various statements came from an earlier story containing some script events,they found that:

A) most subjects persisted in reporting story detail and ignored the general outline.
B) some subjects recalled items that were part of an event script,even though they had not been presented as part of the story.
C) very few subjects reported the script events,preferring instead to stick with the main theme of the story.
D) subjects were very inaccurate for the story detail but very accurate for script events.

Question 58

What are the potential costs of using the keyword method?

Question 59

According to the text,patients with damage to their temporal lobe suffer deficits in their knowledge about:

A) biological categories,such as animals,fruits,and vegetables.
B) mnemonic strategies.
C) schematic representations.
D) natural categories,such as colors and shapes.

Question 60

What are the implications of Wanner's (1968)experiment regarding memory for verbal information?

Question 61

What is the keyword method? Give an example of how it might be used.

Question 62

Differentiate between an amodal symbol system and a perceptual symbol system.

Question 63

Memory for detail of pictures is often rapidly forgotten.

Question 64

Categorical information is represented in the posterior regions of the brain.

Question 65

Differentiate between an amodal hypothesis and a multimodal hypothesis.

Question 66

Explain Paivio's dual-code theory.

Question 67

What is an isa link?

Question 68

In Kintsch's (1974)propositional notation,each proposition is represented as a list containing a relation followed by an ordered list of schemas.

Question 69

According to the amodal symbol system,all information is represented in terms that are specific to a particular perceptual modality.

Question 70

A proposition is the smallest unit one can meaningfully judge as true or false.

Question 71

Codes are event schemas that people use to reason about prototypical events.

Question 72

Using key words will likely help you pass a delayed test for which you have not studied.

Question 73

What is a schema? What is a script?

Question 74

What does the cognitive system gain through categorization?

Question 75

What were the results of Hauk et al.'s (2004)research on embodied cognition?

Question 76

What are abstraction theories? What are exemplar theories?

Question 77

After processing a linguistic message,people normally remember its exact wording.

Question 78

In cognitive psychology,what is a proposition? Explain what is meant by propositional representation according to Kintsch (1974).

Question 79

Posterior regions of the brain are associated with representing concepts.

Question 80

Mirror neurons are active only when an animal sees another animal perform a task.