Deck 2: Perception

Question 1

The text spoke of a soldier who suffered from visual agnosia.This means that he:

A) was unable to recognize visual objects.
B) could not recognize or draw simple shapes.
C) could not recognize or draw complex shapes.
D) could draw,but not recognize,complex shapes.

Answer 1

was unable to recognize visual objects.

Question 2

To convert a 2-D retinal image to a 3-D neural representation,the visual system uses cues such as:

A) ganglion,bipolar,and hypercolumn cues.
B) closure,proximity,and similarity cues.
C) retinal,foveal,and ganglion cues.
D) stereopsis,texture gradient,and motion parallax.

Answer 2

stereopsis,texture gradient,and motion parallax.

Question 3

In the cat's visual cortex,bar detectors:

A) are general receptors that respond without regard to the width of the bar.
B) are specific to the position of the bar,but respond without regard to orientation.
C) respond positively to light in the center and negatively to light at the periphery,or vice versa.
D) respond only to very specific bar orientations,but without regard to width.

Answer 3

respond positively to light in the center and negatively to light at the periphery,or vice versa.

Question 4

The fact that each eye receives a slightly different view of the world is referred to as _____,a process that aids in _____.

A) convergence;retinal focus
B) stereopsis;object recognition
C) convergence;detail discrimination
D) stereopsis;depth perception

Question 5

Which gestalt principle accounts for our tendency to see groups of stars as constellations?

A) closure
B) proximity
C) whole-part segregation
D) similarity

Question 6

We tend to organize elements that are close together into units.This is the principle of:

A) closure.
B) contiguity.
C) proximity.
D) continuation.

Question 7

The optic chiasma is a point where the:

A) cones are most densely packed for high-resolution vision.
B) optic nerve enters the brain's visual center.
C) optic nerve leaves the eye to make its way into the brain.
D) optic nerves from both eyes meet.

Question 8

Someone who suffers from associative agnosia:

A) cannot recognize simple objects.
B) cannot recognize,but can copy drawings of,simple objects.
C) cannot recognize,but can copy drawings of,complex objects.
D) cannot recognize,and cannot copy drawings of,complex objects.

Question 9

Cones are to _____ as rods are to _____.

A) light-sensitive vision;color acuity
B) black-and-white vision;light-sensitive vision
C) detail and resolution;color vision
D) color vision;night vision

Question 10

The fovea is a spot in the retina where:

A) cones and rods are equally distributed for best all-around vision.
B) rods are most densely packed and night vision is best.
C) rods are very densely packed to allow for color vision.
D) cones are most densely packed and fine detail vision occurs.

Question 11

The gestalt principle of _____ accounts for objects that look alike being grouped together.

A) similarity
B) contrast
C) proximity
D) closure

Question 12

Visual images are projected onto the light-sensitive layer of the eye called the:

A) retina.
B) ganglial layer.
C) bipolar layer.
D) optic chiasma.

Question 13

Nearer objects move across the retinal field faster than more distant objects due to:

A) convergence.
B) motion parallax.
C) texture gradient.
D) rotational nystagmus.

Question 14

Cassie cannot recognize simple shapes,nor can she copy drawings.She might have:

A) anosognosia.
B) apperceptive agnosia.
C) associative agnosia.
D) autotopagnosia.

Question 15

The ability to identify the position and shape of an object in 3-D space appears to be:

A) almost certainly learned from experience.
B) somewhat innate,but mostly learned.
C) primarily an innate ability.
D) about half innate and half learned.

Question 16

Hubel and Wiesel discovered cells in the cat's visual cortex that respond positively to light on one side of a line and negatively to light on the other side.These cells are called:

A) bar receptors.
B) edge detectors.
C) ganglion cells.
D) feature detectors.

Question 17

The gestalt principles of organization refer to:

A) our tendency to organize objects into units according to certain rules.
B) hierarchical principles of organization in neural structures.
C) the way in which optic nerves are arranged to send information to the brain.
D) the way in which a 3-D representation is organized from a 2-D image.

Question 18

Based on the work of Kuffler,we know that when light strikes ganglion cells:

A) some cells increase their rate of firing,while others decrease their rate of firing.
B) they immediately turn on and fire at a steady rate.
C) they immediately turn off and do not come back on for a brief period.
D) most of them will decrease their rate of firing below the level of spontaneous firing.

Question 19

In addition to the retinal layer,the eye has other cells to help in processing visual information.These cells are called the:

A) receptor cells and optic neurons.
B) bipolar and ganglion cells.
C) ganglion cells and feature detectors.
D) edge detectors and bar detectors.

Question 20

Segments of the primary visual cortex,hypercolumns,represent:

A) the orientation of lines.
B) color.
C) movement.
D) the region of the receptive field.

Question 21

Categorical perception refers to the:

A) use of inflexible category boundaries in visual perception.
B) perception of many variations between stimuli in a category.
C) perception that stimuli belong in distinct categories.
D) use of flexible category boundaries in speech perception.

Question 22

Subjects are most likely to confuse consonants that vary in only one feature.This evidence supports the idea that:

A) phonemes are compared with exemplars before recognition occurs.
B) phoneme recognition is essentially a template-matching process.
C) phonemes are recognized by their features.
D) phonemes must be segmented and analyzed before recognition occurs.

Question 23

Recognizing a geon depends on:

A) having a large number of templates of geometric ions stored in long-term memory.
B) activating edge and bar detectors in the occipital cortex.
C) comparing the newly encountered geon with a prototype or exemplary geon.
D) recognizing the features that define the geon.

Question 24

When we listen to a foreign language,the flow of speech sounds like a continuous stream.This illustrates:

A) that oral speech cannot be segmented into constituent parts like a visual stimulus.
B) the absence of clear boundaries or markers for spoken words.
C) that the adult brain is not amenable to learning new languages.
D) how the extended phrase structure determines recognition,not word segments.

Question 25

The notion of template matching in pattern recognition can be likened to:

A) having stored mental blueprints against which to compare objects.
B) using an internal "best example" against which to compare objects.
C) checking specific features of the object against a checklist of important features.
D) accessing neural cell assemblies that physically resemble the external object.

Question 26

The notion that we use a basic set of geons,or geometric ions,in object recognition is central to:

A) Biederman's theory of object recognition.
B) Marr's feature-analysis theory.
C) Hoffman and Richards's theory of gestalt segmentation.
D) Gibson's theory of the structure of perception.

Question 27

Compared with template matching,the feature-analysis model:

A) is not as compatible with the existence of bar and edge detectors.
B) reduces the number of patterns required for recognition.
C) cannot distinguish relationships among features involved in pattern recognition.
D) has less behavioral evidence to support the key aspects of its model.

Question 28

Some sounds are produced by closing the lips,while other sounds are produced by pressing the tongue against the teeth.These are differences in the:

A) voicing effect.
B) phonemic segmentation effect.
C) place of articulation.
D) consonantal effect.

Question 29

Object recognition is similar to feature analysis in that:

A) the same edge and bar detectors that serve feature analysis also serve object recognition.
B) the object is segmented and re-synthesized into a gestalt whole before recognition occurs.
C) objects can be viewed as configurations of simpler elements.
D) mental blueprints probably exist for objects at a more complex level.

Question 30

How do template-matching models compare with human pattern recognition?

A) Template-matching models are more rigid than human pattern recognition.
B) Template-matching models are more flexible than human pattern recognition.
C) Template-matching models are accurate compared with human pattern recognition.
D) Template-matching models account for most human pattern recognition,except for complex figures.

Question 31

Speech recognition presents a major problem because:

A) there are no specialized neural feature detectors for speech,as there are for vision.
B) it is difficult to identify what the mental templates may be for verbal recognition.
C) speech is a much more rigidly structured stimulus than is a visual stimulus.
D) speech does not have the discrete boundaries that exist in printed material.

Question 32

Voice-onset time refers to:

A) the delay between release of lips and voicing.
B) how long one waits before responding to a question.
C) the time delay before changing from a vowel to a voiced consonant.
D) the difference in length between a "b" and a "p."

Question 33

Biederman suggested that there are 36 subobjects that combine to create every 3-D object in our environment.He referred to these subobjects as:

A) geons.
B) 3-D atoms.
C) visual primaries.
D) photo cells.

Question 34

According to _____,patterns are recognized by the combination of their elemental features.

A) the template-matching theory
B) feature analysis
C) recognition-by-component theory
D) the prototype model

Question 35

The basic units of speech are called:

A) morphemes.
B) phonologies.
C) consonantal features.
D) phonemes.

Question 36

Patients with damage to the left temporal lobe lose their ability to:

A) recognize speech and speak.
B) recognize speech,but they can still speak.
C) speak,but they can still recognize speech.
D) recognize any sounds,spoken or otherwise.

Question 37

The words "sip" and "zip" differ in which feature of speech?

A) the consonantal feature
B) coarticulation
C) the place of articulation
D) voicing

Question 38

Behavioral data supporting the feature-analysis model show that people:

A) confuse letters that have several features in common.
B) use highly salient exemplars of a class with which to compare new objects.
C) use fairly detailed mental blueprints with which to compare new instances.
D) compare features present in the object with a mental checklist of important features.

Question 39

Recently,Mr.Kim cannot recognize his grandchildren,or even his own children,when they visit him;however,when his children begin to speak,he can recognize them.Mr.Kim might suffer from:

A) prosopagnosia.
B) visual neglect.
C) dementia.
D) apperceptive agnosia.

Question 40

Biederman proposed that three stages occur in object recognition.What is the CORRECT sequence of these stages?

A) recognition,segmentation,classification
B) detection,segmentation,recognition
C) segmentation,classification,recognition
D) classification,recognition,segmentation

Question 41

When Warren (1970)asked subjects to listen to a sentence in which a letter was replaced by a tone,very few subjects even knew that the letter was missing.This phenomenon is called the _____ effect.

A) phoneme-restoration
B) word superiority
C) sentence-context
D) stimulus-driven

Question 42

Explain the template-matching model and feature-analysis approach to visual pattern recognition.Which does the BEST job of accounting for human behavior?

Question 43

A person looks at an object and thinks,"The object is red,shiny,round,and has a stem.The object must be an apple." This is an example of:

A) bottom-up processing.
B) top-down processing.
C) the FLMP model.
D) context recognition.

Question 44

What are the shortcomings of template-matching models?

Question 45

When a person repeatedly hears da,what happens to that person's perception of ba?

A) Ba begins to sound more like pa.
B) Ba sounds more like da.
C) Ba sounds more like ta.
D) Nothing changes in the perception of ba.

Question 46

Explain what Pritchard's (1961)experiment helped us understand about how objects stabilized on the retina disappear.Why was this result considered important?

Question 47

Within a phonemic category,listeners:

A) can only differentiate between phonemes in the same category.
B) can only differentiate between phonemes in different categories.
C) can differentiate between phonemes,regardless of category.
D) cannot differentiate between phonemes,unless they are embedded in words.

Question 48

Explain how texture gradient,stereopsis,and motion parallax contribute to our visual system's ability to form a 3-D representation of the world.

Question 49

Bottom-up processing is to _____ as top-down processing is to _____.

A) context constrained;stimulus constrained
B) segment determined;stimulus constrained
C) context determined;component determined
D) stimulus constrained;context constrained

Question 50

How does Massaro's FLMP model of perception account for pattern recognition? To what extent has his model been seen as successful or unsuccessful in understanding pattern recognition?

Question 51

Why might speech recognition be more difficult than recognizing printed text?

Question 52

What role does the fusiform gyrus play in object recognition?

Question 53

What is the word superiority effect and why is it important to the study of pattern recognition?

Question 54

According to Massaro's FLMP model:

A) context is relatively more powerful than features in pattern recognition.
B) features are relatively more powerful than context in pattern recognition.
C) only features are necessary for pattern recognition;context is irrelevant.
D) context and features combine to determine pattern recognition.

Question 55

What are the gestalt principles of organization? Identify and describe each one.What is their significance?

Question 56

Describe the evidence supporting the claim that the processing of faces is special.

Question 57

Subjects can better discriminate between two letters when the letters are embedded in words than when the letters stand alone.This effect is called the _____ effect.

A) phoneme-restoration
B) stimulus-driven
C) word superiority
D) phoneme-segmentation

Question 58

The strong view of categorical perception is that people:

A) can discriminate stimuli within a category only when those stimuli have salient distinguishing features.
B) cannot discriminate stimuli within a category.
C) experience stimuli as coming from distinct categories.
D) are very good at discriminating among stimuli both within and between categories.

Question 59

Which statement is NOT an example of top-down processing?

A) We fail to detect a missing phoneme in a word.
B) Faces are more readily recognized in a coherent context.
C) An angular letter is more difficult to detect among other angular letters.
D) Letters are easier to recognize in the context of words.

Question 60

The word superiority effect is an example of:

A) Biederman's recognition-by-components theory.
B) the template-matching theory.
C) bottom-up processing.
D) top-down processing.

Question 61

Compare and contrast the strong and weak views of categorical perception.

Question 62

According to the text,what are three key features of phonemes that help us to distinguish them from each other? Identify and describe each feature.

Question 63

Describe Massaro's FLMP model of pattern recognition.

Question 64

How do edge detectors differ from bar detectors?

Question 65

In speech segmentation,what is meant by the segmentation problem?

Question 66

What is the phoneme-restoration effect,and why is it important to our understanding of the perception of speech?

Question 67

Why do computers have difficulty with CAPTCHAs,whereas humans do not?

Question 68

What is the difference between the early phase of visual perception and the later phase?

Question 69

What happens when an image is kept on the exact same position of the retina?

Question 70

What distinguishes a template-matching model from a feature-analysis model?

Question 71

What are the stages of Biederman's recognition-by-components theory?

Question 72

Differentiate between apperceptive agnosia and associative agnosia.

Question 73

Describe the evidence supporting the use of features in pattern recognition.

Question 74

Some primates devote as much as 50% of their brains to visual processing.

Question 75

How is recognition-by-components theory different from feature analysis?

Question 76

According to Marr,how does one arrive at a 3-D representation of the world?

Question 77

Explain the role of context in speech recognition.

Question 78

Visual agnosia refers to an inability to recognize visual objects that is not related to general intellectual loss or the loss of basic sensory abilities.

Question 79

What is change blindness and when will it occur?

Question 80

Describe some of the gestalt principles of organization that are discussed in the text.