Deck 5: Concepts and Categories of Object Recognition

Question 1

In parts-based approaches to object recognition,

A)the identification of the object is viewpoint dependent.
B)the whole image of the object is examined holistically.
C)the representation stored in memory is analogous to the object being recognized.
D)the orientation or the perspective of view on the object is not important.

Answer 1

the orientation or the perspective of view on the object is not important.

Question 2

The olfactory-verbal gap is

A)the inability of people to label an odor given a choice of labels.
B)the ability of people to name similar odors.
C)the indirect connection of olfaction and verbal labels through an emotional process.
D)the difficulty people have in correctly identifying odors.

Answer 2

the difficulty people have in correctly identifying odors.

Question 3

Prosopagnosia refers to

A)an inability to identify smells.
B)an inability to recognize familiar faces.
C)an inability to recognize common objects.
D)an inability to detect objects in one particular area of one's visual field.

Answer 3

an inability to recognize familiar faces.

Question 4

Research on haptic exploration and exploratory procedures reveals that

A)the longer EPs take,the less breadth they have.
B)material properties of objects (e.g. ,temperature)are easier to ascertain than geometric properties (e.g. ,shape).
C)the most informative exploratory procedure is static contact.
D)tactile object recognition is faster than visual object recognition.

Question 5

According to the recognition-by-components theory,which of the following should make an object more difficult to identify?

A)The object is rotated.
B)The object is inverted.
C)The object is obscured in such a way that detection of its component parts is prevented.
D)The object changes color.

Question 6

In image-based approaches to object recognition,

A)objects are recognized holistically through comparison with a stored analog representation.
B)identification of the object is viewpoint independent.
C)a rotated image can be recognized just as quickly as an image in its normal orientation.
D)an object must first be broken down into components.

Question 7

The effects context,or a background scene,has on recognizing objects is that

A)no context makes it easier to recognize objects.
B)an inconsistent scene makes it easier to recognize the object.
C)a consistent scene makes it easier to recognize the object.
D)subjects are consistently misled by the scene.

Question 8

Consider your recognition of the letter "A" in this particular letter sequence,"ant." Which of these statements describes the role of bottom-up processes?

A)Your knowledge of the word "ant" facilitates recognition.
B)Seeing a picture of an ant while looking at the word "ant" might facilitate recognition of the letter.
C)Seeing the word "ant" in a sentence would facilitate your recognition of the "A."
D)You recognize the letter "A" because of the two slanted lines and crossline.

Question 9

Which of these is a basic level category member?

A)Tool
B)Apple
C)Vehicle
D)Red-winged blackbird

Question 10

We tend to think in terms of and talk about

A)basic level categories.
B)superordinate categories.
C)subordinate categories.
D)category hierarchies.

Question 11

One resolution of the image-based vs.view-based object recognition debate is that we

A)use view-based mechanisms to make gross discriminations,and parts-based mechanisms to make finer ones.
B)use parts-based mechanisms to make gross discriminations,and view-based mechanisms to make finer ones.
C)use view-based mechanisms unless we need to recognize objects quickly,and then we use parts-based mechanisms.
D)use parts-based mechanisms unless we need to recognize objects quickly,and then we use view-based mechanisms.

Question 12

How many basic geons comprise the objects we recognize on a day-to-day basis,according to Biederman?

A)6
B)16
C)36
D)76

Question 13

The modern approach to visual recognition that retains the spirit of the earlier template approach is

A)the parts-based approach.
B)recognition-by-components view.
C)the multiple-views approach.
D)top-down processing.

Question 14

The ________ approaches to object recognition might also be termed "feature analysis" and propose that recognition ________ depend on the particular perspective we have on the object to be recognized.

A)image-based;does
B)image-based;does not
C)parts-based;does
D)parts-based;does not

Question 15

Feelings-of-knowing are an index of _______ and are generally

A)metacognition;accurate.
B)metacognition;inaccurate.
C)perceptual skill;accurate.
D)perceptual skill;inaccurate.

Question 16

Davenport and Potter (2004)examined the effects of context on recognition of objects.They found that

A)objects were recognized most easily when they were not presented in a background scene.
B)foreground objects were more easily identified than background objects.
C)background objects were more easily identified than foreground objects.
D)there was a weak effect of consistency between the object and the background scene.

Question 17

Of the three categories "fruit," "pear," and "Bartlett pear," the category "Bartlett pear" is a

A)family-resemblance category.
B)superordinate level category.
C)basic level category.
D)subordinate level category.

Question 18

One problem with the early approach to pattern recognition termed "template matching" is

A)it seems unreasonable to assume that a matching process underlies recognition.
B)template matching can only explain the recognition of objects.
C)the mechanism of template matching seems too rigid to account for fast and accurate recognition.
D)template matching doesn't explain why recognition might suffer if our view of something is obscured.

Question 19

The face inversion effect

A)is the difficulty people have in recognizing upside-down faces.
B)uses first-order relational information to allow people to recognize upside-down faces.
C)allows people to recognize which faces are distorted,even when they are upside-down.
D)builds up over time through practice trials.

Question 20

The exploratory procedures in haptic exploration identified by Klatzky,Lederman and Metzger (1975)include all of these except

A)static contact.
B)unsupported lifting.
C)rubbing.
D)pressure.

Question 21

"Vegetables" is a(n)

A)ad hoc category.
B)natural category.
C)artifact category.
D)metaphorical concept category.

Question 22

One of the major criticisms of the classical view of concepts is that

A)it has a graded structure.
B)members in certain categories have too much family resemblance.
C)it is not based on similarity.
D)it is difficult to determine what are necessary and sufficient features for many categories.

Question 23

Which of these views of categorization cannot explain why the majority of individuals gives "carrot" as one of the first examples of a vegetable?

A)The exemplar view
B)The classical view
C)The prototype view
D)The essentialist view

Question 24

"Sport" is a(n)

A)ad hoc category.
B)artifact category.
C)natural category.
D)metaphorical concept.

Question 25

Blais,Jack,Scheepers,Fiset,and Caldara (2008)investigated cross-cultural differences (Western Caucasian vs.East Asian)in face recognition and found that

A)East Asians were superior in face recognition.
B)Western Caucasians were superior in face recognition.
C)East Asians tended to focus on the eyes and surrounding areas,while Western Caucasians focused on the nose region.
D)Western Caucasians tended to focus on the eyes and surrounding areas,while East Asians focused on the nose region.

Question 26

All of the following statements are true of the classical view of concepts except

A)it is an essentialist approach to categorization.
B)it assumes that membership in a category is clear-cut.
C)it proposes that concepts are mentally represented by list of features.
D)"necessary" and "sufficient" features play an important role in the theory.

Question 27

In terms of categorization,family resemblance means

A)separation between categories is indistinct.
B)how many features are shared with other category members.
C)category members all share the same features.
D)there is a hierarchical structure to categories.

Question 28

The mechanisms involved in face recognition

A)seem akin to those proposed by the image-based views of object recognition.
B)seem akin to those proposed by the parts-based views of object recognition.
C)are not disrupted by face rotation.
D)seem to operate at a level similar to the basic level of categorization.

Question 29

The functions of concepts in our everyday thinking include all of the following EXCEPT

A)slower and more careful thinking.
B)making predictions.
C)communicating with others.
D)supporting new learning.

Question 30

The fact that the concept of "reality show" didn't exist 20 years ago but now is well-established makes which function of concepts evident?

A)Understanding
B)Predicting
C)Communicating
D)Learning

Question 31

In a study by Posner,Welton,and Goldsmith (1967),participants saw a bunch of dot patterns,and then later had to classify them as previously seen or unseen.When participants saw a dot pattern that resembled all of the other ones but that wasn't presented,they still tended to classify it as previously seen.This finding supports

A)the exemplar approach.
B)the essentialist view.
C)the prototype approach.
D)the classical view.

Question 32

Categories that are formed "on the fly" in the service of some goal are termed

A)natural categories.
B)artifact categories.
C)ad hoc categories.
D)metaphorical concept categories.

Question 33

The graded structure of categories is best illustrated by which of the following statements?

A)"Tool" is the superordinate level category for the basic level category "hammer."
B)The boundary between sport and game is not very distinct.
C)Members of a given category have features that are more or less defining to the category.
D)An apple is more representative of the category "fruit" than a kiwi is.

Question 34

McBain,Norton,and Chen (2009)investigated whether female superiority in recognizing facial emotions was indicative of superior face recognition in general.Their results indicated

A)females were superior in the recognition of both objects and faces.
B)females were superior,but only for faces and only for very brief exposure times.
C)females were superior,but only for faces at all exposure times.
D)females were superior,but only for trees at all exposure times.

Question 35

The fuzzy boundaries in categories is best illustrated by which of the following statements?

A)Bowling is "sort of" like a sport,but also "sort of" like a game.
B)An orange is more representative of the category "fruit" than a kiwi is.
C)"Furniture" is the superordinate level category for the basic level category of "couch."
D)Only natural categories have fuzzy boundaries.

Question 36

Keenan,McCutcheon,Freund,Gallup,Sanders,and Pascual-Leone (1999)investigated self-recognition by showing a "face movie" in which the participant's face gradually morphed into that of a celebrity.Participants were instructed to respond at the point where the morph seemed to resemble their own face more than the celebrity's.Responses were faster when made with the ______ hand,indicating a _____ hemisphere advantage in self-recognition.

A)left;left
B)left;right
C)right;right
D)right;left

Question 37

The entry point for the recognition of objects is the _____ level;the entry point for the recognition of faces is the

A)basic;basic.
B)basic;individual.
C)subordinate;basic.
D)individual;basic.

Question 38

One similarity between connectionist network models of the brain and semantic network models of mind is

A)both types of models would agree that excitatory connections underlie knowledge representation.
B)both types of models would agree that related concepts are spatially close to one another.
C)both types of models would agree that a given concept is represented by a single "node," or representation.
D)both types of models would agree that connections between concepts are never inhibitory.

Question 39

The experiment by Tanaka and Farah (1993)that compared recognition of faces and objects (e.g. ,houses)demonstrated that

A)both faces and houses tend to be recognized holistically rather than based on features.
B)both faces and houses tend to be recognized based on features rather than holistically.
C)faces tend to be recognized holistically,and houses tend to be recognized based on features.
D)faces tend to be recognized based on features,and houses tend to be recognized holistically.

Question 40

Diamond and Carey (1986)propose that we need second-order relational information to recognize faces.This type of information

A)is about the parts of the face (such as the nose and ears)and how those parts relate to each other.
B)involves noticing that two eyes are above a nose,which is above a mouth.
C)involves comparing first-order relational information to the facial features of a "typical" face.
D)helps us recognize faces in whatever orientation they are presented to us.

Question 41

Roy meets Dewayne for the first time and gets to know him a bit.Which of these is unlikely to appear to Roy as essential to who Dewayne is?

A)Where he's from
B)His religion
C)His ethnicity
D)His age

Question 42

A problem with an extreme version of the exemplar approach is

A)people are not sensitive to the biasing effects of context.
B)it is not based on the idea of similarity to an example.
C)it uses only the average examples,not all of the examples in memory.
D)it is not economical to store every single example in memory.

Question 43

Suppose that your knowledge about the category "teacher" is represented in your memory in terms of all of the specific teachers you've known in the past.This representation is most consistent with the ________ approach to categorization.

A)prototype
B)exemplar
C)classical view
D)essentialist

Question 44

In a study by Posner,Welton,and Goldsmith (1967),subjects saw a bunch of dot patterns,and then later had to classify them as previously seen or unseen.The results were that

A)subjects were unable to distinguish new dot patterns from old dot patterns.
B)subjects confident reported that they had seen only the old dot patterns,but not the new ones.
C)subjects confidently reported they had seen the prototype,although they never had.
D)subjects recognized the prototype,but not as well as the other dots that had been seen before.

Question 45

Prototype is to exemplar as ________ is to

A)general;specific.
B)concrete;abstract.
C)instance;average.
D)example;idea.

Question 46

What did the research of Pecher,Zeelenberg,and Barsalou (2003)on concepts support?

A)Concepts can include sensory experiences.
B)Concepts are independent from physical traits.
C)Concepts are solely cerebral.
D)Concepts can encompass cultures.

Question 47

A problem with the prototype approach that can be explained by the exemplar approach is

A)sensitivity to context.
B)similarity to the standard example.
C)typical examples are generated first when people are asking to name a category member.
D)the exemplar approach is more economical.

Question 48

The everyday knowledge or intuition people have about living things and how they work is known as

A)folk biology.
B)prototypes.
C)WEIRD.
D)embodiment.

Question 49

Similarity-based approaches to categorization are to essentialist approaches to categorization as

A)parallel processing is to serial processing.
B)the prototype approach is to the classical approach.
C)the exemplar approach is to the prototype approach.
D)bottom-up processing is to top-down processing.

Question 50

Geng and Schnur (2015)examined word grouping among bilingual speakers.What did they find?

A)Taxonomic relationships are more important than associative relationships.
B)Abstract concepts are more important than concrete concepts.
C)Essentialism is more important than the exemplar approach.
D)Prototypes are more important than categories.