Deck 2: Perception and Consciousness

Question 1

What is another name for top-down processing?

A)Data-driven processing
B)Connectionist processing
C)Neural network processing
D)Conceptually driven processing

Answer 1

Conceptually driven processing

Question 2

During a summer storm,Hannah noticed there seemed to be two groups of clouds because of the different speeds at which they appeared to be moving due to the Gestalt grouping principle of

A)common fate.
B)closure.
C)element connectedness.
D)synchrony.

Answer 2

synchrony.

Question 3

Research by Davidoff,Fonteneau,and Fagot (2008)investigated the global precedence effect in a remote _____ culture,and found that

A)South American;global precedence also occurred in this culture.
B)African;global precedence also occurred in this culture.
C)South American;global precedence was reversed in this culture.
D)African;global precedence was reversed in this culture.

Answer 3

African;global precedence was reversed in this culture.

Question 4

Experiences in which input from one sensory system produces an experience not only in that modality but in another,as well,are called

A)synesthesia.
B)synchrony.
C)modulation.
D)syncopation.

Question 5

_______ is the identification of a stimulus through the assembly of its component features.

A)Top-down processing
B)Bottom-up processing
C)Materialism
D)Phenomenal consciousness

Question 6

Navon (1977)presented participants with big letters made up of smaller letters.He had some participants identify the large letter,while other participants had to identify the smaller letters.Finally,on some trials,the large and small letters conflicted (e.g. ,a large H made of small Ss)while on other trials,the large and small letters were consistent (a large H made up of small Hs).What did he find?

A)Participants were faster at identifying small letters than they were at identifying large letters.
B)Conflict between the large and small letters didn't influence the ability to identify the small letter.
C)Conflict between the large and small letters made it more difficult to identify the small letter.
D)Conflict between the large and small letters made it easier to identify the large letter.

Question 7

Our tendency to group elements that occur at the same time is called

A)common fate.
B)similarity.
C)closure.
D)synchrony.

Question 8

Brown-colored moths are less likely than red-colored moths to be eaten by birds while sitting on the trunk of a tree because of

A)the grouping principle of proximity.
B)the grouping principle of continuity.
C)the grouping principle of closure.
D)the figure-ground principle.

Question 9

Our tendency to group elements together if they are moving in the same direction or at the same speed is called

A)closure.
B)proximity.
C)synchrony.
D)common fate.

Question 10

A tendency to perceive lines as flowing naturally in a single direction is called

A)grouping.
B)proximity.
C)good continuation.
D)common fate.

Question 11

Our tendency to perceptually complete incomplete objects and figures is called

A)closure.
B)proximity.
C)synchrony.
D)common fate.

Question 12

Which school of psychology included principles of visual organization in their understanding of psychological processes?

A)Gestalt
B)Functionalism
C)Structuralism
D)Behaviorism

Question 13

Palmer and Beck (2007)provide empirical evidence for the power of the Gestalt principles in guiding perception by using a task they termed

A)rapid grouping.
B)repetition discrimination.
C)proximity perception.
D)Gestalt sensitivity.

Question 14

In most visual scenes we experience,objects below the horizon line tend to be ________ than those above the horizon line and,therefore,tend to be seen as

A)closer;figure.
B)closer;ground.
C)farther away;figure.
D)farther away;ground.

Question 15

The constructive view of perception is to the direct view of perception as ______ is to

A)optical flow;texture gradients.
B)texture gradients;optical flow.
C)top-down;bottom-up.
D)bottom-up;top-down.

Question 16

A tendency to encode the overall features of a scene before apprehending scene details is called

A)figure-ground.
B)global precedence.
C)synchrony.
D)common fate.

Question 17

_________ refers to the tendency for objects that are near to one another to be grouped.

A)Similarity
B)Proximity
C)Closure
D)Common fate

Question 18

The identification of a stimulus with the help of context,previous knowledge,and/or expectations is called

A)top-down processing.
B)bottom-up processing.
C)materialism.
D)phenomenal consciousness.

Question 19

The term ________ is typically associated with the physiological processes that underlie information intake,while the term ________ is typically associated with the interpretation and organization of incoming information.

A)top-down processing;bottom-up processing
B)bottom-up processing;top-down processing
C)sensation;perception
D)perception;sensation

Question 20

What is another name for bottom-up processing?

A)Data-driven processing
B)Connectionist processing
C)Neural network processing
D)Conceptually driven processing

Question 21

If two people have exactly the same sensory abilities and hear exactly the same faint noise,they may differ in their experience due to

A)sensitivity.
B)response bias.
C)sensation.
D)bottom-up processing.

Question 22

The notion of an affordance-that certain objects or structures offer particular "action possibilities" (i.e. ,sitting)-fits nicely with which theoretical approach?

A)Constructive view of perception
B)Direct view of perception
C)Gestalt principles of organization
D)Top-down processing

Question 23

________ is the set of processes that leads us to attribute events to the entities that are thought to have caused them.

A)Metacognition
B)Conscious will
C)Authorship processing
D)Gestalt processing

Question 24

A speech perception effect in which visual information conflicts with auditory signals,changing the perceived speech sound,is called

A)the averaging effect.
B)synesthesia.
C)the ventriloquist effect.
D)the McGurk effect.

Question 25

Schutz and Lipscomb (2007)demonstrated cross-modal perception by investigating people's perception of a _____ player.

A)marimba
B)tympani
C)xylophone
D)bass drum

Question 26

According to Proffitt's (2006)experiment on estimation of slant,after a long and fatiguing run,a runner would estimate an upcoming hill as ______ relative to estimates made when they were rested.

A)steeper
B)less steep
C)flatter
D)equivalent in slope

Question 27

The sense of subjective awareness of what our mind is currently doing is termed

A)access consciousness.
B)phenomenal consciousness.
C)metacognition.
D)unconsciousness.

Question 28

Rosenbaum (2005)dubbed the study of ______ as the "Cinderella" of psychology because of its longstanding neglect among cognitive researchers.

A)perception by blind individuals
B)sports
C)motor control
D)synesthesia

Question 29

Which of these would be considered a "synesthetic" phrase?

A)Hot water
B)Loud colors
C)Bright lights
D)Stinging pain

Question 30

Research on the rubber hand illusion has provided researchers with insight into which phenomenon?

A)Paraplegia and quadriplegia
B)Loss of feeling due to frostbite
C)Phantom limb pain
D)Skin cancer

Question 31

Processes whereby we manipulate representations in the service of reasoning,communication,or behavior is termed

A)access consciousness.
B)phenomenal consciousness.
C)metacognition.
D)monitoring consciousness.

Question 32

Ishak,Adolph,and Linn (2008)investigated affordances by looking at the response of ______ and found the participants to be quite ________ to aperture size.

A)reaching;sensitive
B)tossing small objects;sensitive
C)reaching;insensitive
D)tossing small objects;insensitive

Question 33

Bargary,Barnett,Mitchell,and Newell (2009)attempted to isolate the stage of processing (early/low-level or later/high-level)that underlies _____ synesthesia,and found evidence that _______ processing is responsible.

A)strong;early/low-level.
B)weak;early/low-level.
C)strong;later/high-level.
D)weak;later/high-level.

Question 34

In the "dummy hands" study conducted by Pavani,Spence,and Driver (2000),

A)touch dominated vision.
B)reaction time was the independent variable.
C)dummy hands had an influence even if they were misaligned with the participants' real hands.
D)participants seem to have experienced an illusory sensation of touch.

Question 35

The McGurk effect occurs when

A)we experience a stimulus from one sensory modality (e.g. ,audition)in another sensory modality (e.g. ,vision).
B)sounds coming from the speakers distributed throughout a theater seem to be coming from the screen.
C)visual cues impact how we perceive speech sounds.
D)we experience phantom tactile sensations because of visual cues.

Question 36

What happened when Morrot,Brochet,and Dubourdieu (2001)gave white wine to wine experts,with the twist that the wine was artificially colored to look like red wine?

A)The experts described the white wine with typical white wine terms.
B)The experts described the white wine with typical red wine terms.
C)The experts reported that it tasted like white wine,but used red wine terms to describe it.
D)The experts reported that it tasted like red wine,but used white wine terms to describe it.

Question 37

The ability to detect the presence or absence of a stimulus or a change in a stimulus is termed

A)sensitivity.
B)response bias.
C)sensation.
D)bottom-up processing.

Question 38

When using an Ouija board,a person's sense of agency is likely to be _____;when driving an extremely responsive sports car,a person's sense of agency is likely to be

A)poor;poor.
B)poor;good.
C)good;good.
D)good;poor.

Question 39

If someone is influenced by something of which they are unaware,this would be an example of

A)access consciousness in the absence of phenomenal consciousness.
B)phenomenal consciousness in the absence of access consciousness.
C)having both access and phenomenal consciousness of an event.
D)having neither access nor phenomenal consciousness of an event.

Question 40

____________ occurs when a visual cue that is presented simultaneously with an auditory stimulus biases the localization of that auditory stimulus toward the location of the visual cue.

A)Synesthesia
B)A lateralization effect
C)The ventriloquist effect
D)The McGurk effect

Question 41

The phenomenon of blindsight suggests that the visual system has a "where" system concerned with detection and localization of visual stimuli,and a "what" system concerned with identification of stimuli.People who exhibit the phenomenon of blindsight are thought to have which of these systems intact?

A)Both "what" and "where" systems are intact.
B)Neither the "what" nor the "where" systems are intact.
C)Only the "what" system is intact.
D)Only the "where" system is intact.

Question 42

Mrs.Valhalia,a first-grade teacher,shows her students how an A is written as a singular object.This situation is an example of which Gestalt principle?

A)Common fate
B)Closure
C)Proximity
D)Good continuation

Question 43

Many social psychologists point out that tests of subliminal persuasion are not really fair tests because

A)the primes aren't really subliminal.
B)the subliminal messages used are too short to be perceived.
C)subliminal messages don't work unless they tap into some motivation or need.
D)subliminal messages work only in the auditory sense;most empirical tests have been visual.

Question 44

Marcel's (1983)investigation of subliminal processing determined that

A)priming was more effective supraliminally than subliminal.
B)priming was more effective subliminally and supraliminally.
C)priming had no effect on processing.
D)priming actually slowed down processing.

Question 45

At a parade,Liam watches the local high school marching band and perceives the band as a single group.This situation is an example of which Gestalt principle?

A)Common fate
B)Closure
C)Proximity
D)Good continuation

Question 46

Greenwald,Spangenberg,Pratkanis,and Eskenazi (1991)conducted a double-blind study on the effectiveness of subliminal self-help audiotapes.In their study,participants listened to one of two self-help tapes that (ostensibly)presented messages designed to aid memory or self-esteem.However,the memory tape was labeled "self-esteem," and the self-esteem tape was labeled "memory improvement." Later,they were assessed on actual improvement in self-esteem or memory,as well as their own perceived improvement in self-esteem or memory.What was found?

A)There were actual improvements,and these improvements matched the content of the tape.
B)There were only perceived improvements,and these improvements matched the content of the tape.
C)There were actual improvements,and these improvements matched the label of the tape.
D)There were only perceived improvements,and these improvements matched the label of the tape.

Question 47

Wegner,Sparrow,and Winerman (2004)investigated people's subjective experience of will and revealed it to be ______ and __________

A)strong;out of their control.
B)strong;in their control.
C)weak;out of their control.
D)weak;in their control.

Question 48

Greenwald,Spangenberg,Pratkanis,and Eskenazi's (1991)study of subliminal messages through the use of a double blind study using cassette tapes indicated a

A)participant-expectancy effect.
B)subliminal messaging effect.
C)supraliminal messaging effect.
D)blindsight effect.

Question 49

The purported tendency to be influenced by stimuli presented below the level of awareness is the term for

A)subliminal perception.
B)supraliminal perception.
C)response bias.
D)perception sensitivity.

Question 50

Cheesman and Merikle's (1984)investigations on subliminal priming suggested that

A)whether "subliminal" is determined objectively or subjectively,subliminal priming doesn't work.
B)if "subliminally" is defined objectively,subliminal priming works;if it's defined subjectively,it doesn't.
C)if "subliminally" is defined subjectively,subliminal priming works;if it's defined objectively,it doesn't.
D)subliminal priming works,regardless of whether "subliminally" is defined subjectively or objectively.