Deck 7: Executive Processes

Question 1

An accidental explosion during railroad construction sent a tamping iron through Phineas Gage's _____________.

A)temporal lobe
B)frontal lobe
C)occipital lobe

Answer 1

frontal lobe

Question 2

Results from the Wisconsin Card Sort task with frontal patients suggests that the PFC is important for _______________.

A)self-monitoring
B)developing subgoals
C)inhibiting irrelevant information
D)attention switching

Answer 2

attention switching

Question 3

Cards are sorted by the number of items on the card,the color of the items,or the number of the items in the ______________ task.

A)trading card
B)Wisconsin Card Sort
C)Vegas Card Sort
D)Stroop Card Sort

Answer 3

Wisconsin Card Sort

Question 4

The idea that every executive process is mediated by the PFC is the __________________.

A)executive mediation theory
B)frontal executive hypothesis
C)prefrontal control theory
D)homunculus hypothesis

Question 5

Neural network models are composed of ______________________ layers.

A)input,processing,and output
B)input,supplemental,and output
C)stimulus,operational,and response
D)input,hidden,and output

Question 6

You are working for a car manufacturer and one of your engineers shows you a new steering wheel design.He claims that the car will be easier to use because all of the controls are on the steering wheel directly in front of the driver.For example,the turn signal is a toggle switch.You press up to signal a right-hand turn and down for a left-hand turn.You ask the engineer to re-think his design because it lacks __________________.

A)ergonomic compatibility
B)executive control
C)the potential for automatic processing
D)stimulus-response compatibility

Question 7

With normal subjects,responses to incompatible Stroop trials are ___________ accurate and ____________ than responses to compatible trials.

A)more,slower
B)about as,faster
C)less,faster
D)about as,slower

Question 8

The ____________ is one of the most easily demonstrated phenomena in cognitive psychology.

A)response inhibition effect
B)compatibility effect
C)stimulus-response compatibility effect
D)switching cost effect

Question 9

In the three-layer neural-network model of cognitive processing for the Stroop task,errors are made on the incompatible trials because the connection between the word nodes of the hidden layer and the response nodes is ______________.

A)ambiguous
B)excited
C)stronger than the color-response connection
D)inhibiting other words

Question 10

Frontal lobe patients are ___________ at determining the _________ critical attribute in the Wisconsin Cart Sort task compared to normal participants.

A)slower,first
B)the same,first
C)faster,second
D)the same,second

Question 11

The Tower of Hanoi problem shows that frontal patients have difficulty switching attention and __________________.

A)self-monitoring
B)developing subgoals
C)deciding on an action
D)inhibiting semantic information

Question 12

Patients with damage to the _____________ are significantly less accurate on incompatible Stroop trials than normal subjects.

A)SMA
B)dorsolateral PFC
C)anterior cingulate
D)ventromedial PFC

Question 13

Phineas Gage's accident had the most impact on his ____________.

A)personality
B)motor control
C)intelligence
D)vision

Question 14

As manager of a research and development firm,you are concerned about an employee who is extremely unorganized and has struggled with a variety of different tasks you have given him.Recalling what you learned in your cognition class,you are concerned that he might have _______________.

A)task-monitoring syndrome
B)diffused focusing disorder
C)executive dysfunction
D)goal-setting deficiency

Question 15

The response layer of a neural-network is associated with the ______________.

A)prefrontal cortex
B)response pathway
C)cerebellum
D)motor cortex

Question 16

Little executive attention is needed when a task is ______________.

A)intentional
B)automatic
C)controlled
D)voluntary

Question 17

An individual is brought to you who has deficits in self-monitoring,attention-switching,and sequencing behaviors to achieve a goal.You suspect that he has ________________.

A)frontal-lobe syndrome
B)executive processing disorder
C)central executive deficit
D)attention deficit disorder

Question 18

Nodes in the hidden layer of a neural-network model for the Stroop task dealing with work information may be associated with (the)___________________.

A)medial temporal cortex
B)Broca's area
C)superior temporal cortex
D)prefrontal cortex

Question 19

A psychological test in which color words are printed in compatible print colors on some trials and incompatible print colors on other trials.

A)Garner task
B)Hanoi task
C)Stroop task
D)Wisconsin Card Sort task

Question 20

Executive attention is required whenever ________________.

A)a response is necessary
B)multiple processes are competing
C)language is involved
D)a complex response is necessary

Question 21

_______________ consciousness focuses on the inputs while ______________ consciousness addresses processing.

A)Thalamic,prefrontal
B)Awareness,introspective
C)Sensory,phenomenological
D)Primary,secondary

Question 22

Imagining studies suggest that the dorsolateral PFC is active when ________________ is required to complete an attention task and that the ______________ is active when inhibition is necessary at the response level.

A)categorization,fusiform gyrus
B)working memory,anterior cingulate
C)divided attention,superior temporal cortex
D)priming,ventromedial PFC

Question 23

Cohen et al.(1996)referred to the executive-attention component of a neural-network as the ________________.

A)homunculus
B)attentional controller
C)central executive
D)monitoring system

Question 24

Asking "is it bigger than a bread box" is common while playing 20 questions.However,this is not a particularly helpful question if the object you are attempting to identify is a member of a ___________ category.

A)variable
B)miscellaneous
C)fixed
D)dimensionless

Question 25

Areas of the brain that are specific to task switching include the _____________ and the extrastriate visual cortex.

A)superior temporal cortex
B)inferior colliculus
C)inferior parietal lobe
D)anterior cingulate

Question 26

Task processing includes all of the following except ______________.

A)movement production
B)response selection
C)stimulus identification
D)outcome evaluation

Question 27

It is speculated that information cannot be conscious unless it is first processed in the ______________.

A)occipital lobe
B)temporal lobe
C)frontal lobe
D)parietal lobe

Question 28

Consciousness requires a(n)_____________________.

A)response
B)abstraction
C)evaluation
D)experience

Question 29

Research suggests that the anterior cingulate is only activated at the _____________ layer of processing in a neural-network model.

A)response
B)conflict
C)input
D)hidden

Question 30

The difference in response time between alternating blocks and pure blocks is referred to as the _______________.

A)switching cost
B)task interference
C)processing differential
D)engage-disengage time

Question 31

Switching costs between two tasks are approximately _________ msec while switching costs for multiple tasks is approximately ____________ msec.

A)250,750
B)150,800
C)100,700
D)200,550

Question 32

In the information-processing model for task switching,executive processes include ___________ and __________.

A)goal shifting,response selection
B)decision making,monitoring
C)attention shifting,goal development
D)goal shifting,rule activation

Question 33

The _____________ monitors the amount of conflict between nodes at the response level and engages executive attention as conflict increases.

A)conflict monitor
B)response monitor
C)task monitor
D)attentional controller

Question 34

It appears that categorization based on similarities occurs (in)_________________ and categorization based on reasoning relies on (the)___________________.

A)across the cortex,PFC
B)perceptual areas,anterior cingulate
C)dorsolateral PFC,dorsomedial PFC
D)occipital cortex,temporal cortex

Question 35

The _______________ is the area of the brain associated with monitoring.

A)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
B)premotor area
C)anterior cingulate
D)thalamus

Question 36

Alzheimer's disease patients have atrophy of the ______________.

A)fusiform gyrus
B)prefrontal cortex
C)ventricles
D)superior temporal cortex

Question 37

Finding the difference between the activation pattern of a pure condition and an alternating condition results in a(n)_____________.

A)double dissociation
B)prefrontal processing score
C)subtraction image
D)condition distinction

Question 38

A process that is initiated without our intention is considered to be ___________.

A)efficient
B)habituated
C)self-instantiating
D)automatic

Question 39

The attentional controller activates nodes in a neural-network based on _________________.

A)similarity across representations
B)signal strength
C)amount of conflict in the response layer
D)relevance to goals

Question 40

In addition to the prefrontal cortex,imaging studies have shown that the _________ cortex is involved with switching.

A)temporal
B)parietal
C)occipital
D)cerebellum

Question 41

Engaging executive attention seems to be distinctly related to the _____________ and the premotor cortex.

A)visual cortex
B)anterior PFC
C)superior temporal cortex
D)dorsolateral PFC

Question 42

Briefly describe one reason why the prefrontal cortex is particularly suited for implementing executive processes.

Question 43

Briefly state the evidence against a strong frontal-executive hypothesis.

Question 44

Why is it difficult to distinguish between focusing and inhibiting?

Question 45

Suppose you are presented that memory set WHLC and the probe "h" in an order information task.What should be your response?

A)w
B)no
C)yes
D)l

Question 46

Diagram and describe the three-layer neural-network model of cognitive processing for the Stroop task.

Question 47

Assessing one's ongoing performance is _____________.

A)executive control
B)introspection
C)monitoring
D)evaluation

Question 48

Describe the relationship between the attentional controller and the conflict monitor in the amended neural network model of the Stroop task.

Question 49

Response inhibition is related to the _______________ of the PFC.

A)development
B)firing rate
C)size
D)density

Question 50

Suppressing a partially prepared response is known as _______________.

A)response suppression
B)response inhibition
C)the partial response effect
D)executive control

Question 51

ERP research shows that people typically detect their errors _______________.

A)very rarely
B)almost immediately
C)inconsistently
D)up to one minute later

Question 52

Outline a cost-switching task.

Question 53

Suppose you are given the memory set GTKM followed by the probe "t" in an item information task.What should your response be?

A)no
B)yes
C)K
D)T

Question 54

How does frontal lobe damage impact performance on the Stroop task?

Question 55

Explain how task switching occurs using the information-processing model.

Question 56

As you increase the distance between two probe letters in an order task,the faster the response time.This is known as the _______________.

A)attentional blink
B)positive probe effect
C)sleeper effect
D)distance effect

Question 57

Coding the temporal order of a sequence of events is called ____________.

A)sequencing
B)episodic mapping
C)an action plan
D)a subgoal progression

Question 58

Explain the need for an attentional controller and a conflict monitor in the neural-network model of cognitive processing for the Stroop task.

Question 59

Frontal-damage patients are impaired on ___________ information tasks but parietal-damage patients are impaired on _____________ information tasks.

A)order,item
B)item,order
C)local,global
D)initial,subsequent

Question 60

What do cognitive psychologists define as scripts?

Question 61

Results from the Wisconsin Card Sort task with frontal patients suggests that the PFC is important for _______________.

A)self-monitoring
B)developing subgoals
C)inhibiting irrelevant information
D)attention switching

Question 62

What is the relationship between response inhibition and development?

Question 63

Neural network models are composed of ______________________ layers.

A)input,processing,and output
B)input,supplemental,and output
C)stimulus,operational,and response
D)input,hidden,and output

Question 64

What is the significance of a double dissociation? Describe the double dissociation found by Rubenstein et al.(2001).What does this double dissociation mean for the information- processing model of task switching?

Question 65

It appears that categorization based on similarities occurs (in)_________________ and categorization based on reasoning relies on (the)___________________.

A)across the cortex,PFC
B)perceptual areas,anterior cingulate
C)dorsolateral PFC,dorsomedial PFC
D)occipital cortex,temporal cortex

Question 66

The _______________ is the area of the brain associated with monitoring.

A)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
B)premotor area
C)anterior cingulate
D)thalamus

Question 67

Suppressing a partially prepared response is known as _______________.

A)response suppression
B)response inhibition
C)the partial response effect
D)executive control

Question 68

Cards are sorted by the number of items on the card,the color of the items,or the number of the items in the ______________ task.

A)trading card
B)Wisconsin Card Sort
C)Vegas Card Sort
D)Stroop Card Sort

Question 69

An individual is brought to you who has deficits in self-monitoring,attention-switching,and sequencing behaviors to achieve a goal.You suspect that he has ________________.

A)frontal-lobe syndrome
B)executive processing disorder
C)central executive deficit
D)attention deficit disorder

Question 70

A process that is initiated without our intention is considered to be ___________.

A)efficient
B)habituated
C)self-instantiating
D)automatic

Question 71

Executive attention is required whenever ________________.

A)a response is necessary
B)multiple processes are competing
C)language is involved
D)a complex response is necessary

Question 72

A psychological test in which color words are printed in compatible print colors on some trials and incompatible print colors on other trials.

A)Garner task
B)Hanoi task
C)Stroop task
D)Wisconsin Card Sort task