Deck 6: Working Memory

Question 1

There is a debate over whether or not information lost from short-term memory is lost due to ____________ or _____________.

A)decay,displacement
B)time,obstruction
C)decay,interference
D)interference,capacity limitations

Answer 1

decay,interference

Question 2

Miller argued that short-term memory holds about ______ items.

A)five
B)seven
C)nine
D)three

Answer 2

nine

Question 3

Together,short-term mental storage and manipulation operations are called ______________.

A)immediate memory
B)active memory
C)working memory
D)short-term memory

Answer 3

working memory

Question 4

Baddeley and Hitch argued that there are actually ______________ for short-term storage.

A)no benefits
B)no resources
C)multiple systems
D)multiple executives

Question 5

William James believed that _________ memory is an initial repository for information to be inspected and attended to while __________ memory is a long-term storage system.

A)major,minor
B)quick,slow
C)working,semantic
D)primary,secondary

Question 6

What type of interference may be associated with forgetting in short-term memory?

A)retroactive
B)proactive
C)Stroop
D)sensory

Question 7

The modal model of memory was proposed by _________________.

A)Brown and Peterson
B)Sternberg
C)Miller
D)Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 8

Working memory span is related to all of the following except _____________.

A)verbal SAT scores
B)speed of skill acquisition
C)college GPA
D)general IQ

Question 9

Working memory capacity refers to the amount of information that can be _____________.

A)retrieved quickly
B)held accessible
C)organized
D)processed at once

Question 10

Using a search task,Sternberg found that information in short-term memory is processed _______________.

A)in parallel
B)sequentially
C)automatically
D)relatively slowly

Question 11

The Brown-Peterson task was used to assess the____________ of short-term memory.

A)capacity
B)function
C)accessibility
D)duration

Question 12

Using the computer as a metaphor for cognition,the hard drive is ______________.

A)long-term memory
B)the brain
C)working memory
D)sensory memory

Question 13

You have to remember of new phone number.Instead of remembering each of the seven digits individually (5-5-5-1-2-1-2),you remember two numbers (555-1212).This is an example of _______________.

A)thinking
B)chunking
C)memorizing
D)consolidating

Question 14

The sensory registers in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory is related to ___________ research on sensory memory.

A)Kosslyn's
B)Peterson and Peterson's
C)Sternberg's
D)Sperling's

Question 15

The short-term store in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory is related to the work of _____________.

A)Miller
B)Brown
C)Sperling
D)Peterson and Peterson

Question 16

A possible explanation for why information is lost in short-term memory is ___________.

A)task demands
B)passive decay
C)intentional forgetting
D)suppression

Question 17

According to William James,primary memory (or working memory)requires ____________.

A)perceptual information
B)consciousness
C)motivation
D)secondary memory

Question 18

Neuropsychological research draws into question the ____________ nature of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory.

A)parallel
B)organizational
C)sequential
D)strategical

Question 19

More recent estimates of short-term memory capacity are 3 + 1 instead of the 7 + 2 suggested by Miller.The newer estimates are lower because they take into account _________________.

A)technology
B)strategies
C)motivation
D)cohort effects

Question 20

Using the computer as a metaphor for cognition,RAM is _______________.

A)working memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)executive functioning

Question 21

After you look up the phone number to order a pizza,you hear the number in your head over and over until you dial the number.The phone number is being processed in the ______________.

A)auditory sensory buffer
B)articulatory store
C)phonological loop
D)central executive

Question 22

The _____________ effect occurs when similar sound-based codes are activated in the phonologocial loop.

A)phonological similarity
B)related-code
C)word-length
D)articulatory suppression

Question 23

Human neuroimaging data supports a ________________ of working memory in the prefrontal cortex.

A)content-based organization
B)storage-based organization
C)process-based organization
D)modality-based organization

Question 24

Phonological store : phonological similarity :: articulatory rehearsal : ______________.

A)articulatory suppression
B)word-length effect
C)phonological loop
D)related-code effect

Question 25

_________________ is related to the number of items than can be correctly recalled from working memory.

A)Dichotic listening
B)Articulatory span
C)Phonological rehearsal
D)Speech rate

Question 26

Verbal information is processed in a short-term memory buffer referred to as the __________________.

A)auditory store
B)auditory memory
C)acoustic processor
D)phonological loop

Question 27

The ________________ is the control system in the Baddeley-Hitch model.

A)executive controller
B)central executive
C)central processor
D)operating system

Question 28

Spatial working memory takes place in the ________________.

A)superior colliculus
B)thalamus
C)prefrontal cortex
D)brain regions supporting a certain location

Question 29

The phonological loop consists of what two subcomponents?

A)phonological store,articulatory rehearsal
B)auditory sensory buffer,working memory
C)auditory memory,phonological rehearsal
D)short-term memory,rehearsal loop

Question 30

Translating verbal information into a speech-based code is _______________.

A)articulatory processing
B)aural processing
C)phonological processing
D)acoustic processing

Question 31

Under conditions of articulatory suppression,what part of working memory serves a compensatory role?

A)articulatory rehearsal
B)central executive
C)phonological store
D)articulation buffer

Question 32

Evidence suggests that the phonological store component of working memory relies on the ___________________.

A)left prefrontal cortex
B)superior temporal cortex
C)Broca's area
D)left inferior parietal cortex

Question 33

The ability to create and manipulate mental images is associated with the ____________.

A)central executive
B)visual loop
C)visuospatial scratchpad
D)primary visual cortex

Question 34

Translating verbal information into a sound-based code is _______________.

A)auditory processing
B)phonological processing
C)acoustic processing
D)aural processing

Question 35

Performing two distinct tasks at the same time is known as __________________.

A)dichotic processing
B)multitasking
C)dual-task coordination
D)selective attention

Question 36

The Baddeley-Hitch model of memory was a major change in thinking about memory because it stressed ______________.

A)a workplace for cognition
B)the duration of memory
C)the relationship with long-term memory
D)parallel processing

Question 37

The process of mentally refreshing stored locations to keep them highly accessible is _____________.

A)executive processing
B)visual activation
C)spatial attention
D)spatial rehearsal

Question 38

Damage to the ________________ is related to articulatory rehearsal impairment.

A)left superior temporal cortex
B)left inferior parietal cortex
C)left inferior frontal cortex
D)left prefrontal cortex

Question 39

Developmental data indicates that the phonological loop is important in ____________.

A)learning a new language
B)reducing grammatical errors
C)articulation
D)reading

Question 40

The integration and coordination of information between the phonological loop and the visuospatial scratchpad is accomplished by the _____________.

A)operating system
B)central executive
C)homunculus
D)corpus callosum

Question 41

Long-term memory relies on _______________.

A)weight-based memory
B)activity-based memory
C)process-based memory
D)modality-based memory

Question 42

A persistent pattern of neural activity is the basis of _______________.

A)weight-based memory
B)activity-based memory
C)process-based memory
D)modality-based memory

Question 43

Drugs that increase the level of or facilitate the action of ___________ enhance working memory capabilities.

A)epinephrine
B)acetylcholine
C)serotonin
D)dopamine

Question 44

In the _____________ model,feedback connections allow activity maintained in working memory to bias the internal associations that are activated in response to perceptual input.

A)active feedback
B)goal-maintenance
C)response biasing
D)association-based

Question 45

If you were to conduct a study in which participants have to make decisions about words in sentences,what type of responding would yield the best results?

A)written response
B)pointing
C)verbal response
D)shadowing

Question 46

Behavioral and neuroimaging studies suggest that people with higher working memory capacities may have an easier time keeping ______________ active.

A)goal-relevant information
B)response options
C)focused attention
D)different sources of information

Question 47

What is the concept of chunking? What are the benefits of chunking?

Question 48

In human neuroimaging studies,sustained increases in the activity levels of the ________________ are associated with the delay period of working memory tasks.

A)pulvinar nucleus and parietal cortex
B)ventral prefrontal cortex
C)inferior temporal lobe
D)dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal cortex

Question 49

Define phonological similarity and the word-length effects.What do these two findings show us about working memory?

Question 50

Diagram or describe the Baddeley-Hitch model of memory.

Question 51

Increasing the amount of information to be stored ____________ the number of active brain regions and ________________ the activity of those regions.

A)increases,increases
B)increases,does not change
C)does not change,increases
D)increases,decreases

Question 52

Short-term storage relies on ________________.

A)weight-based memory
B)activity-based memory
C)process-based memory
D)modality-based memory

Question 53

Strengthening neural connections is the basis of _____________.

A)weight-based memory
B)activity-based memory
C)process-based memory
D)modality-based memory

Question 54

Diagram and label the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory.

Question 55

Describe how the computer can be used as a metaphor for cognition.

Question 56

The prefrontal cortex plays a special role in the _____________ of information.

A)organization
B)filtering
C)active maintenance
D)encoding

Question 57

Outline the Sternberg search task.

Question 58

The ______________ may be involved in chunking information into meaningful units.

A)integration area
B)semantic buffer
C)episodic buffer
D)consolidation center

Question 59

Outline the Brown-Peterson task.

Question 60

Neurons receiving and sending information form a ________________ that is involved with short-term maintenance of working memory.

A)interactive network
B)cyclical communication network
C)feedback system
D)reverberatory loop

Question 61

According to William James,primary memory (or working memory)requires ____________.

A)perceptual information
B)consciousness
C)motivation
D)secondary memory

Question 62

Using a search task,Sternberg found that information in short-term memory is processed _______________.

A)in parallel
B)sequentially
C)automatically
D)relatively slowly

Question 63

Using the computer as a metaphor for cognition,RAM is _______________.

A)working memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)executive functioning

Question 64

Explain the concept of weight-based memories.

Question 65

Compare and contrast the Atkinson-Shiffrin and Baddeley-Hitch models of memory.

Question 66

Drugs that increase the level of or facilitate the action of ___________ enhance working memory capabilities.

A)epinephrine
B)acetylcholine
C)serotonin
D)dopamine

Question 67

Briefly describe the N-back task.How are the results of this task interpreted?

Question 68

Developmental data indicates that the phonological loop is important in ____________.

A)learning a new language
B)reducing grammatical errors
C)articulation
D)reading

Question 69

Working memory capacity refers to the amount of information that can be _____________.

A)retrieved quickly
B)held accessible
C)organized
D)processed at once

Question 70

The ability to create and manipulate mental images is associated with the ____________.

A)central executive
B)visual loop
C)visuospatial scratchpad
D)primary visual cortex

Question 71

The Brown-Peterson task was used to assess the____________ of short-term memory.

A)capacity
B)function
C)accessibility
D)duration

Question 72

In what ways is working memory like RAM and in what ways is working memory different from RAM?

Question 73

Miller argued that short-term memory holds about ______ items.

A)five
B)seven
C)nine
D)three

Question 74

Baddeley and Hitch argued that there are actually ______________ for short-term storage.

A)no benefits
B)no resources
C)multiple systems
D)multiple executives

Question 75

Describe the patterns of data associated with animal research using the delayed response task.