Deck 10: Problem Solving and Reasoning

Question 1

The ____________ heuristic involves looking one step ahead and picking an operation that ends in a state most resembling the goal.

A)next more
B)rung at a time
C)hill climbing
D)baby step

Answer 1

hill climbing

Question 2

Problems exist when there are ___________ to reaching a goal.

A)incentives
B)penalties
C)obstacles
D)clear paths

Answer 2

obstacles

Question 3

You want to go to graduate school to become a cognitive psychologist.In order to gain acceptance,you develop several subgoals.You work to get a 3.90 GPA in your major and at least a 3.50 GPA overall.You also start working with faculty members on research so that you can gain research experience and so they can get to know you better and write better letters of recommendation.You take a GRE course as well to help maximize your GRE scores.What kind of heuristic did you use to develop this plan?

A)hill climbing
B)means-end analysis
C)random search
D)protocol analysis

Answer 3

means-end analysis

Question 4

Damage to what area of the brain is associated with repeating the same mistakes during problem solving?

A)occipital lobes
B)frontal lobes
C)parietal lobes
D)temporal lobes

Question 5

If you guess until you get it right,you are using the _____________ heuristic.

A)guess and check
B)random search
C)generate and go
D)hope and test

Question 6

In analogical reasoning,holding a target in working memory while accessing a more familiar source from long-term memory is called ____________.

A)comparison coding
B)forward searching
C)retrieval
D)temporary filing

Question 7

_________________ involves applying knowledge from a relatively known source domain to another target domain.

A)Forward search
B)A mapping heuristic
C)Analogical reasoning
D)Comparison

Question 8

Anagrams are examples of ______________ problems.

A)word-related
B)vocabulary
C)general
D)insight

Question 9

A general manager trying to make his team more competitive for a championship run is faced with a(n)_______________ problem.

A)performance
B)practical
C)ill-defined
D)multi-solution

Question 10

Problems with clearly defined start states and goal states are known as ______________ problems.

A)unambiguous
B)well-defined
C)easy-to-solve
D)understandable

Question 11

A negotiator trying to resolve conflict in the Middle East may ______________.

A)use heuristics
B)use more than one problem space
C)have multiple initial states
D)not be able to use operations

Question 12

In general,experts are better at __________ pieces of information than novices.

A)incorporating
B)selecting
C)comprehending
D)chunking

Question 13

Novices tend to organize information according to ___________.Experts organize information according to _____________.

A)operations,abstract principles
B)similarities,subgoals
C)order of presentation,subgoals
D)surface features,abstract principles

Question 14

At the beginning of a problem,you are at the ____________.The ______________ is where you want to be.

A)initial state,goal state
B)problem origin,concluding state
C)start state,end state
D)initiation phase,final phase

Question 15

Heuristics are ______________.

A)used infrequently
B)rules of thumb
C)problem-solving errors
D)guaranteed solutions

Question 16

A skilled clinical psychologist will likely use a(n)_____________ to diagnose a client.A new graduate student in clinical psychology will likely use a ____________.

A)forward search,backward search
B)algorithm,heuristic
C)top-down process,bottom-up process
D)means-end analysis,hill climbing approach

Question 17

Which of the following is not a method used to investigate problem solving?

A)recording behavior
B)discourse analysis
C)verbal protocol analysis
D)computer modeling

Question 18

The problem space includes the start state,goal state,and ________________.

A)moves that lead to a correct solution
B)all possible intermediate states
C)heuristics
D)algorithms

Question 19

_____________ are actions that you can take to get from the start state to the problem solution.

A)Operations
B)Behaviors
C)Solution steps
D)Procedures

Question 20

Heuristics : usually right :: algorithms : ______________.

A)sometime right
B)never right
C)usually right
D)always right

Question 21

While playing the game Guess Who? you ask if the person is a female to determine the sex of the target.You are engaging in ______________.

A)sequential elimination
B)progressive elimination
C)focus gambling
D)successive scanning

Question 22

In addition to the working memory areas,inductive reasoning tasks also activate the ________________,which is important for long-term memory.

A)superior parietal lobes
B)medial temporal lobes
C)lateral temporal lobes
D)inferior parietal lobes

Question 23

Developing hypotheses about the target from the source is _______________.

A)abstracting
B)inference making
C)predicting
D)estimating

Question 24

Patients with damage to the _______________ have difficulty switching rules in the Wisconsin Card Sort test.

A)right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
B)right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
C)left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
D)left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 25

When trying to discover a rule,as in Mastermind,which type of rule is the most difficult to discover?

A)disjunctive rules
B)negative disjunctive rules
C)conjunctive rules
D)negative conjunctive rules

Question 26

Determining whether or not an analogy is useful is ____________.

A)executive processing
B)estimation
C)decision making
D)evaluation

Question 27

The _________ model is based on activated nodes within a network.

A)LISA
B)SMT
C)SOAR
D)ACT-R

Question 28

Neuroimaging studies indicate that inductive reasoning tasks use both ____________ and ______________.

A)perceptual processes,executive functions
B)perceptual processes,long-term memory
C)working memory,long-term memory
D)working memory,executive functions

Question 29

With category-based inductions,the starting fact is the __________ and the inference is the __________.

A)hypothesis,conclusion
B)category,induction
C)initial state,goal state
D)premise,conclusion

Question 30

Neuroimaging studies suggest that analogical reasoning ______________ areas associated with working memory.

A)uses brain areas in addition to
B)increases activation of the
C)uses the same
D)is unrelated to the

Question 31

The 2-4-6 task shows that most people try to find ____________ evidence to test the accuracy of their hypotheses.

A)supporting
B)disconfirming
C)random
D)significant

Question 32

If a cyclist is found to be guilty of blood doping and you conclude the all cyclists engage in blood doping practices,you have made a _______________.

A)specific induction
B)general induction
C)broad-based induction
D)universal induction

Question 33

Abstraction involves ___________ the structure shared by the source and the target.

A)isolating
B)evaluating
C)analyzing
D)generalizing

Question 34

A difference between inductive and deductive reasoning is that if the premises are true in deductive reasoning the ____________.

A)conclusion is always positive
B)conclusion cannot be negative
C)conclusion cannot be false.
D)solution is easy

Question 35

You attend a basketball game with your roommate for the first time.He heckles the visiting team from behind the bench.After the game he asks if you want to see the next game with him too.You decline because you don't want to be embarrassed at the next game.Your decision was based on (a)_____________.

A)analogical reasoning
B)general induction
C)emotional reasoning
D)specific induction

Question 36

Regarding analogical reasoning,SMT stands for ________________.

A)structured mapping theory
B)superficial mapping theory
C)successful mental transfer
D)simulated mathematics theory

Question 37

You are playing Clue.You believe that Miss Scarlet committed the murder with a revolver but you are not sure about the room.As you move from room to room,you ask the same question - "the Professor with a rope in the __________." What strategy are you using?

A)successive scanning
B)feature gathering
C)focus gambling
D)systematic induction

Question 38

When someone finds that her hypothesis is not supported,she is more likely to look at ___________ evidence.

A)random
B)supporting
C)disconfirming
D)significant

Question 39

In the ________ model,long-term memory is first searched for features in the target and resulting matches are then evaluated.

A)HAM
B)SMT
C)SAM
D)LISA

Question 40

Aligning like features between source and target in working memory is known as ___________.

A)comparing
B)mapping
C)evaluating
D)assessing

Question 41

Explain the similarity-coverage model.

Question 42

In a syllogism,words like _____________ are known as qualifiers.

A)affirmative or negative
B)all or some
C)universal or particular
D)valid or invalid

Question 43

Describe the initial and goals states and the operations for the Tower of Hanoi task.

Question 44

"If p then q" is a premise for a _____________.

A)categorical syllogism
B)probability-based syllogism
C)likelihood syllogism
D)conditional syllogism

Question 45

Briefly describe the LISA model.

Question 46

Three heuristics for problem solving were presented in the text.Choose two heuristics and explain how they are different.

Question 47

There are a total of _______ syllogisms using all combinations of qualifiers for two premises and one conclusion.Only ____ of these syllogisms are valid.

A)512,27
B)36,30
C)216,108
D)520,36

Question 48

People make errors evaluating syllogisms by being too influenced with either the __________ or the __________ of the syllogism.

A)category,condition
B)universality,valence
C)form,content
D)type,form

Question 49

Give an example of a categorical syllogism with its corresponding Venn diagrams.

Question 50

How is working memory involved in analogical reasoning?

Question 51

The relationship between categories in a statement is often represented using a __________.

A)Venn diagram
B)bar graph
C)pie chart
D)probability distribution

Question 52

Accepting a conclusion as valid if it has the syntactic structure of the premises is known as the ________________.

A)surface structure effect
B)belief-bias effect
C)matching bias
D)grammar rule

Question 53

The _______________ reflects the tendency to accept conclusions to a syllogism that seem right.

A)belief-bias effect
B)gullibility effect
C)reasonable conclusion effect
D)rational rule

Question 54

A common conditional reasoning task is the _______________.

A)Wason selection task
B)Venn diagramming task
C)belief-bias task
D)content-free logic task

Question 55

Combining the terms _________________ leads to four types of statements concerning the relationship between two categories.

A)positive,negative,always and never
B)universal,particular,affirmative and negative
C)universal and particular
D)all,no,and some

Question 56

Briefly describe the SMT model.

Question 57

Describe the Wason selection task.

Question 58

People perform __________ on abstract selection tasks.

A)remarkably well
B)perfectly
C)moderately well
D)poorly

Question 59

If both premises use the qualifier "no",then people are likely to say that a conclusion with the qualifier "no" is valid.This tendency is known as the ______________.

A)response bias effect
B)atmosphere effect
C)consistency effect
D)perseveration effect

Question 60

A syllogism consists of _________ arguments and __________ conclusion(s).

A)two or more,one
B)two,one
C)four,two
D)two or three,one

Question 61

Using the water jug problem,demonstrate how the hill climbing heuristic can lead to incorrect solutions.

Question 62

Regarding analogical reasoning,SMT stands for ________________.

A)structured mapping theory
B)superficial mapping theory
C)successful mental transfer
D)simulated mathematics theory

Question 63

Define the five subprocesses of analogical reasoning.

Question 64

_________________ involves applying knowledge from a relatively known source domain to another target domain.

A)Forward search
B)A mapping heuristic
C)Analogical reasoning
D)Comparison

Question 65

_____________ are actions that you can take to get from the start state to the problem solution.

A)Operations
B)Behaviors
C)Solution steps
D)Procedures

Question 66

If you guess until you get it right,you are using the _____________ heuristic.

A)guess and check
B)random search
C)generate and go
D)hope and test

Question 67

Damage to what area of the brain is associated with repeating the same mistakes during problem solving?

A)occipital lobes
B)frontal lobes
C)parietal lobes
D)temporal lobes

Question 68

Problems exist when there are ___________ to reaching a goal.

A)incentives
B)penalties
C)obstacles
D)clear paths

Question 69

With category-based inductions,the starting fact is the __________ and the inference is the __________.

A)hypothesis,conclusion
B)category,induction
C)initial state,goal state
D)premise,conclusion

Question 70

Problems with clearly defined start states and goal states are known as ______________ problems.

A)unambiguous
B)well-defined
C)easy-to-solve
D)understandable

Question 71

Heuristics are ______________.

A)used infrequently
B)rules of thumb
C)problem solving errors
D)guaranteed solutions

Question 72

In general,experts are better at __________ pieces of information than novices.

A)incorporating
B)selecting
C)comprehending
D)chunking

Question 73

Describe your strategy for the game of Clue in terms of inductive reasoning.

Question 74

Describe the problem space for blackjack.