Deck 6: Mood Disorders and Suicide

Question 1

Heather has been feeling depressed and listless lately. She has had no motivation and has lost interest in activities she once enjoyed. For Heather to be diagnosed with major depression, these symptoms must last for at least ______.

A) 1 week
B) 2 weeks
C) 1 month
D) 2 months

Answer 1

2 weeks

Question 2

Rhonda is a 19-year-old college freshman. All else being equal, Rhonda's risk of experiencing major depressive disorder at some point in her life is about ______ times that of her 19-year-old male classmates.

A) 1.5
B) 2
C) 3
D) 3.5

Answer 2

2

Question 3

Which statement is true regarding depressive episodes?

A) Depressive episodes appear to be entirely triggered by environmental factors.
B) The initial episode has a stronger relationship with environmental factors than later episodes.
C) The initial episode has a stronger relationship with internal physiological changes than later episodes.
D) The episodes appear to be entirely triggered by internal physiological changes.

Answer 3

The initial episode has a stronger relationship with environmental factors than later episodes.

Question 4

______ developed the cognitive model of depression.

A) Aaron Beck
B) Albert Bandura
C) Jean Piaget
D) Edward Lee Thorndike

Question 5

Elaine feels that her life is empty. She has lost interest in her career and hobbies, and she wonders if she would be better off dead. She is MOST likely suffering from ______ disorder.

A) major depressive
B) generalized anxiety
C) bipolar
D) obsessive-compulsive

Question 6

Which set contains a discrepant element?

A) {melancholia, depression, bipolar disorder}
B) {bipolar disorder, mania, manic depression}
C) {depression, unipolar depression, melancholia}
D) {mania, euphoria, bipolar disorder}

Question 7

For a person to meet DSM-5 criteria for major depressive disorder, they MUST exhibit ______.

A) psychomotor agitation or loss of energy
B) depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure
C) diminished ability to think or concentrate or insomnia
D) depressed mood or feelings of worthlessness

Question 8

In animals, chronic stress results in fewer synapses in the brain's ______.

A) prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
B) amygdala and pituitary gland
C) parietal lobe and cerebellum
D) frontal lobe and occipital lobe

Question 9

According to the text, "Depression has been related to a variety of physiological, psychological, family, and social components." This statement suggests that depression is BEST understood using a(n) ______ perspective.

A) neuroscience
B) sociocultural
C) evolutionary
D) biopsychosocial

Question 10

The symptoms of major depressive disorder do NOT include ______.

A) loss of interest or pleasure
B) physical symptoms, such as headache or stomach pains
C) difficulty concentrating
D) psychomotor agitation

Question 11

For the past four weeks, Nan has been feeling lethargic and worthless. Her friends are worried because she no longer shows interest in her normal social activities. A clinician using the DSM-5 would MOST likely diagnose Nan as suffering from ______.

A) mania
B) melancholia
C) bipolar disorder
D) major depressive disorder

Question 12

These days, Adam is sleeping very little. He seems full of energy and enthusiasm. His extreme optimism has led him to take foolish risks. He has lost a lot of money-for instance, betting on a horse that he was sure would win. Adam may be in a ______ state.

A) depressive
B) manic
C) melancholic
D) dissociative

Question 13

In order for a person to meet DSM-5 criteria for a major depressive episode, symptoms must be present for at least ______ uninterrupted week(s).

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 14

The adrenal cortex releases a hormone called ______ in response to stress.

A) vasopressin
B) dopamine
C) cortisol
D) leptin

Question 15

The ______ model suggests that individuals with depression display biases in the way they search for and process information.

A) diathesis-stress
B) cognitive
C) macrophage
D) confirmation bias

Question 16

Bipolar disorder was formerly called ______.

A) melancholia
B) manic depression
C) unipolar depression
D) major depressive disorder

Question 17

Which element is NOT an aspect of the negative cognitive triad?

A) the self
B) the personal world
C) the past
D) the future

Question 18

Only one-______ of those who experience depression seek help within 1 year of the disorder's onset.

A) fifth
B) quarter
C) third
D) half

Question 19

The association between major life stress and the development of depression is BEST described as ______.

A) inverse
B) minimal
C) moderate
D) strong

Question 20

Which statement is true regarding gender and depression?

A) Over the course of a lifetime, males and females experience a major depressive disorder at approximately equal rates.
B) Over the course of a lifetime, more females experience a major depressive disorder compared with males.
C) Over the course of a lifetime, more males experience a major depressive disorder compared with females.
D) Over the course of a lifetime, females are more likely to experience a major depressive disorder younger in life, whereas males are more likely to experience a major depressive disorder later in life.

Question 21

Depression in terms of ______ suggests that depressed mood protects the organism by reducing energy expenditure, thereby protecting itself and saving energy for use in the future.

A) habituation
B) resource conservation
C) social competition
D) attachment

Question 22

Which statement is NOT true regarding familial major depressive disorder (MDD), as compared with nonfamilial MDD?

A) It tends to have an earlier onset.
B) It tends to be more severe.
C) It tends to be more recurrent.
D) It tends to be more responsive to treatment.

Question 23

Prozac (fluoxetine) is an example of which type of antidepressant medication?

A) monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor
B) tricyclic
C) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
D) vagal nerve stimulant (VNS)

Question 24

Which statement is evidence suggesting that depression is NOT the result of a novel reaction of the nervous system to the modern environment?

A) The fundamental aspects of the modern environment differ significantly from prehistoric environments.
B) Depression is more prevalent among females compared with males.
C) Depression is seen in a variety of animals whose environments have not changed drastically in recent times.
D) The nervous system continues to adapt to the changing environment.

Question 25

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been shown to be particularly effective for treating depression among ______.

A) individuals for whom other treatments do not work
B) individuals with a comorbid anxiety disorder
C) children and adolescents
D) individuals with mild depression

Question 26

What is one advantage of electroconvulsive therapy over medication?

A) more rapid rate of improvement
B) fewer side effects
C) less invasive
D) less expensive

Question 27

One hypothesis regarding depression that can be drawn from an evolutionary perspective is that it results from a mismatch between ______ and ______.

A) current demands of society; the brain and nervous system
B) parenting style; child personality
C) environment; genotype
D) available resources; social competition

Question 28

In ______, an electrical current is passed through the brain for a brief period as a treatment for depression.

A) transcranial magnetic stimulation
B) electroconvulsive therapy
C) vagal nerve stimulation
D) deep brain stimulation

Question 29

Having one or more parents with major depressive disorder ______ one's risk of developing the disorder by a factor of ______.

A) decreases; 1 to 2
B) decreases; 3 to 5
C) increases; 1 to 2
D) increases; 3 to 5

Question 30

Indira's mother suffers from major depressive disorder. By contrast, major depressive disorder is unknown in her friend's family. All else being equal, Indira's risk of developing major depressive disorder is about ______ times greater than her friend's.

A) 1.5
B) 2
C) 4
D) 8

Question 31

The relationship between depression symptom severity and cortical thickness is BEST described as ______.

A) a positive correlation
B) a negative correlation
C) negligible
D) logarithmic

Question 32

______ is a procedure in which an electromagnetic coil is place on the scalp, which induces a small electrical current in the brain as a treatment for depression.

A) Transcranial magnetic stimulation
B) Electroconvulsive therapy
C) Vagal nerve stimulation
D) Deep brain stimulation

Question 33

Ricky's friends believe that the major depressive disorder he experiences shields him from "putting himself out there"-that is, from social embarrassment or rejection. The disorder also allows him to recruit his friends' help in completing such activities of daily living as grocery shopping and house cleaning. Ricky's friends seem to endorse the ______ approach to depression.

A) macrophage
B) evolutionary
C) familial
D) cognitive

Question 34

Paul has a job interview but decides to not go because he believes that nothing will work for him. This belief is primarily an example of ______.

A) catastrophizing
B) personalization
C) overgeneralization
D) dichotomous thinking

Question 35

Olivia enters a room, and a couple across the room starts laughing. She believes they are laughing at her. This belief that everything relates to her is primarily an example of ______.

A) catastrophizing
B) personalization
C) overgeneralization
D) dichotomous thinking

Question 36

From an evolutionary perspective, what does it mean to say that depression is adaptive?

A) Depression represents a heritable variation found in nature.
B) Feeling depressed would make it more difficult for a human to survive and reproduce.
C) Depression is seen in a variety of animals.
D) Feeling depressed helps solve certain problems faced by humans from the earliest of times.

Question 37

Kenny is visiting a therapist to treat major depressive disorder. The therapist is concerned with the way Kenny tends to see himself, the world around him, and the future in negative terms. Based on this information, Kenny's therapist MOST endorses the ______ model of depression.

A) macrophage
B) evolutionary
C) familial
D) cognitive

Question 38

______ therapy focuses on helping individuals with depression learn to evaluate the validity and utility of their thoughts.

A) Psychodynamic
B) Cognitive
C) Emotion-focused
D) Psychotropic

Question 39

The ______ theory suggests that cytokine malfunction may be involved in depression.

A) diathesis-stress
B) cognitive
C) macrophage
D) confirmation bias

Question 40

Which treatment for depression involves influencing neurotransmitters in the brain?

A) deep brain stimulation
B) antidepressant medication
C) electroconvulsive therapy
D) psychodynamic therapy

Question 41

Maria had a bad experience with the police and believes that because she knows one corrupt cop, all cops must be corrupt. This automatic thought is primarily an example of ______.

A) catastrophizing
B) personalization
C) overgeneralization
D) dichotomous thinking

Question 42

After 16 weeks, which treatment for major depressive disorder is more effective: antidepressant medication or cognitive behavioral therapy?

A) cognitive behavioral therapy
B) antidepressant medication
C) Both types of therapy are equally effective.
D) Neither type of therapy is at all effective.

Question 43

The police brought Gabriella to the emergency room after she was seen running down the street in her underwear yelling, "I have the power!" Gabriella was also spending large amounts of money and was agitated and reckless during the past 5 days. In the emergency room, Gabriella would not be quiet long enough for the nurse to ask her questions. Gabriella is MOST likely suffering from ______.

A) unipolar mania
B) cyclothymia
C) major depressive disorder
D) bipolar disorder

Question 44

Anna believes that if she can't trust a person completely, then she can't trust at all. This automatic thought is primarily an example of ______.

A) catastrophizing
B) personalization
C) overgeneralization
D) dichotomous thinking

Question 45

______ is NOT a characteristic of mania.

A) Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
B) A decrease in goal-directed activity
C) A decreased need for sleep
D) An excessive involvement in risky activities

Question 46

It is hypothesized that cognitive therapy for depression increases function in the brain's ______.

A) amygdala
B) prefrontal cortex
C) pons
D) cerebellum

Question 47

______ is characterized by the presence of a major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode.

A) Bipolar I disorder
B) Bipolar II disorder
C) Cyclothymia
D) Major depressive disorder

Question 48

The lifetime prevalence rate of bipolar I is about 1 person in ______.

A) 100
B) 200
C) 500
D) 1,000

Question 49

As compared with a manic episode, a hypomanic episode is ______ in duration and ______ severe.

A) longer; less
B) longer; more
C) shorter; less
D) shorter; more

Question 50

After 16 weeks, antidepressant medication has been shown to be an effective treatment for approximately ______ of individuals with major depressive disorder.

A) 35%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Question 51

Which treatment for major depressive disorder is more effective at preventing relapse: antidepressant medication or cognitive behavioral therapy?

A) cognitive behavioral therapy
B) antidepressant medication
C) Both types of therapy are equally effective at preventing relapse.
D) Neither type of therapy is at all effective at preventing relapse.

Question 52

Lizzie experiences swings between elevated and depressed moods that sometimes disrupt her social and occupational functioning. However, Lizzie does NOT meet the diagnostic criteria for either bipolar I disorder or bipolar II disorder. Lizzie is MOST likely to be diagnosed with ______.

A) mania
B) dysthymia
C) cyclothymia
D) melancholia

Question 53

Which psychological treatment for depression helps the client experience their feelings without becoming overwhelmed by anxiety or sadness?

A) psychodynamic
B) cognitive therapy
C) mindfulness therapy
D) emotion-focused therapy

Question 54

Which psychological treatment for depression focuses on past experiences and important relationships?

A) psychodynamic
B) cognitive therapy
C) mindfulness therapy
D) emotion-focused therapy

Question 55

If a person demonstrates abnormal and persistently elevated mood, she or he must display ______ additional symptoms of mania to meet the DSM-5's criteria for a manic episode.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 56

Antidepressant medication decreases activity in the brain's ______.

A) amygdala
B) prefrontal cortex
C) pons
D) cerebellum

Question 57

Mania and melancholia have been linked as a single disorder since the ______ century.

A) second
B) 15th
C) 17th
D) 19th

Question 58

______ is NOT a treatment for depression involving direct manipulation of the brain's electrical activity.

A) Vagal nerve stimulation
B) Electroconvulsive therapy
C) New wave therapy
D) Deep brain stimulation

Question 59

A first degree relative of someone with bipolar disorder has about ______ times the risk of having the disorder compared with a random person.

A) 3
B) 5
C) 10
D) 30

Question 60

Depressive symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of

A) bipolar I disorder but not bipolar II disorder
B) bipolar II disorder but not bipolar I disorder
C) both bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder
D) neither bipolar I, nor bipolar II disorder

Question 61

Consider these statements: (1) Relatives of those with major depressive disorder are at increased risk for mania, and (2) relatives of those with mania are at increased risk for depression. Which of these statements is/are true?

A) Neither Statement 1, nor Statement 2 is true.
B) Only Statement 1 is true.
C) Only Statement 2 is true.
D) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are true.

Question 62

The anterior limbic network does NOT include the ______.

A) thalamus
B) basal ganglia
C) amygdala
D) striatum

Question 63

Which phrase BEST captures suicide's rank order among the causes of death in the United States?

A) the leading cause
B) in the top 5 causes
C) in the top 10 causes
D) in the top 20 causes

Question 64

As compared with healthy individuals, people with unmedicated bipolar disorder who are not currently experiencing any symptoms tend to perform cognitive tasks in a MORE ______ manner.

A) logical
B) haphazard
C) emotional
D) concrete

Question 65

Research revealed that ______ of individuals with bipolar disorder who returned from a hospitalization to a negative emotional environment showed a relapse 9 months later, compared with ______ of those without a negative emotional family situation.

A) 73%; 51%
B) 94%; 17%
C) 57%; 24%
D) 38%; 30%

Question 66

Acceptable treatments for bipolar disorder ALWAYS include ______.

A) psychotherapy
B) vagal nerve stimulation
C) psychotropic medication
D) deep brain stimulation

Question 67

Across the lifespan, the suicide rate is ______ correlated with age.

A) negatively
B) not
C) positively
D) perfectly

Question 68

Lately, Irene is plagued by thoughts of suicide. Irene is experiencing ______.

A) contemplation
B) rumination
C) ideation
D) deliberation

Question 69

Several studies have suggested that the brain processes underlying the symptoms seen in bipolar disorder involve the ______.

A) anterior limbic network
B) inferior frontal cortex
C) orbitofrontal cortex
D) precentral gyri

Question 70

According to the textbook, "For bipolar disorders, heritability is about 5% to 10% for first-degree relatives and 40% to 70% for monozygotic twins compared with only 14% for fraternal twins." This statement suggests that

A) there is little or no genetic component to bipolar disorders
B) the environmental component to bipolar disorders is smaller than the genetic component
C) genes and the environment contribute approximately equally to bipolar disorders
D) the environmental component to bipolar disorders is larger than the genetic component

Question 71

Research by Johnson and her colleagues (Johnson, 2005; Johnson et al., 2012) and by Goodwin and Jamison (2007) suggests that the association between bipolar disorder and creativity is BEST described as ______.

A) nonexistent
B) indirect
C) inverse
D) direct

Question 72

Chris suffers from rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. He is ______ likely to be prescribed ______.

A) LEAST; an anticonvulsant
B) LEAST; lithium
C) MOST; an antidepressant
D) MOST; lithium

Question 73

Olympia and Helena are identical twins. Olympia has been diagnosed with bipolar I disorder. Helena is at an increased risk not only for bipolar disorder but also ______.

A) major depression
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) dissociative identity disorder
D) schizophrenia

Question 74

In bipolar diseases, there are ______ in prefrontal activation during the depressive phase and ______ in activation in the anterior limbic network during the manic phase.

A) decreases; decreases
B) decreases; increases
C) increases; decreases
D) increases; increases

Question 75

The neurotransmitters closely associated with bipolar disorder do NOT include ______.

A) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
C) norepinephrine
D) serotonin

Question 76

Since World War II, the historical trend in the suicide rate in the United States is BEST described as ______.

A) rising
B) erratic
C) falling
D) stable

Question 77

Approximately ______ of the adults who commit suicide would meet diagnostic criteria for a mental disorder.

A) 50%
B) 65%
C) 75%
D) 90%

Question 78

Persistent thoughts of committing suicide are called suicidal ______.

A) contemplation
B) ideation
C) rumination
D) cognition

Question 79

Paul and Patrick both experience bipolar disorder. Both are in remission, experiencing no symptoms of either mania or depression at present. Paul, however, has experienced a string of stressful events beginning with a natural disaster, followed by family dislocation, financial insecurity, and job change. Patrick's life has been quiet. Before 2 years elapse, Paul is ______ times more likely to experience a relapse of his disorder.

A) 2.5
B) 4.5
C) 6
D) 10

Question 80

Which psychotropic medication is MOST commonly used for the treatment of bipolar disorder?

A) lithium
B) anticonvulsants
C) antipsychotics
D) a combination of stimulants and antidepressants