Deck 10: Work, Retirement, and Leisure Patterns

Question 1

Being able to find a ________________ career, in which people are not tied to a particular company or organization, might be difficult during times of a tight economy.

A) protean
B) bridge
C) boundaryless
D) self-determined

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In the earliest, or _____________ stage of vocational development, individuals attempt to find a way to express their self-concept through their work.

A) recycling
B) plateau
C) exploration
D) protean

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to the Conference Board of Canada (2013), women aged 25 to 34 earned approximately ____ cents for each dollar earned by men. .

A) 47
B) 67
C) 78
D) 84

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to Holland's RIASEC model, the people most likely to want a career in accounting would have a(n) ____________ occupational type.

A) realistic
B) artistic
C) conventional
D) enterprising

Question 5

According to your text, Canadian veterans associated with the New Veterans Charter (NVC) program of benefits have an unemployment rate of ___% .

A) 9
B) 25
C) 15
D) 5

Question 6

The basis for understanding the connection between individuals and social organizations as these interact over the individual's lifetime is the:

A) job
B) career
C) vocation
D) occupation

Question 7

In "Aging Today," the case of Marissa Mayer (CEO of Yahoo) showed that she gives her employees few resources on which component of the work-family enrichment model?

A) networking
B) self-efficacy
C) flexibility
D) spillover

Question 8

Individuals who feel that their occupation is a(n) ____________ are likely to feel the most personal meaning in their work.

A) exploration
B) calling
C) correspondence
D) resource

Question 9

The gender gap is greatest for _______ occupations.:

A) Teaching .
B) Business, finance .
C) Health .
D) Natural sciences, engineering, mathematics .

Question 10

In Canada, how does a university degree influence an individual's earning potential?

A) Having a bachelor's degree leads to no measurable improvement.
B) Only people with degrees in engineering or business benefit in terms of income.
C) All university graduates have higher earning potential than high school graduates.
D) Men, but not women, benefit in earning potential from a university degree.

Question 11

In 2011 , _______% of Canadians aged 65 to 70 years were still working..

A) 14
B) 24
C) 33
D) 52

Question 12

Super's theory, unlike Holland's, assumes that people strive to express their __________ in their vocation.

A) preferences
B) self-concept
C) resources
D) satisfaction

Question 13

People who feel that their occupation is a "calling" are likely to believe that it:

A) will help them achieve recognition.
B) can bring them closer to retirement.
C) fulfills their purpose in life.
D) makes their families proud of them.

Question 14

Holland's vocational development theory describes the RIASEC model, which stands for the:

A) test used to identify a person's type.
B) six factors that make up the model.
C) names of the six vocational factors.
D) corporation where initial testing was done.

Question 15

A financial analyst who works for a large firm that manages mutual funds would be considered to have which type of job in the RIASEC model?

A) Realistic
B) Conventional
C) Artistic
D) Enterprising

Question 16

What is the main factor accounting for the gender gap in earnings?

A) Fewer professional women are in higher-paying fields
B) Women work fewer hours than men on a weekly basis
C) Men are more likely to work in healthcare and education.
D) Women have higher childcare expenses than do men.

Question 17

Workers who fail to develop as optimally as possible are, in Holland's theory, referred to as:

A) incongruent.
B) protean.
C) boundaryless.
D) disengaged.

Question 18

After several years at his current job as a sales manager, a 50-year-old man decides he would rather remain a sales manager than do anything else because it suits his personality and interests. Based on the RIASEC model, you would expect that his score on a measure of career _________ would therefore be higher than would someone else's score who did not desire a career change.

A) congruence
B) adaptation
C) realism
D) conservatism

Question 19

Which of the following occupations fits into the RIASEC social type?

A) Market researcher
B) Salesperson
C) Economist
D) Math teacher

Question 20

Reaching a point in your vocational development where you no longer feel that you are growing might keep you at the:

A) establishment stage.
B) bridge employment.
C) recycling stage.
D) career plateau.

Question 21

A supervisor in a large hardware store wants to encourage his older workers to seek out on-the-job training so they will keep themselves familiarized with new products. One way to do so is to build the sense of _______________ in these older workers.

A) extrinsic motivation
B) self-determination
C) occupational reinforcements
D) self-efficacy

Question 22

The work-related quality known as the core self-evaluation consists of an individual's perception of his or her:

A) degree of work stress.
B) salary level in relation to others.
C) feeling of self-efficacy in the job.
D)overall level of neuroticism.

Question 23

In Whitehall II, workers in lower employment grades had higher ___________ levels, beginning in the morning and continuing through the end of the day, supporting the idea that their stress was related to poor sleep as well as their experiences at work.

A) cortisol
B) testosterone
C) insulin
D) glucose

Question 24

According to ________________ theory, the way you start your day influences your work performance throughout the day.

A) motivation crowding out
B) affective events
C) self-determination
D) emotional labor

Question 25

The concept of emotional labor applies most closely to which type of job industry?

A) technology
B) manufacturing
C) the arts
D) service

Question 26

In the Occupational Reinforcement Pattern (ORP) system, jobs are rated according to which type of characteristic?

A) education and income
B) skills and abilities
C) personality and interests
D) values and needs

Question 27

According to self-determination theory, to the extent that workers lose their intrinsic motivation when they receive extrinsic rewards for doing what they love, they will experience:

A) person-environment correspondence.
B) motivation crowding out.
C) work-family enrichment.
D) occupational reinforcement.

Question 28

Older workers are more reliable according to which criterion?

A) speed of response
B) absenteeism
C) fluid intelligence
D) driving performance

Question 29

In a boundaryless career, workers feel that they are able to:

A) find growth and meaning in their job through self-direction.
B) mentor younger and less experienced employees.
C) take on extra hours to earn more overtime pay.
D) seek a company that gives them opportunities for advancement.

Question 30

In a study of workplace bullying, behaviors involving ____________ were found to be most stressful of all forms of bullying.

A) work-related criticism
B) intimidation
C) emotional labor
D) social isolation

Question 31

Research on age and job performance shows that older workers are typically better than younger workers with regard to:

A) giving advice to co-workers about their personal lives.
B) working in shifts in which their hours change weekly.
C) taking fewer voluntary absences for personal reasons.
D) performing transportation jobs in which driving is required.

Question 32

A 56-year-old sales manager in an office supply company has started to suspect that the younger workers at the company are giving jobs not to her but to their age peers. However, she can't quite figure out if this is true or not. She's been worried about losing her edge anyhow, and now she doubts herself even more. According to the identity process model, she is engaging in identity:

A) accommodation.
B) self-efficacy.
C) assimilation.
D) stereotyping.

Question 33

A manager is seeking to fill a job opening on his sales staff. His human resources department warns him that he can't take age into account, as mandated by which Federal legislation?

A) Bonefide Occupational Requirement
B) Canadian Human Rights Act
C) Old Age Security Act
D) Canadian Pension Plan

Question 34

Extrinsic factors are the same as _____________ factors in the two-factor motivational theory.

A) job motivators
B) hygiene
C) calling
D) protean

Question 35

A scuba instructor greatly enjoys his work, especially the fact that he can spend much of his day underwater exploring the reefs. He also likes the activity of teaching especially when he can introduce someone new to the pleasures of the sport. He is high on which type of work factor motivation?

A) maintenance
B) intrinsic
C) hygiene
D) extrinsic

Question 36

A 40-year-old mother of two who works as a managerial assistant in an accounting firm earns enough to be able to schedule after-school child care without this impinging significantly on her family budget. She would therefore be rated as high on which component of the work-family enrichment model?

A) social capital
B) psychological resources
C) material resources
D) flexibility

Question 37

As workers feel that they have more control in their job, the extent of their ___________ motivation decreases.

A) affective
B) intrinsic
C) emotional
D) extrinsic

Question 38

In the work-family enrichment framework, the psychological resources category includes which component?

A) fluid intelligence
B) self-efficacy
C) interpersonal skills
D) coping skills

Question 39

In a protean career, workers feel that they are best able to achieve:

A) personal growth and self-fulfillment.
B) the highest promotions possible.
C) an ideal work-family balance.
D) flexible work schedules.

Question 40

A large meta-analysis of studies on aging and job satisfaction showed that older workers were more satisfied with their jobs if they:

A) were of non-minority status.
B) had longer job tenure.
C) had a college education.
D) higher salary levels.

Question 41

How are women affected by the gender gap? Do current statistics indicate any improvement in this situation for the future?

Question 42

In March 2013 , the average monthly amount of CPP at age 65 was approximately $________:

A) 350
B) 597
C) 799
D) 1299

Question 43

What are the major differences between two-factor theory and self-determination theory?

Question 44

Contrast intrinsic and extrinsic work factors and provide examples of each.

Question 45

The majority of retirees are said to experience a(n) ______________ retirement, because they typically do not exit the labor force in an all-or-nothing fashion.

A) crisp
B) voluntary
C) blurred
D) involuntary

Question 46

Summarize the projected changes in the Canadian .labour market as Baby Boomers grow older.

Question 47

List the six types described in Holland's vocational development theory. Provide an example of an occupation in each type.

Question 48

The idea that people are able to draw on their physical, psychological, and social capabilities to allow them to adjust to retirement is referred to as the ________ model.

A) bridge
B) life course
C) resource
D) self-concept

Question 49

According to the Canadian Human Rights Act , what type of behavior by an employer would explicitly be prohibited?

A) Suggesting that workers invest in the pension plan.
B) Enrolling employees in private health care.
C) Asking a job interviewee for his or her age.
D) Requiring that employees receive on-the-job training.

Question 50

List the six types of occupational reinforcement patterns (ORP's) in the theory of Dawis and Lofquist.

Question 51

What are two important differences between Super's and Holland's models of vocational development?

Question 52

What are five criticisms of Holland's vocational development theory?

Question 53

Which of the following is a sociocultural factor in the biopsychosocial model of retirement?

A) Metabolic syndrome
B) Opportunities for engagement
C) Expectations
D) Amount of role strain

Question 54

A study on leisure with Canadians 60 - 85 years old interviewed over an 8-year period found:.

A) Sedentary activities increased among those with fewer disabilities.
B) Most participants maintained involvement in sedentary activities.
C) The greatest decline was for volunteering.
D) The greatest decline was for walking and exercise.

Question 55

How will the RIASEC model most likely change in the future as it is applied to vocational development?

Question 56

The major source of income for retirees is:

A) OAS .
B) CPP .
C) GIS .
D)RRSPs .

Question 57

The so-called "absolute innovators" identified in a study of retired travelers were more likely than the comparison group of non-innovators to:

A) use their vacations to visit their children and grandchildren.
B) travel to big cities with more opportunities to be active.
C) find opportunities for growth and self-expression.
D) take a break from physical and mental activity.

Question 58

According to ___________ theory, retirees maintain a sense of identity and therefore do not experience retirement in a negative manner.

A) on-time
B) continuity
C) resource
D) role

Question 59

Name and describe the four stages in Super's self-concept theory. What are two alternative paths added by Super in later versions of the theory?

Question 60

What differentiates the "new mode" approach from the "usual" mode of retirement?

A) The individual takes the spouse's qualities and family obligations into account.
B) Both partners in a couple pool their assets when they begin their financial planning.
C) The husband makes decisions about his retirement and then informs the wife.
D) Neither partner in a couple takes the other into account in retirement decisions.

Question 61

Summarize the pros and cons of older workers based on Warr's model.

Question 62

Contrast the four theories regarding the effects of retirement on the individual.

Question 63

Examine the positive and negative factors in the retirement experience of people from high socioeconomic levels compared to those of low socioeconomic status.

Question 64

Describe the results of research examining injuries and absences in which older and younger workers are compared.

Question 65

What is the possible relationship of identity processes to the decision to retire and adjustment to retirement of people who (a) undergo forced layoffs, and (b) make a voluntary decision to retire?

Question 66

How does the history of attitudes toward retirement parallel the changes in the age distribution of the Canadian population in the 20th Century?

Question 67

What are the three major models describing conflict between work and family involvement in adulthood?

Question 68

What advice might a vocational counselor give to women compared to men in preparing for their retirement?

Question 69

Analyze the relationship between age and vocational satisfaction, taking into account job tenure, intrinsic and extrinsic factors, Super's theory of career development, and the effects of job discrimination.

Question 70

What are the three patterns of retirement and how are each associated with health and activity outcomes?

Question 71

You are the personnel manager of a large company. Based on research on age and vocational performance, and keeping in mind the Canadian Human Rights Act , what factors would you consider when deciding how best to use the older workers in your company?