Deck 4: Physical Changes

Question 1

A natural shrinking with age of the thymus gland contributes to the process known as:

A) glucocorticoid cascade.
B) immune senescence.
C) adrenal insufficiency.
D) pulmonary deficiency.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Behavioral controls for helping individuals cope with incontinence include engaging in which type of measures?

A) Pelvic muscle training
B) Use of adult diapers
C) Urinating only when necessary
D) Increasing fluid intake

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A 79-year-old woman's exercise routine includes resistance training three times a week for an hour alternating with one-hour workouts on an elliptical machine. As a result, she will experience less of which particular age-related change in physical functioning?

A) tinnitus
B) presbycusis
C) cross-linking
D) sarcopenia

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Extensive research on exercise involving weight lifting and resistance training shows that these forms of exercise help to offset which normal age-related change in the muscles?

A) Somatopause.
B) Dysthermia.
C) Adrenopause.
D) Sarcopenia.

Question 5

An 80-year-old woman is suffering from limited range of motion due to degenerative changes in her knees, shoulders, and wrists. If you were her physical therapist, you might suggest that she offset these changes by engaging primarily in:

A) strenuous exercise.
B) intake of sodium.
C) rest and relaxation.
D) flexibility training.

Question 6

When older individuals experience the condition known as ____________________, they are likely to show pattern baldness.

A) androgenetic alopecia
B) geriatric melanitis
C) premature photogenia
D) progressive ontogenia

Question 7

The nephron is the cell responsible for the efficiency of which organ in the body?

A) Pancreas
B) Kidney
C) Lung
D) Liver

Question 8

The text recommends that the best advice for an older adult trying to maintain his or her digestive functioning is to:

A) take laxatives and other digestive aids on a regular basis.
B) add higher levels of saturated fats to their diets.
C) eat a diet that includes a relative balance among nutrients.
D) add more salt to the diet to increase salivary flow.

Question 9

Maintaining healthy cardiovascular functioning throughout your life means that you try to maximize which component in the blood?

A) low-density lipoprotein
B) hypothalamic-releasing factors
C) high-density lipoprotein
D) glomerular filtrates

Question 10

Barb E. Dahl is a 72-year-old woman who is pleased that for the first time in her life she has finally been able to shed excess pounds without having to diet. In reality, however, Barb's weight loss is probably not so good because it is due to:

A) loss of muscle mass
B) relative increase in cartilage
C) decrease in collagen
D) reductions in glucose

Question 11

According to your text, the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS, 2010) recently emphasized ________ as a major health risk.

A) Sarcopenic obesity
B) Too little sleep
C) Prolonged sitting
D) Stress in the workplace

Question 12

A man is worried about the possibility that his 83-year-old wife might fall and break her one of the bones in her ___________, which is one of the most susceptible in the body to loss of mineral content:

A) upper thigh
B) lower spine
C) upper arm
D) middle finger

Question 13

Normal changes in the cardiovascular system with age in adulthood are reflected in a lowering of which measure?

A) Aerobic capacity
B) Low density lipoproteins
C) Left ventricular thickness
D) Blood pressure

Question 14

According to your text one of the best ways to overcome changes in the lung tissue itself is by:

A) Regular aerobic exercise
B) Maintaining a low BMI
C) Resistance training
D) Rest and relaxation

Question 15

Sarcopenia is associated with age-related changes in the___________:

A) bones.
B) lungs.
C) muscles.
D) kidneys.

Question 16

The normal enlargement of the ___________ gland in men may cause difficulties with urination and pain.

A) nephron
B) pituitary
C) prostate
D) thyroid

Question 17

A BMI in the range of 25-29.9 places the individual in the category of:

A) normal.
B) overweight.
C) obese.
D) extreme obesity.

Question 18

Changes with age in the dermis layer of the skin are associated with age-related alterations in which protein, also found in connective tissue throughout the body?

A) melanin
B) collagen
C) insulin
D) elastin

Question 19

In the condition known as ______________, the individual has difficulty controlling urination and feels the need to urinate more frequently than normal.

A) urge incontinence
B) overactive bladder
C) stress incontinence
D) nephron dysfunction

Question 20

Sunscreen protects you from which harmful rays?

A) gamma
B) magnetic
C) ultraviolet
D) delta

Question 21

The main reason that older adults are more likely to die during extreme periods of cold weather is that:

A) they cannot maintain their core body temperature.
B) their sweat glands function less effectively.
C) they lack the ability to sense the outside temperature.
D) their skin is more sensitive to temperature extremes.

Question 22

Middle-aged and older adults wear bifocals to correct for which age-related change in the eyes?

A) presbycusis
B) cataracts
C) anosmia
D) presbyopia

Question 23

Central vision is affected but peripheral vision is maintained in which cause of blindness in later life?

A) Age-related presbycusis
B) Glaucoma
C) Age-related macular degeneration
D) Cataract

Question 24

The concept of plasticity in the nervous system refers to the fact that:

A) aging involves continued loss of synapses without replacement.
B) mental and physical exercise can offset age-related changes.
C) older adults experience more changes in the right than left hemisphere.
D) exposure to harsh toxins accelerates age-related losses.

Question 25

Changes in the male sex hormone testosterone are referred to as:

A) testosteropause.
B) andropause.
C) adrenopause.
D) perimenopause.

Question 26

Women experiencing the menopause may encounter which of the following physiological symptoms?

A) Thicker bone density
B) Lowered LDL levels
C) Increases in testosterone
D) High blood pressure

Question 27

Increases in cortisol with age are thought to have negative effects on which of the body's organs?

A) prostate
B) hippocampus
C) thymus
D) pineal gland 24.

Question 28

Research shows that the minority of older adults fall into which category of circadian rhythms?

A) Definitely evening.
B) Mostly morning.
C) Somewhat mid-afternoon.
D) Definitely morning.

Question 29

A number of studies relate age-related changes in the ____________ and decreases in planning and ability to encode information in long-term memory.

A) brain stem
B) hypothalamus
C) occipital lobe
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 30

In the condition known as sleep apnea, the older adult experiences which symptoms during the night?

A) Constant leg movements.
B) Frequent need to urinate.
C) Restricted airflow in the throat.
D) Disturbing nightmares.

Question 31

Melatonin supplements, occasionally used by older adults to offset changes with age, may have unwanted effects such as:

A) indigestion.
B) slower metabolic rate.
C) lowered blood pressure.
D) drowsiness.

Question 32

Which of the following brain imaging techniques is invasive that is, directly permeates the brain?

A) MRI
B) EEG
C) PET
D) CAT

Question 33

The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is controlled by which set of hormones in the endocrine system?

A) melatonin
B) androgen
C) thyroid
D) growth factor

Question 34

Which of the following is a documented risk factor for developing cataracts?

A) Listening to loud music.
B) Cigarette smoking.
C) Looking at bright colored pictures.
D) Reading small print in the dark.

Question 35

The adrenopause observed in older adults reflects age-related changes in which hormone?

A) DHEA
B) cortisol
C) IGF-1
D) insulin

Question 36

Brain scans show that older adults have more of these abnormalities in the brain consisting of clumps of dying neurons known as:

A) myelin sheath extensions (MSE)
B) white matter hyperintensities (WMH)
C) nerve ending fractures (NEF)
D) anterograde degenerative structures (ADS)

Question 37

Normal age-related changes in the lens of the eye results in which condition that afflicts all older adults?

A) presbyopia
B) glaucoma
C) tinnitus
D) dysthermia

Question 38

Age-related changes in the hippocampus are associated with loss of functioning in the area of:

A) balance.
B) sleep.
C) memory.
D) vision.

Question 39

The somatopause of aging involves changes in which hormones?

A) Hypothalamus-releasing factors
B) Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor
C) Cortisol-releasing factors
D) Basal metabolic hormone

Question 40

Researchers who study the aging of the central nervous system contrast the view that growth is always possible with the model stating that aging causes inevitable degeneration, known as the:

A) neuronal fallout model.
B) glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis.
C) mechanical slowing proposal.
D) prosthetic decline theory.

Question 41

Research on the olfactory sensation in older adults suggests strongly that one of the most important causes is:

A) loss of chemical receptors.
B) exposure to environmental toxins.
C) genetic predisposition.
D) increases in mucus membranes in the nose.

Question 42

One way you can communicate more effectively with older adults who suffer from hearing loss is to:

A) speak as loud as possible.
B) talk to them as you would to children.
C) use as little body language as possible.
D) reduce interference from outside noise.

Question 43

Indicate next to each change what steps individuals can take to prevent or offset these changes.

Question 44

Research has shown that the regular practice of _________ can help reduce an older person's risk of falling.

A) hypnosis
B) acupuncture
C) Tai Chi.
D) meditation.

Question 45

Experts worry that future generations of older adults will experience more age-related hearing loss due to which preventable behavior?

A) failure to engage in aerobic exercise.
B) overuse of earphones in portable listening devices.
C) workplace exposure to industrial noise.
D) thinning of the atmosphere's ozone layer.

Question 46

A build-up of pressure within the eyeball is involved in which form of blindness that affects older adults?

A) cataract
B) presbycusis
C) foveal degeneration
D) glaucoma

Question 47

Describe the major changes in the cardiovascular system.

Question 48

What are three effects of aerobic exercise on cardiovascular functioning? How do these effects differ by sex?

Question 49

Indicate for changes in bone what variations exist by sex and race.

Question 50

According to a large study conducted in the U.K., older adults who suffer from chronic back pain also have a higher rate of:

A) cataract formation.
B) dizziness and vertigo.
C) cognitive symptoms.
D) olfactory impairment.

Question 51

Summarize the effects of aging on the lungs.

Question 52

Older adults with a history of ___________ are more likely than others to experience loss of smell and taste sensitivity.

A) extreme exercise
B) sleep disorders
C) glucose intolerance
D) cigarette smoking

Question 53

What are the two most important changes in the urinary system?

Question 54

Gerontologists recommend that older adults at risk of falling receive which type of intervention?

A) reduce the fear of falling
B) restrict them to one-floor dwellings
C) eliminate exercise from their daily routines
D) lower their sense of self-efficacy

Question 55

Presbycusis seems to have the greatest effect on hearing sounds that are:

A) low in pitch.
B) low in frequency.
C) high in decibels.
D) high in pitch.

Question 56

Explain the major changes in height and weight in adulthood.

Question 57

What are the lifestyle and social factors that can contribute to changes in digestion in older adults?

Question 58

Summarize the major changes in the skin and hair.

Question 59

Describe the major changes that occur with age in the muscles, bones, and joints.

Question 60

Which parts of the body seem to undergo the greatest losses in touch sensitivity?

A) Lower back and thighs.
B) Lips and tongue.
C) Shoulders and arms.
D) Hands and feet.

Question 61

Describe eight strategies that are recommended for improving communication with an older person who has
hearing loss.

Question 62

What are the different brain imaging techniques? What does each contribute to our understanding of brain functioning?

Question 63

Name the four conditions that can interfere with sleep in older adults.

Question 64

Describe how changes in the somatosensory system can contribute to changes in balance to increase the older
adult's risk of falling.

Question 65

List three ways that older adults can compensate for changes in balance to reduce the likelihood of a fall.

Question 66

Contrast dizziness and vertigo.

Question 67

What are the two major forms of immunity? Name the cells involved in each form of immunity.

Question 68

Describe strategies that older adults can use to compensate for changes in smell and taste sensitivity.

Question 69

Critique the research methods that were used to obtain the majority of findings presented in the chapter.
What improvements would you suggest in the research procedures used to determine the effects of aging on
various bodily systems?

Question 70

How does the description of age-related changes in physical and sensory functioning relate to the theories
presented in Chapter 2?

Question 71

List five possible causes of reduced smell sensitivity in older adults.

Question 72

Compare the forms of hormone replacement therapy in terms of their demonstrated effectiveness and side
effects.

Question 73

What are three forms of blindness that become more common in later adulthood? What is the cause of each?

Question 74

What are the four major changes in sleep patterns and circadian rhythms in adulthood?

Question 75

Summarize the effects of aging on the seven major hormones in the endocrine system.

Question 76

Contrast the neuronal fallout and plasticity models of the aging nervous system.

Question 77

Describe an ideal exercise program that you would develop for older adults. Indicate which aspects of the
program you would emphasize and how these would help to compensate for age-related losses in a variety of
bodily functions.

Question 78

List three hearing problems that are more prevalent among older adults.

Question 79

Summarize age-related changes in the three major components of the somatosensory system.

Question 80

Describe four ways in which chronic medical conditions can interfere with body temperature control in later
adulthood.