Deck 20: Population

Question 1

A key adjective associated with chronic diseases or chronic health conditions is __________.

A) acute
B) mild
C) persistent
D) recurring

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What happens mid-transition during the first demographic transition?

A) both mortality and fertility decline
B) both mortality and fertility grow
C) mortality first declines followed by a decline in fertility
D) fertility first declines followed by a decline in mortality

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Where is Sudan positioned in terms of its first demographic transition?

A) Sudan has yet to enter its first demographic transition.
B) at the beginning
C) in the middle
D) at the end

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The effects of infectious disease are most likely to shape the epidemiological condition of __________.

A) Japan only
B) the United States only
C) Sudan
D) Japan and the United States

Question 5

Given that Japan's fertility has been between 1.2 and 1.4 for several decades, there is a distinct possibility that in the future Japan will experience a __________.

A) sharp drop in infant mortality
B) slow and steady increase in population
C) slow and steady decline in population
D) very rapid decline in population

Question 6

Immunization is a method of __________.

A) combating infectious disease
B) treating chronic disease
C) curbing the spread of chronic disease
D) isolating chronic conditions from infectious conditions

Question 7

Which of the following diseases, because it is infectious, is more likely than the others to be associated with the initial phase of the epidemiological transition?

A) arthritis
B) cancer
C) diabetes
D) flu

Question 8

How do fertility and mortality change during the first demographic transition?

A) They transition from low fertility and high mortality to high fertility and low mortality.
B) They transition from high fertility and low mortality to low fertility and high mortality.
C) They transition from low fertility and low mortality to high fertility and high mortality.
D) They transition from high fertility and high mortality to low fertility and low mortality.

Question 9

The latter phase of the epidemiological transition is associated with __________ diseases.

A) childhood
B) chronic
C) infectious
D) sexually transmitted

Question 10

__________ refers to the tendency of a population that has been changing in size to continue to change in size even if factors such as fertility and mortality have shifted to levels that would, in the long run, imply no change in population size.

A) Population expectancy
B) Population momentum
C) Population parity
D) The push-pull theory of population dynamics

Question 11

The effects of chronic disease are most likely to shape the epidemiological condition of __________.

A) Japan only
B) the United States only
C) Sudan
D) Japan and the United States

Question 12

Epidemiology is the study of __________ events in populations, their characteristics, their causes, and their consequences.

A) age-related
B) death-related
C) health-related
D) marriage-related

Question 13

Should fertility remain at very low subreplacement levels, countries like Japan face which of the following prospects at some point in the future?

A) rapid population aging
B) rapid population decline
C) rapid population aging and rapid population decline
D) rapid population aging and steady population decline

Question 14

What does the structure of Sudan's age pyramid tell us?

A) that the numbers of those who are very young and those who are much older are roughly the same
B) that the numbers of those who are in their 30s and 40s and those who are in their 60s and 70s are roughly the same
C) that nearly all children survive to adolescence
D) that infant mortality is quite high

Question 15

Countries whose fertility is at or below replacement can continue to gain population because of __________.

A) immigration and rising life expectancy
B) immigration and population momentum
C) population momentum and dependency ratio
D) population momentum and rising life expectancy

Question 16

What is the key to why the 7 billion humans alive in 2012 will almost certainly not grow to 14 billion humans in the foreseeable future?

A) pretransition reversal
B) mid-transition stagnation
C) mortality decline
D) fertility decline

Question 17

Of the following countries, which is exhibiting population momentum?

A) Japan and the Sudan
B) Japan and the United States
C) Japan, the United States, and Sudan
D) the United States and Sudan

Question 18

At the peak of the baby boom, how many children, on average, did U.S. women have?

A) 6.7 children
B) 5.7 children
C) 4.7 children
D) 3.7 children

Question 19

How old were the oldest baby boomers in 2010?

A) 50 to 54
B) 60 to 64
C) 70 to 74
D) 80 to 84

Question 20

Women, on average, have to produce __________ offspring to achieve replacement fertility, according to demographers.

A) 0
B) 1.5
C) 2.1
D) 3.5

Question 21

Anna is a 25-year-old woman living in the United States. She recently got married and her family keeps asking when she and her husband plan to start a family. Anna explains that she plans to wait until she finishes graduate school and is more established in a career. Anna's thought process is associated with which of the following?

A) changing values and norms about fertility
B) the first demographic transition
C) stylized facts
D) the threat of infectious disease

Question 22

Which of the following scenarios most accurately reflects how the epidemiological transition impacts the health conditions of people in poor and rich countries?

A) Bob, an 89-year-old man in the United States, suffers from high blood pressure; Ammani, a 10-year-old boy in Ethiopia, has malaria.
B) Misako, a 14-year-old girl in Japan, frequently suffers from bacterial infections; Jean-Pierre, a 79-year-old man in Haiti, suffers from heart disease.
C) Paula, a 5-year-old girl in Great Britain, has contracted measles; Juanita, a 67-year-old woman in Bolivia, has diabetes.
D) Mae Li, a 15-year-old girl in China, died from the flu; Sahim, a 70-year-old man in Afghanistan, suffered a stroke.

Question 23

What factor plays a key role in determining why the population of Japan will most likely age more quickly than the U.S. population?

A) Japan's fertility rate has maintained its below-replacement rate for many decades.
B) Japan's medical advances surpass those of the United States.
C) The U.S. mortality rate is considerably higher than Japan's.
D) The lack of respect for the elderly in the United States hinders the quality of care they receive.

Question 24

The study of a group's population dynamics would emphasize patterns in which three factors?

A) fertility, mortality, and migration
B) population momentum, demography, and sex ratio
C) death rates, infant mortality rates, and chronic disease rates
D) demographic transition, fertility, and immigration

Question 25

Why do chronic diseases in the elderly place a special burden on society?

A) Chronic disease is expensive to treat and provide care for.
B) Chronic disease is more prevalent in all societies than infectious disease.
C) Chronic disease results in programs like Social Security becoming cheaper for everyone but the elderly.
D) Chronic disease is an indicator of a country approaching the first demographic transition.

Question 26

Changing norms and values about fertility occur at what stage of demographic transition?

A) before the first stage
B) during the first stage
C) during the second stage
D) during the intermediate stage

Question 27

Starting in the 1960s, what social advancement has had significant impacts on fertility in the United States?

A) the availability of birth control
B) the development of pasteurization
C) the installation of a national sewer system
D) government control of drinking water

Question 28

A(n) __________ is a legal document that defines the conditions under which a person prefers to die.

A) advance directive
B) living will
C) power of attorney
D) order for life-sustaining treatment

Question 29

Which of the following would a government trying to decrease fertility rates in its country most likely do?

A) provide more educational opportunities for women
B) eliminate expensive policies like Social Security
C) reduce access to healthcare for unmarried individuals
D) restrict access to contraceptives

Question 30

Before the Industrial Revolution society was largely __________.

A) agrarian
B) institutionalized
C) mechanized
D) polarized

Question 31

How does the World Health Organization define health?

A) as the absence of disease
B) as the absence of disease or infirmity
C) as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
D) as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 32

The theory that declines in infant mortality result in fertility decline is only useful for explaining trends in what type of countries?

A) those undergoing demographic transition
B) those posttransition
C) wealthy
D) Western

Question 33

Using your sociological knowledge of how people adapt to a changing environment and your knowledge of demographics, why would fertility rates eventually decline in response to lower mortality rates?

A) Developed countries are the first to experience lower mortality rates, and these are the countries most concerned about population growth.
B) An explosion in population growth scares the average person and so they have fewer children.
C) As fewer people die young, couples have smaller families because more of their children will live to be adults.
D) Population growth leads many governments to enact extreme measures to limit fertility rates.

Question 34

According to current statistics, how many Americans over 18 report having a chronic disease?

A) almost one in six
B) almost one in four
C) almost one in three
D) almost one in two

Question 35

Given the epidemiological transition, who in the human population are most vulnerable to infectious diseases?

A) infants and young children, in poor and developing countries
B) infants and young children, in rich and developed countries
C) elders in rich and developed countries
D) middle-aged adults in rich and developing countries

Question 36

Lilly works for the U.S. Census Bureau. Recently her agency was told it needed to make a presentation to a panel of experts to explain why it should retain its funding. In her presentation, which of the following reasons is Lilly most likely to cite as one that justifies a large budget for a national census?

A) Population analysis is essential for anticipating the future needs of the country.
B) Population analysis can tell us a lot about how the national budget is spent.
C) Population analysis is primarily used for understanding problems with the healthcare system.
D) Population analysis is essential for predicting the results of future political elections.

Question 37

Which of the following statements about Medicare is true?

A) Medicare does not cover the entire cost of an eligible recipient's medical bills.
B) Citizens 55 and older are Medicare eligible.
C) Medicare includes dental coverage.
D) Medicare has always included prescription drug benefits.

Question 38

A census conducts a(n) __________ of the population.

A) count
B) experiment
C) budget assessment
D) epidemiological transition

Question 39

Why might healthy life expectancy be important to know for social planners building retirement communities?

A) This metric tells them how long the elderly population can live free from limitations in activity.
B) This metric tells them how vulnerable the elderly population is to infectious disease.
C) This metric directly relates to the epidemiological transition.
D) This metric helps estimate total life expectancy.

Question 40

What factors are most relevant in comparing Sudan's age pyramid to that of the United States?

A) Despite high fertility rates, Sudan's poverty leads to a higher mortality rate for infants and children.
B) Sudan is at replacement fertility. On average, a child is born for every person who dies.
C) Sudan is poor, but its population is educated. More Sudanese are practicing birth control to maintain healthy population numbers.
D) Sudan is fast approaching lower mortality and fertility rates. It will soon mirror the United States in its age pyramid.

Question 41

Amelia and Ken were both born in the 1990s. Jennifer and Calvin were both born in the 1960s. Which of the following is true about these two pairs of people?

A) They belong to different birth cohorts.
B) They are all baby boomers.
C) They are all members of the same family.
D) They all have the same life expectancy.

Question 42

An age pyramid highlights which of the following social variables?

A) gender and age
B) race and age
C) age and socioeconomic status
D) gender and race

Question 43

Imagine you are a sociologist interested in tracking the number of people who come and go from a certain geographic area during a set period of time. Which of the following variables would you be most interested in studying?

A) migration
B) chronic illness
C) mortality
D) fertility

Question 44

For many years Mary has been living with cancer. She and her family are preparing for her end-of-life care. Which of the following is most likely to be true about Mary?

A) She has about a 40 percent chance of dying in hospice.
B) Like most Americans, she has an advance directive.
C) At the end of her life she will probably not receive palliative care.
D) Her family will probably have to pay for her end-of-life care out of pocket.

Question 45

Elena struggles to manage her diabetes. Some days she feels great while others are not good. What would someone who studies trends in the population refer to Elena's not so good days as?

A) physically unhealthy days
B) emotionally unhealthy days
C) palliative care days
D) stylized facts

Question 46

Explain the difference between chronic and infectious disease. Why is this an important distinction for epidemiologists to make in their research?

Question 47

As part of their preparation to get married Anne and Daniel discussed with a lawyer how they want to be treated at the end of their lives. Legal documents like these are __________.

A) called advance directives
B) legally required for all newly married couples
C) commonly held by Americans
D) required for insurance coverage of end-of-life care

Question 48

In developed nations life expectancy generally __________.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) stays the same
D) is the same for men and women

Question 49

John is interested in studying the changing values and norms around fertility. Which of the following countries most likely is the best location for John to focus his research?

A) the United States
B) Sudan
C) Mexico
D) Saudi Arabia

Question 50

Explain which factors influence fertility and how.

Question 51

Summarize the reasons population research is useful for society and some of the kinds of population trends demographers study.

Question 52

Outline the differences between the first and second demographic transitions.

Question 53

In 2014 Harold turned 65. For his birthday, his wife took him on a two-week vacation to Europe. Which of the following is most true about Harold?

A) He is a member of the baby boom generation.
B) He is highly susceptible to infectious disease.
C) He is probably not able to retire.
D) He is most likely receiving hospice care.