Deck 14: Understanding Invidividual Behavior

Question 1

 Job satisfaction can be defined as general assurance in one's own ideas, judgment, and capabilities.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

 Teresa is highly imaginative and an artistically sensitive individual who displays a high degree of creativity. According to the Big Five personality factors, these qualities describe her openness to experience.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

 Various polls in recent years have found that a majority of people trust what senior management is telling them.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

 Leif believes that he got an A on his midterm because his teacher likes him and gave him extra points for no reason. This is an example of an internal attribution.

Question 5

 Attribution is the cognitive process people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from the environment.

Question 6

 Most differences in perception among people at work are related to how they observe sensory data.

Question 7

 Jorge thinks that he got a C on his midterm because he is not very smart. This is an example of an internal attribution.

Question 8

 The degree to which a person is able to get along with others by being good-natured, likable, cooperative, forgiving, understanding, and trusting is agreeableness.

Question 9

 A change in behavior or performance that occurs as the result of experience refers to perception.

Question 10

 A halo blinds the perceiver to other characteristics that should be used in generating a more complete assessment.

Question 11

 Self-efficacy is an individual's strong belief that he or she can accomplish a specific task or outcome successfully.

Question 12

 From the attributions viewpoint, if you call a person careless and lazy, you are making an internal attribution about them.

Question 13

 Organizational commitment refers to an employee's loyalty to and engagement with the organization.

Question 14

 Organizations can't afford to lose talented, highly skilled employees, so they often rely on job satisfaction to keep motivation and enthusiasm high.

Question 15

 An internal attribution says that something about the situation caused the person's behavior.

Question 16

 Organizing the selected data into patterns for interpretation and response is the last step in the perception process.

Question 17

 Two important approaches to enhancing self-awareness are soliciting feedback from others and using self-assessments.

Question 18

 The degree to which a person is outgoing, sociable, assertive, and comfortable with interpersonal relationships is called extroversion.

Question 19

 The self-serving bias means that people give themselves too much credit when they do well and give external forces too much blame when they fail.

Question 20

 The self-serving bias is the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors on another person's behavior and to overestimate the influence of internal factors.

Question 21

 The degree to which a person is focused on a few goals, thus behaving in ways that are responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement oriented is openness to experience.

Question 22

 People with an internal locus of control are easier to motivate because they believe that rewards are the result of their behavior.

Question 23

 A likely occupation for an individual who has a sensation-thinking problem-solving style would be an engineer.

Question 24

 The last step in getting organized is to empty your head.

Question 25

 Social awareness is the ability to connect to others, build positive relationships, respond to the emotions of others, and influence others.

Question 26

 The three basic principles for self-management are clarity of mind, clarity of objectives, and an organized system.

Question 27

 Locus of control refers to an individual's belief that he or she can successfully accomplish a specific task or outcome.

Question 28

 The three options in getting things done are doing it, delegating it, or deferring it.

Question 29

 An emotion can be thought of as a mental state that arises spontaneously within a person based on interaction with the environment rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanied by physiological changes or sensations.

Question 30

 Machiavellianism refers to a tendency to direct one's behavior toward the acquisition of power and the manipulation of other people for personal gain.

Question 31

 The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator assessment measures a person's preference for introversion versus extroversion, sensation versus intuition, thinking versus feeling, and judging versus perceiving.

Question 32

 According to research, seven in ten top executives test out to be introverts.

Question 33

 The ability to connect to others, build positive relationships, respond to the emotions of others, and influence others is referred to as relationship management.

Question 34

 People have a high external locus of control when they feel in control of their own fate.

Question 35

 Self-management is not a component of emotional intelligence.

Question 36

 Two benefits of an extroverted personality include having a greater ability to listen and take suggestions and being more creative.

Question 37

 Low Machs are particularly good in jobs that require bargaining skills or that involve substantial rewards for winning.

Question 38

 Senior managers are always more effective when they are introverts.

Question 39

 Research suggests that nearly all human beings are subject to emotional contagion and will automatically and unconsciously start feeling and displaying the same emotions as those around them.

Question 40

 People with an external locus of control are harder to motivate but easier to manage.

Question 41

 Which of the following is a way to enhance self-awareness?

A) Recognize perceptual distortions
B) Use the fundamental attribution error
C) Use an intuitive-feeling problem-solving style
D) Reduce challenge stress
E) Solicit feedback from others

Question 42

 Stress is always negative.

Question 43

 The buffering hypothesis says that a perceived high degree of social support from family and friends protects one from the potentially adverse effects of stressful events.

Question 44

 Role ambiguity refers to uncertainty about what behaviors are expected of a person in a particular role.

Question 45

 General assurance in one's own ideas, judgment, and capabilities is referred to as:

A) locus of control.
B) self-confidence.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-awareness.
E) cognitive dissonance.

Question 46

 The most recent Gallup workforce survey found that 68.5 percent of employees in the United States were disengaged in 2014, with the highest level of disengagement among __________ employees.

A) female
B) older
C) male
D) younger
E) minority

Question 47

 Self-efficacy is a dimension of:

A) self-confidence.
B) self-awareness.
C) self-enlightenment.
D) emotional intelligence.
E) the Myers-Briggs Indicator assessment.

Question 48

 Which of the following describes the last step in the perception process?

A) Observing information
B) Screening the information
C) Selecting what to process
D) Organizing the selected data into meaningful patterns
E) Transmitting the observed information

Question 49

 Many people have __________-attributes about themselves that they are not aware of or don't recognize as problems-which limit their effectiveness and hinder their career success.

A) perceptual distortions
B) stereotypes
C) threat stressors
D) blind spots
E) role ambiguity

Question 50

 An individual's strong belief that he or she can accomplish a specific task or outcome successfully is referred to as:

A) locus of control.
B) self-confidence.
C) self-efficacy.
D) perceptual selectivity.
E) self-awareness.

Question 51

 The two categories where job satisfaction has declined the most over the past 30 years are __________ and __________.

A) job security; health care benefits
B) job security; pay
C) health care benefits; pay
D) pay; work-life balance
E) career development opportunities; work-life balance

Question 52

 People who lived balanced lives typically accomplish less than those who push themselves.

Question 53

 A recent survey by the Conference Board found that less than _____ percent of U.S. employers say they are satisfied at work.

A) 95
B) 75
C) 50
D) 10
E) 85

Question 54

 Caia believes that all managers are concerned only about profits-they don't care about their employees, as long as those employees make money for the company. Caia's perception is a(n) __________. She has made a generalization about a group of people and assigned that generalization to everyone in the group.

A) stereotype
B) halo effect
C) attribution
D) fundamental attribution error
E) self-serving bias

Question 55

 All of the following are tactics for promoting stronger organizational commitment except:

A) maintaining a secretive culture.
B) being open and honest in business dealings.
C) giving employees a say in decisions.
D) treating employees fairly.
E) offering employees rewards that they value.

Question 56

 Extreme competitiveness, impatience, aggressiveness, and devotion to work are included in Type B behavior pattern.

Question 57

 Challenge stress bums you out, whereas threat stress fires you up.

Question 58

 People generally experience __________ when their work matches their needs and interests, when working conditions and rewards (such as pay) are satisfactory, when they like their coworkers, and when they have positive relationships with supervisors.

A) job involvement
B) extroversion
C) cognitive dissonance
D) Machiavellianism
E) job satisfaction

Question 59

 __________ refers to an employee's loyalty to and engagement with the organization.

A) Organizational citizenship
B) Job satisfaction
C) Dissonance
D) Organizational commitment
E) Job involvement

Question 60

 __________ reflects the degree to which a person finds fulfillment in his or her job.

A) Occupation engagement
B) Career fulfillment
C) Job satisfaction
D) Organizational happiness
E) Organizational commitment

Question 61

 Josh evaluates Kandi's performance and gives her an "outstanding" based on his knowledge that she came to work every day earlier than anyone else, even though she misses many work deadlines. Josh is making which error in perceptual judgment?

A) Perceptual defense
B) The self-serving bias
C) Stereotyping
D) The halo effect
E) None of these

Question 62

 Stereotyping and the halo effect are two examples of:

A) fundamental attribution errors.
B) personality traits.
C) Type A behavior.
D) perceptual distortions.
E) negative emotions.

Question 63

 __________ refers to the set of characteristics that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behavior in response to ideas, objects, or people in the environment.

A) Dissonance
B) Personality
C) The halo effect
D) Attitude
E) Perception

Question 64

 __________ occurs when the perceiver develops an overall impression of a person or situation based on one characteristic, either favorable or unfavorable.

A) The self-serving bias
B) The halo effect
C) Perceptual defense
D) Stereotyping
E) The fundamental attribution error

Question 65

 Which of the following is the tendency to assign an individual to a group or broad category and then to attribute widely held generalizations about the group to the individual?

A) Stereotyping
B) Projection
C) The self-serving bias
D) The halo effect
E) Perceptual defense

Question 66

 When asked about the most important capability for leaders to develop, 75 members of the Stanford Graduate School of Business's Advisory Council revealed a nearly unanimous answer of:

A) emotional intelligence.
B) self-awareness.
C) patience.
D) self-efficacy.
E) self-confidence.

Question 67

 The cognitive process people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from the environment is called:

A) selective retention.
B) dissonance.
C) emotional contagion.
D) perception.
E) personality.

Question 68

 Which of the following is the second step in the perception process?

A) Observe information via the senses
B) Organize the selected data into patterns for interpretation and response
C) Screen the information and select what to process
D) Identify mistakes in information
E) Assign meaning to the data we perceive

Question 69

 Traits of __________ seem to be particularly important in today's collaborative organizations.

A) likability
B) agreeableness
C) friendliness
D) openness
E) sociability

Question 70

 Which of the following refers to the degree to which a person is focused on a few goals, thus behaving in ways that are responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement oriented?

A) Agreeableness
B) Conscientiousness
C) Emotional stability
D) Openness to experience
E) Extroversion

Question 71

 Canyon River, Inc. is looking for an individual who has a broad range of interests and is imaginative, creative, artistically sensitive, and willing to consider new ideas. Which of the Big Five personality factors is Canyon River emphasizing in its search?

A) Agreeableness
B) Conscientiousness
C) Emotional stability
D) Openness to experience
E) Extroversion

Question 72

 In what stage of the perception process are individuals likely to put data into patterns?

A) Selecting
B) Projecting
C) Organizing
D) Sensing
E) Reasoning

Question 73

 __________ is the tendency to overestimate the contribution of internal factors to one's successes and the contribution of external factors to one's failures.

A) The self-serving bias
B) Openness to experience
C) The fundamental attribution error
D) Emotional contagion
E) Machiavellianism

Question 74

 Lucienna was just promoted to be the CEO of a large, international, shipping plant. Although her coworkers believe the decision to promote her was based on Lucienna's outgoing personality, in reality the decision to promote her was heavily influenced on current business conditions dictating a need for someone with a strong marketing background, which Lucienna has. Based on this information, Lucienna's coworkers are making the __________ in regards to Lucienna's promotion.

A) projection bias
B) perceptual defense error
C) fundamental attribution error
D) halo effect
E) self-serving bias

Question 75

 __________ is the tendency to overestimate the contribution of internal factors to one's successes and the contribution of external factors to one's failures.

A) The fundamental attribution error
B) The self-serving bias
C) The halo effect
D) Machiavellianism
E) Selective perception

Question 76

 Frank regretfully missed an important deadline at work. His boss, George, thinks to himself, "Frank missed that deadline because he is lazy; I really need to crack down on him more." This is an example of what kind of attribution?

A) External 
B) Internal 
C) Horizontal 
D) Vertical 
E) Skewed 

Question 77

 Jay is a trusting and forgiving individual who gets along with others because of being good-natured and cooperative. This describes which of the Big Five personality factors?

A) Agreeableness
B) Conscientiousness
C) Emotional stability
D) Openness to experience
E) Extroversion

Question 78

 If Ben is tense, depressed, moody, and insecure, he would tend to be rated as low on which of the Big Five personality factors?

A) Agreeableness
B) Conscientiousness
C) Emotional stability
D) Openness to experience
E) Extroversion

Question 79

 Bernice is an outgoing, assertive, and sociable individual who is very comfortable with interpersonal relationships. Which of the following is applicable to Bernice?

A) Machiavellianism
B) Conscientiousness
C) Agreeableness
D) Emotional stability
E) Extroversion

Question 80

 The Big Five personality factors include all of the following except:

A) extroversion.
B) conscientiousness.
C) emotional stability.
D) locus of control.
E) agreeableness.