Deck 13: Measurement

Question 1

The most sophisticated form of data analysis for a nominal scale is the average of the scores.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

An attribute is a single characteristic or fundamental feature of an object, person, situation, or issue.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

An index measure assigns a value based on how characteristic an observation is of the thing being measured.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A ratio scale is the simplest type of measurement scale.

Question 5

Mathematical operations cannot be performed with numbers from nominal scales.

Question 6

Interval scales are considered continuous when five or more categories are used.

Question 7

A construct is a term used for concepts that are measured with single variables.

Question 8

The Fahrenheit temperature scale is an example of a ratio scale.

Question 9

Money is an example of something that can be measured using a ratio scale.

Question 10

In measurement, whenever a number is used to assign a value to an observation, the researcher must assign this number according to some predetermined rule.

Question 11

How we define a construct will affect the way we measure it.

Question 12

Discrete measures are those that take on only one of a finite number of values.

Question 13

Interval scales represent the absolute meaning of the numbers on the scale.

Question 14

A measurement scale in which respondents are asked to rank items based on their preferences is called a nominal scale.

Question 15

Correspondence analysis is the process of identifying scale devices that correspond to properties of a concept involved in a research process.

Question 16

All measurement, particularly in the social sciences, contains error.

Question 17

Continuous measures are those assigning values anywhere along some scale range in a place that corresponds to the intensity of some concept.

Question 18

Measurement is the process of describing some property of a phenomenon, usually by assigning numbers, in a reliable and valid way.

Question 19

In ratio scales, the location of the zero point is arbitrary.

Question 20

Scales measure concepts.

Question 21

Sometimes respondents' answers need to be assigned opposite values through a process called cross-validation.

Question 22

Age, gender, brand loyalty, and corporate culture are all examples of _____.

A) concepts
B) scales
C) ratios
D) codes

Question 23

A measuring instrument is valid when the results can be repeated at subsequent measurements of the concept.

Question 24

Validity is the extent to which a score truthfully represents a concept.

Question 25

A scale can be created by simply adding together the responses to several items related to a topic.

Question 26

Content validity is the ability of a measure to correlate with other standard measures of similar constructs or established criteria.

Question 27

In an observation study, when "shopping time in a supermarket" is defined as: "Using a stopwatch, start the stopwatch the moment the customer enters the store and stop the stopwatch as soon as the customer is handed a receipt by the checkout clerk," this is best described as an example of a(n) _____.

A) nominal scale
B) equivalent-form scale
C) operational definition
D) test-retest method

Question 28

Discriminant validity is another way of expressing internal consistency.

Question 29

A researcher is observing fans at a soccer game and is putting a "1" if the fan is actively cheering and a "0" if they just seem to be merely watching the game without saying anything. He is also indicating which team the fan seems to be associated with as well as approximate age and gender. By recording information such as this with codes, the researcher is involved in _____.

A) conceptualization
B) operationalization
C) measurement
D) analysis

Question 30

A(n) _____ is a generalized idea that represents something of identifiable and distinct meaning.

A) scale
B) concept
C) operant
D) measure

Question 31

_____ is the process of describing some property of a phenomenon, usually by assigning numbers, in a reliable and valid way.

A) Research
B) Analysis
C) Validation
D) Measurement

Question 32

The three major criteria for evaluating measurements are reliability, validity, and replicability.

Question 33

Reliability is an indicator of a measure's internal consistency.

Question 34

Scales that assign a value to an object for identification or classification purposes are called _____ scales.

A) ordinal
B) nominal
C) interval
D) ratio

Question 35

Which of the following is a device providing a range of values that correspond to different characteristics or amounts of a characteristic exhibited in observing a concept?

A) operations
B) reliability
C) sensitivity
D) scale

Question 36

_____ is the process of identifying scale devices that correspond to properties of a concept involved in a research process.

A) Conceptualization
B) Conversion
C) Correspondence
D) Operationalization

Question 37

Researchers measure concepts through a process known as _____.

A) summation
B) operationalization
C) assessment
D) matching

Question 38

Which of the following refers to concepts measured with multiple variables?

A) operation
B) construct
C) concept
D) scale

Question 39

Internal consistency represents a measure's heterogeneity.

Question 40

Coefficient alpha is the most commonly applied estimate of a composite scale's reliability.

Question 41

Which type of measure assigns a value based on how much of the concept being measured is associated with an observation and is formed by putting several variables together systematically?

A) conglomerate measure
B) multiplicative measure
C) index measure
D) multidimensional measure

Question 42

Which of the following is a discrete measure?

A) nominal scales
B) sensitive scales
C) ratio scales
D) all of these choices

Question 43

Which of the following is a defining characteristic in determining between ratio and interval scales?

A) number of items
B) absolute zero
C) number of intervals
D) nominal values

Question 44

A scale that allows things to be arranged based on how much of some concept they possess is called a(n) _____ scale.

A) quantitative scale
B) nominal
C) ordinal
D) order

Question 45

Gas mileage is an example of a(n) _____ of an automobile.

A) attribute
B) concept
C) measure
D) component

Question 46

Measures that reflect the intensity of a concept by assigning values that can take on any value along some scale range are called _____.

A) discrete measures
B) continuous measures
C) absolute measures
D) valid measures

Question 47

Measures that can take on only one of a finite number of values are called _____.

A) discrete measures
B) neutral measures
C) limited measures
D) continuous measures

Question 48

A(n) _____ is a single characteristic or fundamental feature of an object, person, situation, or issue.

A) concept
B) variable
C) attribute
D) construct

Question 49

A company's stock price is best described as an example of a(n) ______ scale.

A) ordinal
B) interval
C) ratio
D) nominal

Question 50

The Fahrenheit temperature scale is best described as an example of a(n) ______ scale because it doesn't have an absolute zero point.

A) ratio
B) nominal
C) interval
D) ordinal

Question 51

Coding household income into "Above $100,000," "Between $50,000 and $100,000," and "Below $50,000" is an example of a(n) ______ scale.

A) interval
B) test-retest
C) criterion
D) nominal

Question 52

A scale which arranges brands in an ordered sequence in which there is an equal interval between each point on the scale is an example of a(n) ______ scale.

A) interval
B) ratio
C) nominal
D) ordinal

Question 53

When job candidates are asked to place job listings so that their first choice is 1, their second choice is 2, and so forth, this is best-described as an example of a(n) ______ scale.

A) ordinal
B) ratio
C) interval
D) nominal

Question 54

Which type of scale has all the properties of an interval scale with the additional attribute of representing absolute quantities, characterized by a meaningful absolute zero?

A) nominal scale
B) discrete scale
C) infinite scale
D) ratio scale

Question 55

Age is an example of a _____ measure.

A) nominal
B) biological
C) discrete
D) continuous

Question 56

Which type of scale is, at the most, a ranking scale?

A) ratio
B) interval
C) nominal
D) ordinal

Question 57

Carla is using education, income, and occupation to develop a measure of social class. What type of measure for social class is she developing?

A) index measure
B) valid measure
C) reliable measure
D) concurrent measure

Question 58

Which of the following is the most elementary level of measurement?

A) nominal scale
B) ordinal scale
C) ratio scale
D) interval scale

Question 59

All of the following can be measured using ratio scales EXCEPT _____.

A) gender
B) income
C) temperature
D) weight

Question 60

Which type of scale represents the highest form of measurement?

A) nominal scale
B) ordinal
C) ratio
D) interval

Question 61

The process involving identifying scales that correspond to properties of a concept is called _____.

Question 62

Which of the following means that the value assigned for a response is treated oppositely from the other items in a scale?

A) reverse coding
B) indexing
C) alpha coding
D) convergence

Question 63

Which type of measure assigns a value to an observation based on a mathematical derivation of multiple measures?

A) conglomerate measure
B) derivative measure
C) higher-order measure
D) composite measure

Question 64

When a two-point scale (e.g. agree/disagree) is expanded to include five categories (e.g. strongly disagree, disagree, undecided, agree, strongly agree), we say that the ________ of the scale has been increased.

A) sensitivity
B) reliability
C) predictive validity
D) criterion validity

Question 65

Scales provide _____ rules that indicate that a certain value on a scale corresponds to some true value of a concept.

Question 66

A researcher who administers the same scale to the same respondents at two separate times to test for stability is using which method of assessing the scale's reliability?

A) coefficient alpha
B) split-half method
C) test-retest method
D) before/after method

Question 67

The ability of a measuring instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure is the basic purpose of ______.

A) reliability
B) validity
C) sensitivity
D) indexing

Question 68

Which of the following represents the average of all possible split-half reliabilities for a construct?

A) R²
B) S
C) a
D) W

Question 69

A scale which arranges objects in order according to their relative magnitude to one another is called a(n) ______ scale.

Question 70

A generalized idea that represents something of meaning is called a(n) ______.

Question 71

When a researcher measures the reliability of an instrument by comparing the results of the odd-numbered questions with the results of the even-numbered questions, this is an example of _____ reliability.

A) test-retest
B) split-half
C) equivalent-forms
D) criterion

Question 72

When a group of experts agrees that a measuring instrument measures what it is intended to measure, we say that the instrument has ______ validity.

A) face
B) criterion
C) test-retest
D) equivalent-forms

Question 73

A scale in which letters (e.g. A,B,C) are assigned to objects to serve as identification labels for the objects is called a(n) _____ scale.

Question 74

All of the following are basic aspects of validity EXCEPT _____.

A) primary validity
B) face validity
C) construct validity
D) criterion validity

Question 75

A researcher is measuring consumers' attitudes toward product placement in movies using five attitude items. She created a scale by simply summing the response to each item making up the composite measure. This composite measure is called a(n) _____.

A) derived scale
B) additive scale
C) summated scale
D) primary scale

Question 76

The most commonly applied estimate of a composite scale's reliability is _____.

A) coefficient alpha
B) coefficient beta
C) criterion coefficient
D) an index coefficient

Question 77

_____ represents a measure's homogeneity or the extent to which each indicator of a concept converges on a common meaning.

A) Internal consistency
B) Validity
C) Internal validity
D) External consistency

Question 78

_____ is the accuracy of a measure or the extent to which a score truthfully represents a concept.

A) Reliability
B) Validity
C) Consistency
D) Authenticity

Question 79

Which of the following is an indicator of a measure's internal consistency?

A) reliability
B) validity
C) coefficient beta
D) sensitivity

Question 80

Which type of validity addresses the question, "Does my measure correlate with measures of similar concepts or known quantities?"

A) face validity
B) reliability validity
C) criterion validity
D) discriminant validity