Deck 29: Genitourinary Diseases

Question 1

What is the most common adrenal mass?

A) Cystic mass
B) Adenoma
C) Adrenal concretion
D) Phlebolith

Answer 1

Adenoma

Question 2

The most common cause of bladder calculi is __________.

A) urinary tract infection
B) bladder outlet obstruction from prostate hypertrophy
C) metabolic abnormalities
D) spinal cord injuries and transplant surgery

Answer 2

bladder outlet obstruction from prostate hypertrophy

Question 3

Nephrocalcinosis can be abruptly categorized into two categories medullary and __________.

A) cortical
B) parenchymal
C) calyceal
D) tubular

Answer 3

cortical

Question 4

The most common causes of medullary nephrocalcinosis are primary hyperparathyroidism and __________.

A) renal infarct
B) tubular acidosis
C) tubular alkalosis
D) renal transplant

Question 5

Which of the following describes the most common clinical presentation of nephroblastoma?

A) Female predominance
B) Hypertension with fever
C) Absence of the iris
D) Abdominal mass

Question 6

Which of the following is a retroperitoneal structure?

A) Ureter
B) Adrenal
C) Uterus
D) Bladder

Question 7

The two most common etiologies of cortical nephrocalcinosis are __________ and __________.

A) acute glomerulonephritis, acute cortical necrosis
B) chronic glomerulonephritis, acute cortical necrosis
C) renal tubular acidosis, acute cortical necrosis
D) chronic glomerulonephritis, renal tubular acidosis

Question 8

Bladder calculi are usually located __________.

A) above the level of the ischial spines
B) centrally within the pelvis
C) laterally within the pelvis
D) below the pubic symphysis

Question 9

Amorphous calcification adjacent to the left body margin of the T12 vertebra most likely represents calcification within a(n) __________.

A) ureter
B) adrenal gland
C) ovary
D) gallbladder

Question 10

The highest incidence of Wilms tumor occurs in the ________ -year-old age range.

A) 1-2
B) 3-4
C) 5-10
D) 11-13

Question 11

Which of the following structures demonstrates mobility between upright versus supine positioning on radiographic examination?

A) Kidney
B) Adrenal
C) Ureter
D) Prostate

Question 12

What is the percentage of stones in nephrolithiasis that are opaque enough to be seen on plain film radiographs?

A) 10%
B) 40%
C) 65%
D) 90%

Question 13

Which of the following masses is most common?

A) Adrenal calcification
B) Bladder stones
C) Uterine leiomyoma
D) Splenic calcifications

Question 14

Which of the following is the most common abdominal malignancy of children?

A) Rhabdomyosarcoma
B) Lymphoma
C) Leukemia
D) Wilms tumor

Question 15

Nephrolithiasis can be differentiated from nephrocalcinosis, as nephrocalcinosis demonstrates __________.

A) renal enlargement
B) intraparenchymal calcification
C) calcification within the pyelocalyceal lumina
D) calcification predominantly within the renal medulla

Question 16

Which of the following is not one of the three typical sites for calculi to lodge?

A) The renal pelvis
B) The point at which the ureter crosses the iliac crest
C) The minor renal calyces
D) The junction between the ureter and the bladder

Question 17

What percentage of patients with gout will develop uric acid stones in the urinary tract?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 25%

Question 18

The presence of bladder stones is associated with an increased incidence of __________.

A) carcinoma
B) cystitis
C) diabetes mellitus
D) upper urinary tract infection

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the computed tomographic findings of a nephroblastoma?

A) Well-defined tumor, surrounded by a hyperechoic halo of compressed renal tissue
B) Complex, predominantly calcified renal mass
C) Displaced functioning kidney
D) Large intrarenal mass of lower attenuation than the adjacent normal kidney

Question 20

Bilateral, diffuse fan-shaped clusters of stipple calcifications, primarily in the renal pyramids are seen with __________.

A) medullary nephrocalcinosis
B) pyelocalyceal nephrolithiasis
C) cortical nephrocalcinosis
D) calyceal infarct

Question 21

Multiple, bilateral, small angiomyolipomas are seen in patients with which of the following conditions?

A) Sturge-Weber Syndrome
B) Von Hippel-Lindau disease
C) Tuberous sclerosis
D) Multiple endocrine neoplasm

Question 22

Renal cell carcinoma accounts for what percentage of primary malignant renal neoplasms?

A) 10% to 20%
B) 25% to 50%
C) 51% to 75%
D) 80% to 90%

Question 23

Which of the following diagnostic imaging modalities is most appropriate as the initial imaging modality for evaluation of the adnexa?

A) Plan film radiographs
B) Diagnostic ultrasonography
C) Computed tomography
D) Magnetic resonance imaging

Question 24

Which of the following imaging findings is considered diagnostic for angiomyolipomas?

A) Marked echogenicity on diagnostic ultrasonography
B) Calcification on plain film radiographs
C) Low signal intensity on T1-weighted MRI sequences
D) Fat attenuation on computed tomography

Question 25

The largest percentage of renal stones in the United States is composed of __________.

A) uric acid
B) struvite
C) cysteine
D) calcium oxalate

Question 26

Which of the following groups of imaging findings is most suggestive of malignant ovarian lesion?

A) Irregular walls, thin septations, small size
B) Irregular walls, thick septations, complex architecture
C) Thick septations, large size, cystic lesions that resolve on serial ultrasound examination
D) Thin septations, small size, simple architecture

Question 27

Which of the following is associated with a cessation of growth of uterine leiomyomas?

A) Pregnancy
B) Oral contraceptives
C) Menopause
D) Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy

Question 28

Foci of fat within mature cystic teratomas demonstrate __________ MRI pulse sequences.

A) High signal on T1-weighted
B) Low signal on T1-weighted
C) High signal on T2-weighted
D) Low signal on T2-weighted

Question 29

The most common location for a pheochromocytoma is the __________.

A) adrenal cortex
B) adrenal medulla
C) sympathetic nervous system
D) thorax

Question 30

Which pattern of calcification is commonly observed with uterine leiomyomas on plain film radiographs?

A) Annular
B) Laminated
C) Cauliflower
D) Stippled

Question 31

Which of the following is not consistent with malignant transformation of dermoid cysts?

A) Greater than 45 years of age
B) Tumor diameter greater than 10 cm
C) Malignant transformation is common
D) Rapid growth of tumor

Question 32

Which of the following is the most common clinical presentation for women with dermoid cysts?

A) Incidental finding
B) Chemical peritonitis
C) Pelvic pain from ovarian torsion
D) Shock

Question 33

Which of the following represents the most common benign renal neoplasm presenting as a small renal mass?

A) Angiomyolipoma
B) Pheochromocytoma
C) Oncotoma
D) Lymphoma

Question 34

An adult male patient presents with clinical findings of headache, sweating, and palpitations. Laboratory evaluation reveals urinary catecholamines and their metabolites. Which of the following specialized imaging studies is recommended if noncontrast abdominal CT is negative?

A) MIBG
B) SPECT
C) PET
D) Contrast-enhanced CT

Question 35

Which of the following diagnostic imaging modalities provides the greatest imaging sensitivity in detecting nephrolithiasis?

A) Plain film radiographs
B) Diagnostic ultrasonography
C) Intravenous pyelography
D) Computed tomography

Question 36

Leiomyomas are the most common benign uterine tumors, occurring in approximately __________ percent of women over __________ years of age.

A) 10, 30
B) 25, 40
C) 40, 35
D) 35, 55

Question 37

Which the following is considered the most lethal of all genitourinary cancers?

A) Malignant cystic teratoma
B) Ovarian carcinoma
C) Renal cell carcinoma
D) Leiomyosarcoma

Question 38

Contrast-enhanced computed tomography examination of the abdomen of a 57-year-old patient reveals an asymptomatic, enhancing 3.5 cm mass within the kidney. Which of the following diagnoses must be excluded through further work-up?

A) Pheochromocytoma
B) Renal cyst
C) Renal cell carcinoma
D) Metastasis

Question 39

__________ percent of ovarian tumors are benign.

A) Ten
B) Thirty
C) Fifty
D) Eighty

Question 40

Which of the following radiographic densities is most helpful in diagnosing mature cystic teratomas?

A) Air
B) Fat
C) Water
D) Teeth