Deck 35: Respiratory Systems

Question 1

Which of the following events involves the exchange of gases across a cell membrane?

A) Ventilation and external respiration
B) Ventilation only
C) External respiration and internal respiration
D) Internal respiration only
E) External respiration only

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood occurs by

A) diffusion.
B) osmosis.
C) filtration.
D) active transport.
E) ionic bonding.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which statement is NOT true about the human respiratory system?

A) The glottis is closed by the forward movement of the soft palate during swallowing.
B) The glottis is the passageway through the larynx by which air enters the trachea.
C) Food and air both enter the pharynx, presenting a potential danger to respiration.
D) Air reaching the lungs has been warmed to body temperature by passage through the nose and upper respiratory passageways.
E) Cilia and hairs in the nose help to filter out foreign materials in the air.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of these organisms is able to use several body surfaces, such as gills, skin, and lungs, for respiration?

A) humans
B) birds
C) amphibians
D) reptiles
E) None of these are correct.

Question 5

Trace the path of an inhaled air molecule in a human being.

A) nasal cavity-glottis-larynx-trachea-pharynx-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli
B) nasal cavity-pharynx-larynx-glottis-trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli
C) nasal cavity-pharynx-glottis-larynx-trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli
D) nasal cavity-pharynx-glottis-larynx-trachea-bronchioles-bronchi-alveoli
E) nasal cavity-pharynx-glottis-trachea-larynx-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli

Question 6

The earthworm is a terrestrial animal that uses its ________ in respiration.

A) parapodia
B) tracheoles
C) body surface
D) gills
E) lungs

Question 7

The grasshopper is a terrestrial animal that uses its ________ in respiration.

A) parapodia
B) tracheae
C) body surface
D) gills
E) lungs

Question 8

Which features are required for efficient external respiration to take place?

A) The gas exchange region must be moist, thin and have a large surface area.
B) The gas exchange region must be dry, thin and have a large surface area.
C) The gases being exchanged must be present in a low concentration in order for diffusion to occur.
D) Gas exchange can only occur at a temperature lower than the body temperature of the organism.
E) The gas exchange needs to occur in an aquatic environment in order to be efficient.

Question 9

Which organisms use negative pressure to move air into the lungs?

A) ducks
B) iguanas
C) humans
D) mice
E) All of these use negative pressure to move air into their lungs.

Question 10

Which statement is correct about how carbon dioxide is carried in the bloodstream?

A) Carbon dioxide enters the bloodstream from the tissues. It then combines with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin but most of it is carried in the form of bicarbonate.
B) Carbon dioxide enters the bloodstream from the atmosphere. It then combines with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin but most of it is carried in the form of bicarbonate.
C) Carbon dioxide enters the bloodstream from the tissues. It then combines with hydrogen ions to form bicarbonate ion but most of it is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin.
D) Carbon dioxide enters the bloodstream from the tissues. It then combines with hemoglobin to form bicarbonate ion but most of it is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin in the bloodstream.
E) Carbon dioxide enters the bloodstream from the atmosphere. It then combines with water to form carbonic acid but most of it is carried in the form of bicarbonate.

Question 11

If an individual wanted to hold their breath underwater for a long period of time they would breath very rapidly prior to the dive. What does this accomplish?

A) They would increase the amount of CO₂ in their bloodstream which would cause them to temporarily stop breathing.
B) They would decrease the amount of CO₂ in their bloodstream which would cause them to temporarily stop breathing.
C) They would increase the amount of H⁺ in their bloodstream which would cause them to temporarily stop breathing.
D) They would decrease the amount of H⁺ in their bloodstream which would cause them to temporarily stop breathing.

Question 12

As food is swallowed it may come into contact with air in which of the following respiratory organs?

A) bronchi
B) trachea
C) larynx
D) pharynx
E) nasal cavity

Question 13

Gills are used in respiration by all of the following aquatic animals EXCEPT

A) clams.
B) fishes.
C) crabs.
D) polychaete worms.

Question 14

Opercula are

A) gills on a lobster.
B) gill covers on a fish.
C) extensions of the body wall in polychaete worms.
D) internal spaces in a planarian used in digestion and respiration.
E) tentacles on a hydra.

Question 15

Which of the following increases the surface area available for gas exchange among various organisms?

A) finely divided inner lung surface in mammals
B) tubular body shape, as in annelids
C) finely divided gills in fish
D) flattened body, as in planarians
E) All of these choices increase surface area.

Question 16

In small aquatic animals, such as hydra and planarians, the most common structure used for gas exchange is the

A) lungs.
B) body surface.
C) gills.
D) cardiovascular system.

Question 17

There is unidirectional flow of air for greater absorption of oxygen in

A) reptiles.
B) amphibians.
C) birds.
D) mammals.

Question 18

How do insects overcome the inefficiency of their hemolymph flow in taking oxygen to their tissues?

A) Their bodies are tubular, thus increasing the body surface area where gaseous exchange takes place.
B) Their respiratory system consists of tracheae, which are tiny air tubes that take oxygen directly to the cells.
C) A countercurrent mechanism ensures that the maximum amount of oxygen is absorbed from the environment.
D) Insects have highly vascularized extensions of their body walls, called parapodia.

Question 19

In order to maximize diffusion across the surfaces of a gill, oxygen-rich water flows in the opposite direction of oxygen-poor blood. This concept is called

A) reverse expiration.
B) pneumonectomy.
C) countercurrent flow.
D) partial pressure saturation.
E) hemoglobin saturation shift.

Question 20

Ventilation includes

A) inspiration.
B) expiration.
C) illumination.
D) All of these are correct.
E) Both inspiration and expiration.

Question 21

Oxygen is transported in blood most efficiently

A) by being dissolved in the plasma.
B) by chemical conversion to water.
C) by combining with hemoglobin.
D) by combining with carbon dioxide to form bicarbonate ions.
E) as a free oxygen ion or radical.

Question 22

Which of the following disorder is not associated with the lower respiratory tract?

A) Asthma
B) Pneumonia
C) Sinus infection
D) Pulmonary tuberculosis
E) Emphysema

Question 23

Disorders of the upper respiratory tract consist of all of the following except for

A) a runny nose.
B) pharyngitis.
C) the common cold.
D) asthma.
E) strep throat.

Question 24

Common colds are upper respiratory tract infections. Why are vaccinations against the common cold not practical?

A) There are so many different strains of viruses that cause colds it would be impossible to develop a vaccine against all of them.
B) Vaccines are very costly to develop.
C) Vaccines would not work against the common cold because it is caused by a bacterial infection.
D) Colds are caused by viruses that cannot be prevented by vaccinations.
E) Vaccinations do not work in the upper respiratory tract.

Question 25

A lung infection caused by bacteria which become encapsulated in the lungs is

A) emphysema.
B) pneumonia.
C) rheumatic fever.
D) tuberculosis.
E) pulmonary fibrosis.

Question 26

As food is swallowed it is prevented from coming into contact with air and entering the trachea by the

A) pharynx.
B) larynx.
C) bronchioles.
D) saliva.
E) epiglottis.

Question 27

Infection of the primary and secondary bronchi is

A) acute bronchitis.
B) pneumonia.
C) pulmonary tuberculosis.
D) emphysema.

Question 28

Carbonic anhydrase

A) is a digestive enzyme.
B) is dissolved in plasma.
C) speeds up the conversion of carbonic acid to carbon dioxide and water.
D) speeds up the conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen.
E) speeds up the conversion of oxyhemoglobin.

Question 29

If a person overdosed on depressant-type drugs that slow down breathing, in what direction would the reaction shift? Explain your answer.

Question 30

Which part of the respiratory system is an air tube held open by a series of C-shaped cartilaginous rings?

A) pharynx
B) larynx
C) trachea
D) bronchioles

Question 31

How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A) as gas bubbles of CO₂, just as in carbonated soft drinks
B) as bicarbonate ions (HCO₃)
C) on the free hemoglobins since they have lost their oxygen in the tissues
D) as carbon monoxide
E) as carbon compounds and oxygen radicals

Question 32

Oxygen-poor blood becomes oxygen-rich blood in the capillary beds of the

A) trachea.
B) bronchi.
C) bronchioles.
D) alveoli.
E) larynx.

Question 33

A disease in which the alveoli are distended and their walls damaged so that surface areas for gas exchange is reduced is

A) bronchitis.
B) emphysema.
C) pulmonary tuberculosis.
D) pneumonia.

Question 34

Which association is NOT correct?

A) Emphysema - chronic, incurable lung disorder in which the alveoli distend and the surface for gas exchange is reduced
B) Lung cancer - symptoms include coughing, shortness of breath and blood in the sputum
C) Pulmonary fibrosis - fibrous connective tissue builds up in the lungs preventing them from inflating properly
D) Cystic fibrosis - infectious disease that is caused by the bacterium M. tuberculosis
E) Pneumonia - is a viral, bacterial or fungal infection that cause the bronchi to fill with pus and fluid

Question 35

A pressurized airplane cabin and an oxygen tent over a patient in a hospital both impact the respiration rate of a person. How do these compare?

A) The oxygen tent and the airplane increase the air pressure to increase the PCO₂.
B) The oxygen tent and airplane cabin pressure lowers the partial pressures for normal breathing.
C) Both use the same mechanism to force hemoglobin to increase affinity for oxygen.
D) The oxygen tent increases concentration of O₂ while the airplane maintains total air pressure without changing concentrations.

Question 36

Why are homes equipped with CO (carbon monoxide) detectors?

Question 37

With negative pressure breathing, the muscles that move the ribs and diaphragm are distant from the absorptive alveolar surfaces. What difficulty(ies) could occur if the muscles were around each alveolus and had to expand each alveolus to suck in air?

A) Muscle tissue would get in the way of absorption of gases across the air-to-capillary border.
B) Interspersed muscle tissue would take up much space and the lung-muscle volume would have to be much larger.
C) Since muscle cells only contract and relax, it would be difficult for a few cells to cause alveolar expansion.
D) Adding a third tissue to the intimate alveolar-capillary complex would increase the problems with disorders and diseases.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 38

The respiratory center is directly sensitive to the levels of H⁺. Could one correctly say that CO₂ levels control the breathing rate? Explain your answer.

Question 39

Which of the following respiratory disorders might be cured in the future through the use of gene therapy?

A) Cystic fibrosis
B) Emphysema
C) Lung cancer
D) Asthma
E) Pulmonary fibrosis

Question 40

Ventilation causes alveoli of the lungs to have _______ the blood in pulmonary capillaries.

A) a lower PO₂ and a higher PCO₂ than
B) the same PO₂ and PCO₂ as
C) a higher PO₂ and a lower PCO₂ than
D) No answer is correct.

Question 41

Explain the correct sequence of structures that a molecule of oxygen will pass through or over as it moves from the nostrils to the alveolus.

Question 42

Pulmonary tuberculosis in an otherwise healthy individual may indicate a compromised immune system or HIV infection.

Question 43

Explain how carbon dioxide is transported through the bloodstream?

Question 44

Animals must continually acquire oxygen and release carbon dioxide because they do not have a storage area for gases.

Question 45

Identify the correct pathway of an oxygen molecule as it goes from the nose to the alveolus.

A) nostril, nasal cavity, pharynx, glottis, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveoli
B) nostril, nasal cavity, glottis, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveoli
C) nostril, nasal cavity, larynx, glottis, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveoli
D) nostril, nasal cavity, pharynx, glottis, larynx, trachea, bronchiole, bronchus, alveoli

Question 46

When trying to stimulate breathing, it is better to give a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen than only oxygen because

A) pure oxygen causes you to breathe too rapidly.
B) carbon dioxide and oxygen together exert a greater pressure than an equal amount of oxygen.
C) carbon dioxide buildup in the blood stimulates the respiratory center in the brain.
D) oxygen causes lactic acid buildup, and the change in pH prevents breathing.
E) oxygen alone could lead to spontaneous human combustion.

Question 47

The iron in a hemoglobin molecule is actually what binds the oxygen.

Question 48

When nerve impulses pass to the diaphragm, the diaphragm relaxes and exhalation occurs.

Question 49

Explain what happens when carbonic acid associates with carbonic anhydrase and how this can impact the blood pH.

Question 50

Identify the correct pairing of respiratory disorders and symptoms.

A) Common cold - sneezing, runny nose and a mild fever.
B) Asthma - coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath.
C) Pneumonia - bronchi are filled with fluid and pus causing coughing and difficulty breathing.
D) Pulmonary tuberculosis - lung cells build tissues around the invading bacterium causing the elasticity of the lungs to decrease.
E) All of the pairings of respiratory disorders and symptoms are correct.

Question 51

Which lower respiratory tract disorder can be cured through the use of antibiotics that are effective against bacterial infections?

A) Pneumonia
B) Asthma
C) Strep throat
D) Emphysema