Deck 23: Plant Evolution and Diversity

Question 1

In the fern life cycle, the ______ generation is dominant.

A) haploid gametophyte
B) diploid gametophyte
C) haploid sporophyte
D) diploid sporophyte

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is a male reproductive structure found in plants?

A) archegonia
B) megaspore
C) pollen cone
D) pistil

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to the cladogram pictured here, land plants and green algae

A) are in different clades and form a polyphyletic group.
B) are in the same clade and form a monophyletic group.
C) do not share common ancestry.
D) No answer choice is correct. I would suggest picking a specific group to ask about instead of land plants.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A derived trait of land plants is the presence of small openings that allow gaseous exchange between the plant and its environment. These structures are called

A) cuticles.
B) stomata.
C) thallus.
D) rhizoids.

Question 5

A derived trait shared only by angiosperms and gymnosperms is

A) vascular tissue.
B) fruit production.
C) the production of seeds.
D) protection of the embryo.

Question 6

Which plant structure is not found in the lycophytes?

A) archegonia
B) rhizome
C) microspores
D) microphylls

Question 7

All land plants have ________ life cycle(s).

A) a diplontic
B) an alternation of generations
C) both diplontic and alternation of generations
D) haplontic and alternation of generations
E) haplontic, diplontic, and alternation of generations

Question 8

As plants invaded the land, there was

A) greater availability of light for photosynthesis.
B) greater concentrations of carbon dioxide.
C) increased threat of desiccation of unprotected cells.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 9

The first fossil evidence of vascular tissue is seen in the

A) green algae.
B) tracheophytes.
C) rhyniophytes.
D) bryophytes.
E) tree ferns.

Question 10

In the alternation of generations life cycle of plants, gametes are produced by the

A) sporangia.
B) fruit.
C) gametophyte.
D) homospores.
E) strobili.

Question 11

Identify the feature found in Cooksonia that qualify it as a vascular plant.

A) presence of roots
B) contained leaves
C) had branches that ended in sporangia
D) produced windblown spores

Question 12

All of the following characteristics are among the adaptations of plants to life on land EXCEPT

A) protection of the embryo from drying out.
B) waxy cuticle on leaves to prevent drying out.
C) waxy cuticle on roots to prevent drying out.
D) vascular system (in most plants) to move water internally.

Question 13

It is possible to take the mature frond of many ferns and rub the brown growths on the lower surface over a wet plug of peat moss. Soon small heart-shaped green structures grow on the nutritious peat moss plugs. What has happened?

A) You have broken off male and female structures from the bottom of the fern frond, and they united on the wet plug to form the sporophyte generation called a prothallus.
B) You have broken the sori on the bottom of the fern frond, and spores fell on the plug to germinate and form the gametophyte called a prothallus.
C) You have broken the sori on the bottom of the fern frond, and spores fell on the plug to germinate and form rhizomes that develop an indusium.
D) You have broken the indusium on the bottom of the fern frond, and zygotes germinated on the plug to form the sporophyte made of an archegonium and an antheridium.
E) You have broken the sori on the bottom of the fern frond, and zygotes germinated on the plug to form the fiddleheads that will develop into more fronds.

Question 14

Which of these statements is NOT true about fertilization in a fern plant?

A) An egg is produced in an archegonium.
B) A sperm is produced in an antheridium.
C) The sperm is carried by the wind to the egg.
D) The eggs and sperm are produced on the same plant.
E) Eggs and sperm are produced by the gametophyte generation.

Question 15

All of the following are nonvascular plants EXCEPT

A) lycophytes.
B) liverworts.
C) mosses.
D) hornworts.

Question 16

A shared derived trait of all plants is

A) protection of the embryo.
B) seed production.
C) vascular tissue.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 17

In the moss life cycle, the ______ is the dominant generation.

A) haploid gametophyte
B) diploid gametophyte
C) haploid sporophyte
D) diploid sporophyte

Question 18

When a moss spore lands on an appropriate site, it germinates into the first stage of the gametophyte called a(n)

A) antheridium.
B) rhizoid.
C) archegonium.
D) protonema.
E) thallus.

Question 19

The fiddlehead is a _______ that unfolds into a ______.

A) diploid gametophyte; fern frond
B) diploid sporophyte; fern frond
C) haploid sporophyte; fern frond
D) haploid gametophyte; fern frond
E) diploid gametophyte; moss plant

Question 20

Molecular data suggests that land plants evolved from

A) charophytes.
B) rhodophyta.
C) dinoflagellates.
D) the water molds.
E) ciliates.

Question 21

Evidence for plants evolution from a freshwater algal species is supported by which of the following?

A) Both green algae and plants have chlorophylls a and b and various accessory pigments.
B) Both green algae and plants store excess carbohydrates as starch and have cellulose in their cell walls.
C) Molecular evaluation of ribosomal RNA provides evidence of the evolutionary relationship of plants and green algae.
D) All of the choices are evidence.

Question 22

Molecular data suggests that hornworts, liverworts, and mosses

A) share common ancestry but do not form a monophyletic group.
B) do not share common ancestry and form a polyphyletic group.
C) share common ancestry, but form a monophyletic group.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

Question 23

Asexual reproduction in the liverwort Marchantia is by means of

A) the detachment of gemmae.
B) budding of daughter cells.
C) fragmentation of filaments of cells.
D) the fusion of antheridial and archegonial products.

Question 24

The dominant plants in modern times are the _________ due to their relationship with animal pollinators.

A) gymnosperms
B) angiosperms
C) club mosses
D) ferns

Question 25

Which benefit did the lycophytes derive from their evolution of megaphylls?

A) An increased ability to capture more solar energy.
B) Increased ability to produce greater stores of food.
C) Their fitness would have increased due to a greater ability to photosynthesize.
D) All of these are benefits they would have received.
E) They would not have received any of these benefits.

Question 26

Which of the following descriptions applies to megaphylls?

A) Can be found in both the pteridophytes and seed plants.
B) Are broad leaves with strands of vascular tissues.
C) These allowed early plants to photosynthesize more efficiently.
D) None of these statements apply to megaphylls.
E) All of the answer choices apply to megaphylls.

Question 27

The first plants to colonize land were the

A) gametophytes.
B) bryophytes.
C) pteridophytes.
D) lycophytes.

Question 28

In the pine life cycle,

A) fertilization occurs shortly after pollination to produce the zygote.
B) the gametophyte generation is dominant and the sporophyte generation is inconspicuous.
C) seed cones are smaller than pollen cones.
D) seed cones are located near the tips of higher branches and pollen cones develop near the tips of lower branches.
E) the cone is the fruit that surrounds the seeds.

Question 29

As plants adapted to the terrestrial environment, what trends occurred in the size of the sporophyte and gametophyte? How can these trends be explained?

Question 30

Bryophytes

A) can be found from the Antartic to the tropics.
B) produce peat that can be used as fuel.
C) erode rocks to produce soil.
D) All of the answer choices are true regarding bryophytes.

Question 31

Characteristics of eudicots include all EXCEPT

A) two cotyledons.
B) leaves with netted veins.
C) woody or herbaceous plants.
D) flower parts in fours and fives.
E) vascular bundles arranged irregularly in the stem.

Question 32

Seedless vascular plants include all of the following EXCEPT

A) Psilotum-Pteridophytes
B) horsetails-Sphenophyta.
C) Sphagnum-Bryophyta.
D) whisk ferns-Psilotophyta.

Question 33

Evolution of plants was marked by which of the following events?

A) nourishment of a multicellular embryo within the body of the female plant
B) the development of vascular tissues to conduct water and solutes throughout the body of the plant
C) seed production
D) flowers produced
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 34

Identify the species that is not classified as a pteridophyte.

A) Marchantia
B) Equisetum
C) Hart's tongue
D) Psilotum

Question 35

Among adaptations of plants to a terrestrial environment are all of the following adaptations EXCEPT

A) a dominant sporophyte with vascular tissue.
B) a cuticle to prevent water loss from exposed parts of the plant.
C) stomata to regulate gas exchange with the atmosphere.
D) All of the choices are adaptations.

Question 36

Gymnosperm are characterized by producing "naked seeds". Which of the following group is not classified as a gymnosperm?

A) horsetails
B) cycads
C) conifers
D) gnetophytes
E) ginkgoes

Question 37

Flagellated sperm and a sporophyte that is dependent on the gametophyte are characteristics of

A) gymnosperm.
B) angiosperm.
C) liverworts.
D) moss.
E) liverworts and mosses.

Question 38

A microspore develops into a(n)

A) seed.
B) sporophyte.
C) male gametophyte.
D) female gametophyte.
E) ovule.

Question 39

In gymnosperms and angiosperms, seeds disperse the _________ stage of the life cycle and in mosses and ferns, spores disperse the ___________ stage of the life cycle.

A) sporophyte; sporophyte
B) gametophye; sporophyte
C) sporophyte; gametophyte
D) microsporocytes; megasporocytes

Question 40

Which of these vascular plants produce seeds?

A) ferns
B) club mosses
C) whisk ferns
D) gnetophytes
E) horsetails

Question 41

Fossils of vascular plants appear earlier in the fossil record than those of algae.

Question 42

Explain why the seed plants would have an advantage over the seedless plants within a community.

Question 43

Why are seed producers the dominant plant today?

Question 44

Angiosperms are _______ when the male and female reproductive parts are on different individuals of the same species.

A) dioecious
B) monoecious
C) tetraploid
D) bryophytes

Question 45

Which of the following groups of plants contain microphylls?

A) Lycophytes
B) Pteridophytes
C) Bryophytes
D) Gymnosperms
E) Angiosperms

Question 46

The largest and oldest trees in the world that are pollinated by animals are conifers.

Question 47

The gymnosperms produce seeds that are enclosed within a fruit.

Question 48

Which portion of the plant life cycle is haploid?

A) gametophyte
B) sporophyte
C) both sporophyte and gametophyte are haploid
D) zygote

Question 49

Which of the following features would not be found in the bryophytes?

A) A life cycle that consists of an alternation of generations.
B) Using megaphylls to increase their photosynthetic ability.
C) Production of flagellated sperm during reproduction.
D) A gametophyte that is dependent upon the sporophyte for support and nutrition.

Question 50

Compile a list of features that are found in the monocots and compare it to those features found in the eudicots.

Question 51

Only lycophytes have true roots, stems, and leaves.

Question 52

What is the correct sequence of events during the life cycle of a moss?
A) Gametes are produced in the archegonia and antheridia
B) Spores are released
C) The zygote develops within the archegonium
D) The mature sporophyte develops from the gametophyte and produces spores
E) Flagellated sperm swim towards the egg for fertilization
F) Spore germinates into the protonema

A) a - e - c - d - b - f
B) a - e - f - d - b - c
C) a - b - d - c - b - f
D) f - e - b - d - a - c

Question 53

Briefly describe how the angiosperm population in a community would be impacted if the honeybee population were to decline.

Question 54

Describe why the taproot of a eudicot can give them an advantage in environments that are periodically exposed to drought conditions.

Question 55

Which of the following features would disqualify a plant from being classified as a bryophyte?

A) Nonvascular tissues.
B) Gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle.
C) Presence of flagellated sperm.
D) Ability to reproduce sexually and asexually.
E) None of these features would disqualify a plant from being classified as a bryophyte.

Question 56

Cite various instances of how flowers and the pollination process have "coevolved."

Question 57

Which of the following statements about lycophytes is correct?

A) The megaspores will develop into female gametophytes.
B) The microspores will develop into female gametophytes.
C) The megaspores will develop into male gametophytes.
D) Lycophytes were the first land plants to evolve megaphylls.

Question 58

Which of the following features would have helped early plant ancestors evolve to a terrestrial existence?

A) a cuticle
B) apical cells
C) plasmodesmata
D) placenta
E) all of these features would have helped