Deck 22: Fungi Evolution and Diversity

Question 1

Which of the following traits are found in both fungi and animals?

A) heterotrophic & consume preformed organic matter
B) heterotrophic & absorb food
C) multicellular & saprotrophs
D) saprotrophs & contain cell walls of cellulose
E) saprotrophs & contain cell walls of chitin

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A mushroom would produce a sexual spore known as a(n)

A) mycelium.
B) conidium.
C) ascospore.
D) basidiospore.
E) hypha.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following structures are NOT involved in sexual reproduction?

A) mushrooms
B) ascocarps
C) conidia
D) gametangia

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The difference between septate hyphae and nonseptate hyphae is

A) a difference in haploid and diploid cells.
B) a distinction between saprotrophic fungi and parasitic or disease-causing fungi.
C) a classification trait that separates basidiomycotes from ascomycotes.
D) a distinction between plasmodial masses with many nuclei and nonliving zygospores.
E) determined by whether the hyphae have cross walls or lack cross walls.

Question 5

Chytrids do not possess a shared derived characteristic that all other fungi possess.

Question 6

One of the long, branching filaments that collectively make up the mycelium of a fungus is called a(n)

A) mycelium.
B) conidium.
C) ascospore.
D) basidiospore.
E) hypha.

Question 7

Which of the following fungi / Phylum associations is incorrect?

A) button mushrooms / Basidiomycota
B) morel mushroom / Ascomycota
C) Chytriomyces / Cytridiomycota
D) black bread mold / Zygomycota
E) cup fungus / Glomeromycota

Question 8

Fungal diseases include all of the following EXCEPT

A) thrush.
B) Strep throat (pharyngitis).
C) athlete's foot.
D) histoplasmosis.

Question 9

Which of the following does not describe Phylum Ascomycota?

A) They are limited to only asexual reproduction.
B) Uses candidospores during reproduction.
C) Morel mushrooms are members of this phylum.
D) The fruiting body is known as an ascocarp.

Question 10

Dikaryotic cells of fungi

A) are just another form of haploid cells.
B) is just another name for diploid cells.
C) contain paired haploid nuclei that fail to fuse for an extended period of time.
D) are nonseptate plasmodial masses with many nuclei and no cell partitioning.
E) are potential symbionts that can join with algae to form lichens.

Question 11

All fungi share a common ancestor as well as having a relatedness to animals.

Question 12

The organism pictured below is a member of Phylum ___________.

A) Ascomycota
B) Basidiomycota
C) Glomeromycota
D) Cytridiomycota

Question 13

Molecular data suggests that AM fungi are more closely related to Sac than Club fungi.

Question 14

The relationship between the fungi and algae in lichens is best described as

A) a simple cooperative mutualism between normally free-living strains.
B) a possible controlled parasitism wherein the fungi withdraw food from the algae and the algae do not benefit from the association.
C) an endosymbiotic transfer of the chloroplasts of algae to the hyphae cells.
D) a complete mixing of the genomes of the two groups at the cellular level.
E) a possible controlled parasitism wherein the algae are moistened and protected by the fungi, but the fungi do not benefit from the association.

Question 15

Why are fungi classified in the Supergroup Opisthokonta, which includes animals and heterotrophic protists?

Question 16

The organism pictured here is a member of Phylum ________.

A) Basidiomycota
B) Ascomycota
C) Zygomycota
D) Glomeromycota

Question 17

Which of the following spores is the result of asexual reproduction?

A) sporangiospores
B) zygospores
C) ascospores
D) basidiospores

Question 18

Molecular data suggests that Club and Sac fungi are more closely related than Club fungi and Zygospore fungi.

Question 19

In differentiating fungi from plants and animals, which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) Animals are heterotrophic by ingestion while fungi are heterotrophic by absorption.
B) Plants have cell walls of cellulose; fungi have cell walls of chitin.
C) The energy reserve of fungi is starch while the energy reserve of animals is glycogen.
D) Fungal spores develop into haploid hyphae without embryo development; plants have embryo development.

Question 20

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which reproduces asexually through the production of zoospores, recently destroyed populations of harlequin frogs in Central and South America. It is a member of which phylum of fungi?

A) Zygomycota
B) Chytridiomycota
C) Basidiomycota
D) Glomeromycota

Question 21

Crustose, fruticose, and foliose are varieties of

A) rusts and smuts.
B) mushrooms.
C) yeasts.
D) lichens.
E) mycorrhizae.

Question 22

Yeasts

A) are members of the ascomycota.
B) reproduce asexually by budding.
C) are responsible for beer, wine, and bread production.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 23

When the cap of an average gilled mushroom is cut off and placed on paper, a spoke-like print eventually appears on the paper under the cap. This powdery material would be

A) mycelia.
B) sporangia.
C) hyphae.
D) basidiospores.
E) conidiospores.

Question 24

Which of the following statements about mycorrhizae is/are true?

A) Fungi may enter the cortex of plant roots but do not enter the cytoplasm of plant cells.
B) Plants are harmed, while fungi benefit.
C) The presence of the fungi give plants a greater absorptive surface for the intake of minerals.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.
E) All statements are true except that plants are harmed, while fungi benefit.

Question 25

The parasitic sac fungus that grows on rye and other grains and contains the hallucinogenic chemical lysergic acid is

A) ergot.
B) Penicillin.
C) Rhizopus.
D) Saccharomyces.
E) Aspergillus.

Question 26

The fungi that parasitize cereal crops such as corn, wheat, oats, and rye are the

A) stinkhorns.
B) yeasts.
C) truffles.
D) lichens.
E) rusts and smuts.

Question 27

Which is NOT a correct association of a fungus and product?

A) Rusts and smuts-truffles
B) Aspergillus-citric and gallic acid
C) Saccharomyces cerevisiae-beer and wine
D) Penicillium-antibiotics
E) Aspergillus-soy sauce

Question 28

Poisonous or physiologically active chemicals found in various fungi include all of the following EXCEPT

A) muscarine and muscaridine.
B) psilocybin, a structural analog of LSD and mescaline.
C) ergot alkaloids.
D) digitoxin.

Question 29

Name the labeled structures of the black bread mold pictured here and describe the function of these structures.
a. ______________________
b. ______________________
c. ______________________
d. ______________________
e. ______________________

Question 30

Identify structures D - F on the picture of the hyphal elements. Use the following word bank: cell wall, cross wall (septum), nuclei.

Question 31

A sexual spore produced by a sac fungus is called a(n)

A) mycelium.
B) conidiospore.
C) ascospore.
D) basidiospore.
E) hypha.

Question 32

An asexual spore produced by a sac fungus or club fungus is called a(n)

A) mycelium.
B) conidiospore.
C) ascospore.
D) basidiospore.
E) hypha.

Question 33

The presence of ____________ indicates that the air is healthy for humans to breathe.

A) lichens
B) ergot
C) yeast
D) mycorrhizae
E) smuts

Question 34

Structures A and B are hyphae. Identify hyphal elements A and B as septate and/or nonseptate.

Question 35

In time, bread becomes stale and grows mold on the exposed surfaces. Why does mold not begin growing inside the bread loaf?

A) Mold can grow only on dry surfaces.
B) Only molds at the surface of the bread can get oxygen to respire.
C) Mold actually begins from anywhere inside but produces colored spores only at the surface.
D) There is an antibiotic antagonism between the bread mold and the internal yeasts that made the bread rise.
E) The bread was sterilized when it was baked and thereafter mold spores from the air settle only on the outside of the cooled bread.

Question 36

Mycorrhizal sac fungi that live in association with oak and beech tree roots are

A) truffles.
B) yeast.
C) chytrids.
D) ergot.

Question 37

Fungal infections are difficult to treat because

A) fungal and human cells are so similar that it is difficult to make fungal medications that do not harm human cells.
B) they "hide out" inside of cells, and have long latent periods where medications can not get to the organism.
C) they mutate very rapidly and therefore become resistant to most medications.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 38

Name the structures labeled A and B in the picture. Tell how structure B is produced. In what phylum of fungi are these structures found?

Question 39

Species of ________ are known to decompose jet fuel and wall paint.

A) club fungi
B) sac fungi
C) AM fungi
D) Chytrids

Question 40

Which of the fungal groups is mismatched with the asexual spore produced?

A) Ascomycota-conidiospores
B) Basidiomycota-conidiospores
C) Zygomycophyta-sporangiospores
D) Chytrids-zoospores
E) None are mismatched. They are all correctly matched.

Question 41

Many human diseases caused by sac fungi are acquired from the environment.

Question 42

Determine which of the following scenarios would be most likely to occur if the cyanobacteria was removed from a lichen.

A) The nutrients produced from the photosynthetic cyanobacteria would no longer be available for the fungal cells.
B) The nutrients produced from the photosynthetic fungi would no longer be available for the bacterial cells.
C) The fungi would start to dry out due to the lack of water retention ability.
D) There wouldn't be any type of impact to the lichen at all.

Question 43

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the structural components of fungi?

A) The vast majority of fungi are multicellular organisms that are composed of a mycelium as well as individual hyphae. Chitin is a structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi.
B) The vast majority of fungi are multicellular organisms that are composed of a mycelium as well as individual hyphae. Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi.
C) The vast majority of fungi are unicellular organisms that are composed of a mycelium as well as individual hyphae. Chitin is a structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi.
D) The vast majority of fungi are multicellular organisms that are composed of a single hyphae and multiple mycelium. Chitin is a structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi.

Question 44

Fungi were once classified as plants, but molecular data has shown that fungi are more closely related to animals than plants. Compare and contrast fungi to both plants and animals.

Question 45

Explain how the mycorrhizae and plant root interaction is considered symbiotic.

Question 46

Cladosporium is a club fungus that is used to make beer and wine.

Question 47

Which of the following traits is not found in both fungi and animals?

A) saprotrophic
B) heterotropic
C) multicellular
D) consumers

Question 48

Which of the following statements describes a mycorrhizae?

A) A mycorrhizae is a mutualistic relationship between fungi and the roots of most plants.
B) A mycorrhizae is a mutualistic relationship between bacteria and the roots of most plants.
C) A mycorrhizae is a parasitic relationship between bacteria and the roots of most plants.
D) None of these statements describes a mycorrhizae.

Question 49

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi invade plant roots, with some species forming mutualistic associations that benefit both the fungus and the plant.

Question 50

Which statement is the most likely description of the common ancestor that exists between fungi and animals?

A) The ancestor was a flagellated organism that lived in some type of aquatic environment. It was most likely a unicellular protist.
B) The ancestor was a flagellated organism that lived on the terrestrial environment. It was most likely a unicellular protist.
C) The ancestor was a flagellated organism that lived in some type of aquatic environment. It was most likely a multicellular protist.
D) The ancestor was a multicellular organism that lived in some type of aquatic environment. It was most likely a flagellated protist.

Question 51

A normal inhabitant of the vaginal tract that causes "yeast infections" under certain circumstances is Saccharomyces.

Question 52

What is the correct order of reproduction in members of Phylum Zygomycota?
A) Hyphae of opposite mating strains touch each other
B) Gametangia merge, nuclei pair and fuse
C) Spores are released from the sporangium
D) Gametangia form at the end of the hyphae
E) A thick wall develops around the zygospore

A) a - d - b - e - c
B) a - b - e - c - d
C) a - b - c - d - e
D) e - d- a - b - c

Question 53

Which of the following information provides the strongest evidence to support the evolutionary relatedness between fungi and animals?

A) They both possess a cell wall made of chitin.
B) Both of them are heterotrophic.
C) Molecular data showing a similarity in DNA / RNA base sequences.
D) Some fungi and animals have flagella.

Question 54

Based upon the current evolutionary tree, which of the following group would have the closest evolutionary relatedness to the fungi?

A) Choanoflagellates
B) Foraminiferans
C) Amoeboids
D) Cellular slime mold
E) Euglenoids

Question 55

Mycorrhizae is a mutualistic relationship between fungi and algae in which the algae takes advantage of the fungi.

Question 56

Fungi are thought to have been the first kind of eukaryotic cells that evolved.

Question 57

The part of a mushroom that we eat is usually the reproductive structure that supports the fruiting body.

Question 58

Fungi from other parts of the world have caused ecological disasters in the U.S. during the last century. The American chestnut tree commonly grew in forests from Michigan to Louisiana and from Maine to Georgia. In the 1900s an invasive species, commonly known as , decimated the chestnut tree population leading to one of the worst ecological disasters in U.S. history. It is thought that the invasive fungus was imported from Japan and China. Other invasive fungi have destroyed large numbers of redbay, dogwood, and oak trees. Is human activity to blame for such disasters? What can be done to alleviate this problem?