Deck 28: Population Growth, resource Use, and Sustainability

Question 1

A community that consists of a mixture of crop species is called a(n)________.

Answer 1

polyculture

Question 2

A sustained yield refers to the

A)rate at which a renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply.
B)use of only perpetual and renewable resources without using nonrenewable resources.
C)overuse of common property or resources with free access,leading to depletion of resources.
D)self-sustaining management of a country's economy to preclude external debt.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The dominant type of agriculture practiced in temperate zones is ________.

Answer 3

industrialized

Question 4

Traditional agriculture is dominated by ________ agriculture in which primarily human labor and draft animals are used to produce only enough crops or livestock for a family to survive.

Question 5

The strategy of harvesting a resource at a rate equal to the rate at which it is renewed is referred to as the maximum ________ yield.

Question 6

In forest harvest,the time between harvests is called the ________ period,or harvest interval.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a nonrenewable resource?

A)groundwater
B)trees in a forest
C)tuna
D)coal

Question 8

A method of subsistence farming that is practiced primarily in the tropical forested regions is called shifting cultivation or ________ agriculture.

Question 9

________ -cutting is the complete removal of a forest during harvest.

Question 10

High-temperature transformation of a nutrient from an organic to an inorganic form enabling uptake by plant roots is called ________.

Question 11

________ occur when the actions of one individual (or group of individuals)affect another individual's well-being,but the relevant costs (or benefits)are not reflected in market prices.

Question 12

The amount of resource harvested per unit of time is called the

A)crop.
B)yield.
C)take.
D)net harvest.

Question 13

Ecosystem ________ are the processes by which the environment produces resources (natural capital)such as clean air,water,timber,or fish.

Question 14

A(n)________ resource is one that is able to regenerate or resupply itself.

Question 15

In ________ cutting,mature single trees or groups of trees scattered through the forest are removed,which produces only small openings or gaps on the forest canopy.

Question 16

The harvesting of a natural resource based on sustainable yield applies to

A)renewable resources.
B)nonrenewable resources.
C)perpetual resources.
D)both renewable and nonrenewable resources.

Question 17

Using a resource sustainably involves a balance between ________ and demand or consumption.

Question 18

The major reduction in size of the Aral Sea is an example of ________ resource use.

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of natural sustainability?

A)harvesting trees followed by replanting
B)soil conservation practices on farmed land
C)uptake of soil nutrients by plants following mineralization
D)following fishing regulations to limit commercial catches

Question 20

________ agriculture refers to maintaining agriculture production indefinitely while minimizing environmental impacts.

Question 21

The maximum sustainable yield of a fishery occurs at a population level that is

A)at the carrying capacity.
B)just below the carrying capacity.
C)about half of the carrying capacity.
D)about a quarter of the carrying capacity.

Question 22

Different agricultural practices represent a trade-off between

A)sustainability and economic growth.
B)productivity and cost.
C)productivity and sustainability.
D)sustainability and convenience.

Question 23

Industrialized agriculture depends on crop rotation to naturally maintain concentrations of plant nutrients in the soils and to sustainably maintain productivity.

Question 24

Marine life that is caught but is unwanted and discarded is referred to as

A)disposable.
B)excess.
C)bycatch.
D)refuse.

Question 25

The concept of sustained yield applies to nonrenewable resources.

Question 26

Swidden agriculture involves burning,which clears space for crops and produces ash that is high in nutrients.

Question 27

Industrialized agriculture produces large quantities of crops and takes little energy input to do so.

Question 28

The vast majority of human food resources are derived from agriculture.

Question 29

Industrialized agriculture produces a higher yield than traditional agriculture but also requires more energy per unit of food produced.

Question 30

When trees are harvested and removed,

A)soil temperature decreases.
B)the rate of soil erosion increases.
C)the rate of decomposition decreases.
D)the rate of mineralization (transformation of organic compounds into inorganic compounds)decreases.

Question 31

Some nonrenewable resources may be recycled,which extends the effective lifetime of a resource.

Question 32

Using benefit-cost analysis,if it costs a farmer $150/ha to plant soybeans,he or she should definitely plant the crop if projected benefits are

A)$75/ha.
B)$150/ha.
C)$190/ha.
D)$145/ha.

Question 33

Cultural eutrophication refers to the

A)natural decomposition of solid wastes in a landfill.
B)breakdown of biodegradable wastes by bacteria.
C)process in which sewage is purified naturally by plants.
D)accelerated nutrient enrichment of bodies of water due to runoff of chemical fertilizers.

Question 34

The silvicultural technique in which mature single trees or groups of trees scattered through the forest are removed is referred to as

A)the shelterwood or seed-tree system.
B)clear-cutting.
C)selection cutting.
D)strip cutting.

Question 35

The technique of adding and comparing costs and benefits at different points in time is referred to as

A)benefit-cost analysis.
B)discounting.
C)external analysis.
D)profit-debt analysis.

Question 36

A field of corn is an example of polyculture.

Question 37

For the exploitation of a resource to be sustainable,the consumption rate must be equal to or greater than the regeneration rate.

Question 38

Industrialized agriculture uses pesticides to control pest species and increase productivity.

Question 39

Nitrate is a commonly used chemical fertilizer that is harmless to human health.

Question 40

The negative consequences of harvesting a natural resource,such as the soil erosion and sedimentation of a river that occur after a forest is logged,typically are not included in the market price of the resource; these costs are referred to as

A)externalities.
B)byproducts.
C)coincidentals.
D)unintended consequences.

Question 41

Increased pesticide use is one component of efforts toward sustainable farming practices today.

Question 42

The technique of discounting often runs counter to the objectives of sustainable resource management.

Question 43

Soil erosion and temperature decrease when trees are removed from a forest.

Question 44

One of the strengths of traditional models of sustainable harvest in fisheries is that they see stocks of fish species as components of a larger ecological system.

Question 45

In some parts of our national forests,forest managers are mandated by the government to sell timber at prices that do not meet the costs of management and harvest.

Question 46

Selective cutting usually involves leaving a small number of seed-bearing trees,which are a source of seed for establishing natural vegetation after harvest.

Question 47

In recent decades,the per capita land area under agricultural production has declined.

Question 48

Externalities occur when the actions of one individual affect another individual's well-being,and the relevant costs are reflected in market prices.

Question 49

Trees harvested for timber require a longer rotation period than trees harvested for paper products.

Question 50

A stand of trees in an operative state is mature enough and economically available for harvest.

Question 51

As biomass in a forest increases,the density of trees decreases,while the average tree size increases as a result of self-thinning.

Question 52

The research of Deborah Lawrence found that shifting cultivation practices in Indonesia result in increased levels of soil phosphorus with each successive cultivation cycle during the first 80 years of cultivation.

Question 53

Species characterized by a very high rate of population growth often lose much of their production due to high density-independent mortality.

Question 54

The maximum sustainable yield of a fishery occurs at a population level that is at the carrying capacity.