Deck 20: Landscape Dynamics

Question 1

A(n)________ species lives within the borders of a habitat patch,avoiding edges where habitat change is abrupt.

Answer 1

interior

Question 2

The theory of ________ postulates that the number of species on an island represents a dynamic equilibrium between the immigration of new species and the extinction of previously established species.

Answer 2

island biogeography

Question 3

A(n)________ refers to an opening in a community created by a disturbance that becomes a site of regeneration and growth.

Answer 3

gap

Question 4

The study of the causes and ecological consequences of spatial patterns on the landscape is called ________.

Question 5

The ________ effect refers to the rich diversity of life that occurs along the border between adjacent habitat patches,represented by species from both adjacent patches and species adapted to edge habitats.

Question 6

When a forest gradually merges into a grassland over a wide area,the border between the two landscape patches is referred to as a(n)

A)narrow border.
B)convoluted border.
C)perforated border.
D)ecotone.

Question 7

Edges along landscape patches that are caused by disturbances and are subject to successional changes over time are called ________ edges.

Question 8

Wind and moving ________ are two powerful agents of disturbance.

Question 9

Strips of habitat that connect habitat patches are referred to as ________.

Question 10

The ________ mosaic view of the landscape considers landscapes as composed of multiple patches or communities,each in a different phase of successional development due to disturbances.

Question 11

Within a landscape mosaic,patches

A)are composed of relatively heterogeneous communities.
B)typically lack a distinct boundary.
C)tend to be similar in size.
D)tend to vary in shape.

Question 12

Within a mosaic,a(n)________ is a relatively homogeneous community type,differing from its surroundings in both structure and species composition.

Question 13

A set of spatially separated subpopulations connected by the movement of individuals is referred to as a(n)________.

Question 14

The ________ of a disturbance is measured by the proportion of total biomass or population of a species that the disturbance kills or eliminates.

Question 15

The ________ of a disturbance refers to the spatial extent of the impact of the disturbance relative to the size of the affected landscape.

Question 16

The phenomenon in which different-sized gaps in corridors allow certain organisms to cross and restrict others is referred to as the ________ effect.

Question 17

The patchwork of different types of land cover is called a(n)________.

Question 18

Plants adapted to edge environments tend to be

A)tolerant of shade and prefer moisture.
B)tolerant of shade and dry conditions.
C)intolerant of shade and prefer moisture.
D)intolerant of shade and tolerant of dry conditions.

Question 19

The degree to which the landscape facilitates or impedes the movement of organisms among patches is referred to as landscape ________.

Question 20

An inherent edge of a patch

A)is relatively stable.
B)is usually temporary.
C)is often subject to successional changes over time.
D)results from natural disturbances or human-related activities.

Question 21

The size and shape of habitat patches are determined more by the activities of animals than by the interaction of geology,topography,and climate.

Question 22

Habitat corridors have two roles: providing a unique habitat for some plant and animal species and providing a means of dispersal between larger patches of habitat.

Question 23

Large habitat patches typically contain more individuals and species than smaller habitat patches.

Question 24

Which of the following is the least major agent of disturbance?

A)fire
B)flooding
C)a beaver constructing a dam
D)a rainstorm

Question 25

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Large patches of habitat usually contain fewer species than small patches.
B)Large animals usually have larger home ranges than smaller animals.
C)Carnivore home ranges are usually smaller than herbivore home ranges.
D)Small species are usually limited to small habitat patches.

Question 26

The impact of a disturbance is determined by its

A)frequency,period,and scale.
B)period,scale,and type.
C)frequency,intensity,and strength.
D)frequency,intensity,and scale.

Question 27

A set of local communities that are linked by the dispersal of multiple,potentially interacting species is referred to as a(n)

A)ecotone.
B)archipelago.
C)metapopulation.
D)metacommunity.

Question 28

Patch size is generally more important for plant populations than for animal populations.

Question 29

For a given body size,the home range of carnivores is greater than that of herbivores.

Question 30

Habitat corridors are usually of human origin.

Question 31

Borders between patches that result from natural disturbances typically change over time.

Question 32

The theory of island biogeography was developed for islands and cannot be applied to habitat patches within a larger landscape.

Question 33

As a patch increases in size,the ratio of interior to edge increases.

Question 34

The theory of island biogeography predicts that the extinction rate is greater on large islands than on small islands.

Question 35

Which of the following can be considered a habitat corridor?

A)a large lake in a city park
B)an abandoned agricultural field in an urban area
C)a strip of forest along the banks of a river flowing from a forested mountain through a city
D)a patch of forest within a city park

Question 36

Animal species inhabiting edges of habitat patches usually require two or more habitat types within their home range or territory.

Question 37

The greater the contrast between two adjoining habitat patches,the greater is the diversity of species living along the border between the two patches.

Question 38

Habitat fragmentation is harmful because no species are adapted to living along habitat edges.

Question 39

According to the theory of island biogeography,the islands with the most species will be

A)small and close to the mainland.
B)small and far from the mainland.
C)large and close to the mainland.
D)large and far from the mainland.

Question 40

The theory of island biogeography predicts that large islands have more species than smaller islands.

Question 41

The scale of a disturbance is measured by the mean number of disturbances that occur within a specific time interval.

Question 42

Selection cutting is a more severe disturbance to a forest ecosystem than clear cutting.

Question 43

Subpopulations within a metapopulation are isolated from one another with no movement of individuals between subpopulations.

Question 44

The intensity of a disturbance is measured by the proportion of total biomass or the population of a species that is killed or eliminated by a disturbance.

Question 45

Fire is a human-caused disturbance that is not a natural part of ecosystems.

Question 46

Wind can function as an agent of disturbance.

Question 47

The landscape can be thought of as a shifting mosaic of habitat patches,each in a phase of successional development.

Question 48

Animals can function as agents of disturbance.

Question 49

Butterflies move more frequently between habitats connected by corridors than between unconnected habitats.